Effects of Anesthesia Protocols for Umbilical Hernia Surgery on Blood Gas Parameters in Calves

Öz

This study aimed to evaluate the physiological effects of different preanesthetic sedative and lidocaine combinations in neonatal calves undergoing umbilical herniorrhaphy based on blood gas analyses. Twenty-five clinically healthy calves (42.3±15.8 days old; 79.6±7.2 kg) diagnosed with umbilical hernia were divided into five groups. Each group received a combination of lidocaine (L) with xylazine (X), dexmedetomidine (D), medetomidine (Me), midazolam (Mi), or butorphanol (B) (preanaesthetics administered intravenously). Local infiltration anesthesia was administered using lidocaine (4 mg/kg) across all groups. Venous blood samples were collected from each calf before anesthesia and at 5, 15, 30, and 60 min after induction. The following parameters were analyzed: pH, pCO₂, pO₂, HCO₃⁻, BE, sO₂, Hb, Hct, Na⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻, Ca²⁺, glucose, lactate, and creatinine levels. Although no significant differences were observed between the groups for most parameters, time-dependent changes within the groups were notable. In the DL group, marked acidosis and hypoxemia were detected at the 5th minute (p<0.05), whereas in the BL group, potassium and lactate levels increased significantly (p<0.05). The MeL group exhibited significant hyperglycemia (p=0.004), whereas the MiL group demonstrated the most stable values in terms of oxygenation and acid–base balance. Conclusion, the MiL combination is the most stable and safe anesthesia protocol in terms of hemodynamic and metabolic parameters during umbilical herniorrhaphy in neonatal calves. In contrast, protocols involving the DL and BL require careful monitoring. These findings provide important clinical insights into safe anesthetic management under field conditions.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• calves
• local anesthesia
• preanesthesia
• umbilical hernia
• venous blood gases

Buzağılarda Göbek Fıtığı Cerrahisine Yönelik Anestezi Protokollerinin Kan Gazı Parametrelerine Etkisi

Öz

Bu çalışma, göbek fıtığı ameliyatı geçiren neonatal buzağılarda farklı preanestezik sedatif ve lidokain kombinasyonlarının fizyolojik etkilerini, kan gazı analizlerine dayanarak değerlendirmeyi amaçlamıştır. Göbek fıtığı tanısı konulan klinik olarak sağlıklı yirmi beş buzağı (42,3±15,8 günlük; 79,6±7,2 kg) beş gruba ayrıldı. Her gruba lidokainin (L) sırasıyla ksilazin (X), deksmedetomidin (D), medetomidin (Me), midazolam (Mi) veya butorfanol (B) ile kombinasyonu (preanestezikler intravenöz olarak) uygulandı. Tüm gruplarda lidokain (4 mg/kg) ile lokal infiltrasyon anestezisi gerçekleştirildi. Her buzağıdan anestezi öncesi ve indüksiyondan 5., 15., 30. ve 60. dakikalarda venöz kan örnekleri alındı. Şu parametreler analiz edildi: pH, pCO₂, pO₂, HCO₃⁻, BE, sO₂, Hb, Hct, Na⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻, Ca²⁺, glukoz, laktat ve kreatinin düzeyleri. Çoğu parametre açısından gruplar arasında anlamlı bir fark gözlenmemekle birlikte, gruplar içinde zamana bağlı değişiklikler belirgindi. DL grubunda 5. dakikada belirgin asidoz ve hipoksemi (p<0,05) tespit edilirken, BL grubunda potasyum ve laktat düzeyleri anlamlı derecede arttı (p<0,05). MeL grubu, belirgin hiperglisemi (p=0,004) gösterirken, MiL grubu oksijenasyon ve asit-baz dengesi açısından en stabil değerleri sergiledi. Sonuç olarak, MiL kombinasyonu, neonatal buzağılarda göbek fıtığı onarımı sırasında hemodinamik ve metabolik parametreler bakımından en stabil ve güvenli anestezi protokolüdür. Buna karşılık, DL ve BL içeren protokoller dikkatli izlem gerektirmektedir. Bu bulgular, saha koşullarında güvenli anestezi yönetimi için önemli klinik bilgiler sunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• buzağılar
• lokal anestezi
• preanestezik
• umbilikal herni
• venöz kan gazları

