Sığırlarda Solunum Sistemi Enfeksiyonuna Neden Olan Viral Etkenlerin Araştırılması

Öz

Bu araştırmada, Burdur ve Afyonkarahisar illerinde yer alan mezbahada kesim amacıyla getirilen ve solunum sistemi sorunları bulunan sığırlarda, önemli solunum yolu viral patojenleri arasında yer alan bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) ve bovine parainfluenza virus tip 3 (BPIV-3) etkenlerinin varlığının araştırılması amaçlandı. Araştırma kapsamında, solunum sistemi problemi nedeniyle mezbahaya kesim amacıyla getirilen toplam 55 sığırdan kesim sonrası akciğer doku örnekleri toplanmıştır. Toplanan örnekler, sığır solunum yolu enfeksiyonlarına neden olabilecek viral etkenlerin tespiti amacıyla antijen-ELISA kiti kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre, incelenen 55 akciğer doku örneğinin 2’sinde (%3,63) BoHV-1, 3’ünde (%5,44) BVDV, 2’sinde (%3,63) BRSV ve 1’inde (%1,81) BPIV-3 antijeni pozitif olarak belirlenmiştir. Sığırlarda solunum sistemi enfeksiyonuna sebep olan tüm patojenlerin içinde virusların önemli bir yere sahip olduğu belirlendi. Bu viral enfeksiyonlara neden olan ajanların varlığını önlemek için konvansiyonel aşılama yapılması gerekmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• ELISA Antijen
• BoHV-1
• BRSV
• BVDV
• BPIV-3

Destekleyen Kurum

Bu çalışmada Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinatörlüğü’ne “Solunum Sistemi Problemli Sığırlarda Viral Enfeksiyona Neden Olan Etkenlerin Araştırılması” başlıklı 0629-YL-20 numaralı projeyle katkılarından dolayı teşekkür etmek isterim. Ayrıca Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Araştırma Hayvanları Uygulama Merkezi yönetimine ve çalışanlarına da teşekkür ederim.

Proje Numarası

0629-YL-20

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışma Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Deney Hayvanları Uygulama Merkezi'nde yürütülmüştür. Bu araştırma Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Veterinerlik Fakültesi Etik Kurulu tarafından onaylanmıştır (MAKUHADYEK, Referans No: 542, Tarih: 09/2019).

Teşekkür

Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Araştırma Hayvanları Uygulama Merkezi yönetimine ve çalışanlarına da teşekkür ederim.

Investigation of Viral Agents Causing Respiratory System Infections in Cattle

Öz

This study aimed to investigate the presence of major respiratory viral pathogens, including bovine herpesvirus 1, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus and bovine parainfluenza virus type-3, in cattle with respiratory problems slaughtered in abattoirs located in Burdur and Afyonkarahisar provinces. A total of 55 cattle exhibiting respiratory symptoms and brought to the slaughterhouse were sampled postmortem for lung tissue collection. The collected samples were analyzed for the detection of viral pathogens responsible for bovine respiratory infections using an antigen-ELISA kit. According