Kaynakça

1. Abou-Ghanema, I. I., El-Kammar, M. H., & El-Khamary, A. N. (2014). Anaesthetic effects, chemical restraint, clinophysiological and haematobiochemical findings after intravenous etomidine/ketamine/midazolam combination in buffalo calves. Global Veterinaria, 12(3), 351-360.
2. Adcock, S. J. J., & Tucker, C. B. (2018). Painful procedures: When and what should we be measuring in cattle? In Advances in Cattle Welfare (pp. 91-113). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100938-3.00008-5
3. Alsobayil, F. A., Ahmed, A. F., & Eltookhy, O. S. (2016). Evaluation of isoflurane anesthesia after xylazine/ketamine administration in dromedary camels. Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, 40(5), 645–650. https://doi.org/10.3906/vet-1410-41
4. Arai, S., Yoshioka, K., Suzuki, C., Takahashi, H., Itoh, T., & Nakano, S. (2006). Development of a neurosurgical operating table for adult cattle and changes in intracranial pressure and blood pressure in adult cattle undergoing long-time isoflurane anesthesia. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 68(4), 337–343. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.68.337
5. Araújo, M. A., Albuquerque, V. B., Deschk, M., Trein, T. A., Frazílio, F. O., & Santos, P. S. (2014). Effects of continuous rate infusion of butorphanol in isoflurane-anesthetized calves. Acta Cirúrgica Brasileira, 29(7), 465–471. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-86502014000700009
6. Blaze, C. A., Holland, R. E., & Grant, A. L. (1988). Gas exchange during xylazine–ketamine anesthesia in neonatal calves. Veterinary Surgery, 17(3), 155–159.
7. Condino, M. P., Suzuki, K., & Taguchi, K. (2010). Antinociceptive, sedative and cardiopulmonary effects of subarachnoid and epidural xylazine-lidocaine in xylazine-sedated calves. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 37(1), 70-78. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.2009.00494.x
8. Cuypers, C., Alonso, B., Devreese, M., & Schauvliege, S. (2024). Dose titration of intravenously administered gamma-hydroxybutyric acid for sedation in Holstein-Friesian calves. The Veterinary Journal, 308, 106246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106246

9. Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175–191.
10. Gardhouse, S. M., Eshar, D., Bello, N., & Mason, D. (2015). Venous blood gas analytes during isoflurane anesthesia in black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 247(4), 404–408. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.247.4.404
11. Greene, S. A. (2003). Protocols for anesthesia of cattle. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 19(4), 679-693.
12. Güneş, V., Erişir, M., & Düzgün, O. (2006). Comparison of jugular venous and coccygeal arterial blood gas values in calves with respiratory disease. Veterinary Research Communications, 30(1), 1–8.
13. Gülersoy, E., Balıkçı, C., Şahan, A., & Günal, İ. (2023). Assessment of clinical, respiratory, and metabolic parameters in neonatal calves in different courses of aspiration pneumonia. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 47(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.30539/ijvm.v47i1.1492
14. Kilic, E., Yayla, S., Kamiloglu, A., Baran, V., & Ogun, M. (2015). Effects of intrathecal administration of ketamine HCl in young calves: A clinical trial. Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy, 59(1), 155–159. https://doi.org/10.1515/bvip-2015-0023
15. Kim, A., Sasaki, N., Lee, I., Lee, K., & Seo, J. P. (2021). Analgesic and cardiopulmonary effects of premedication with tramadol in calves anesthetized with the infusion of guaifenesin and thiamylal. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 83(12), 1988-1993. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.21-0196
16. Kirazoğlu, E., Yavuz, Ü., & Gürler, Ş. (2020). Evaluation of hemodynamic, hematological parameters and the clinical effects of dexmedetomidine-ketamine and xylazine-ketamine anesthesia in rabbits. Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, 44(4), 659–665. https://doi.org/10.3906/vet-1912-12
17. Lin, H. C., Thurmon, J. C., Benson, G. J., Tranquilli, W. J., & Olson, W. A. (1989). The hemodynamic response of calves to tiletamine–zolazepam anesthesia. Veterinary Surgery, 18(4), 328–334.
18. Maidanskaia, E. G., Mirra, A., Marchionatti, E., Levionnois, O. L., & Spadavecchia, C. (2023). Antinociceptive, sedative and excitatory effects of intravenous butorphanol administered alone or in combination with detomidine in calves: A prospective, randomized, blinded cross-over study. Animals, 13(12), 1943. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13121943
19. Murdock, M. A., Riccó Pereira, C. H., Aarnes, T. K., Cremer, J., Lerche, P., & Bednarski, R. M. (2020). Sedative and cardiorespiratory effects of intramuscular administration of alfaxalone and butorphanol combined with acepromazine, midazolam, or dexmedetomidine in dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 81(1), 65–76.
20. Nagy, O., Kovác, G., Seidel, H., & Weissová, T. (2001). The effect of arterial blood sampling sites on blood gases and acid–base balance parameters in calves. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica, 49(3), 331–340.
21. Nikolayenkova-Topie, O., Vesin, L., Chesnel, M. A., Robert, M., Guatteo, R., & Touzot-Jourde, G. (2020). Efficacy and cardiorespiratory effects of lumbosacral intrathecal 2% procaine and 2% xylazine with or without sedation in calves undergoing umbilical surgery. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 68(5), 289-296. https://doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2020.1754303
22. Pang, D. S. J., Allaire, J., Rondenay, Y., Kaartinen, J., Cuvelliez, S. G., & Troncy, E. (2009). The use of lingual venous blood to determine the acid–base and blood–gas status of dogs under anesthesia. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 36(2), 124–132. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.2008.00438.x
23. Sá, P. A., Teixeira Neto, F. J., Campagnol, D., França, R. O., & Moreira, M. (2010). Effects of the ventilatory regimen on arterial blood gas variables in horses that underwent a change in body position during halothane anesthesia. Arquivos Brasileiros de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, 62(3), 549–554. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-09352010000300008
24. Salim, M., Hashim, M. A., Juyena, N. S., Arafat, Y. A. A., Bag, M. A. S., & Islam, M. S. (2015). Prevalence of hernia and evaluation of herniorrhaphy in calves. International Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 2(4), 35-43.
25. Samimi, A. S., Sakhaee, E., & Iranmanesh, F. (2019). Evaluation of sedative, analgesic, physiological, and laboratory effects of two doses of medetomidine and xylazine in dromedary calves. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 42(4), 411-419. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.12779
26. Schwarzkopf, T. M., Horn, T., Lang, D., & Klein, J. (2013). Blood gases and energy metabolites in mouse blood before and after cerebral ischemia: The effects of anesthetics. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 238(1), 84–89. https://doi.org/10.1258/ebm.2012.012261
27. Shibuta, H., Yamana, R., Kashimoto, J., Kamio, K., & Suda, A. (2020). Comparison of the anesthetic effect by the injection route of mixed anesthesia (medetomidine, midazolam and butorphanol) and the effect of this anesthetic agent on the respiratory function. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 82(1), 35–42. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.19-0438
28. Tokimitsu, K., Yachida, M., Miki, W., Kuramoto, T., Mochizuki, N., Yoshida, S., Goto, T., & Morita, Y. (2024). Clinical consideration in total intravenous anesthesia using xylazine and propofol in calves. The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 54(4), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.56808/2985-1130.3663
29. Vigneshwaran, S., Senthilkumar, S., Dharmaceelan, S., & Mekala, P. (2020). Surgical management of abdominal disorders in pregnant cattle under dexmedetomidine premedication and isoflurane anaesthesia: A review of 10 cases. The Pharma Innovation Journal, 9(7), 392-394.
30. Vigneshwaran, S., Senthilkumar, S., Dharmaceelan, S., & Mekala, P. (2020). Surgical management of abdominal disorders in pregnant cattle under dexmedetomidine premedication and isoflurane anaesthesia: A review of 10 cases. The Pharma Innovation Journal, 9(7), 392-394.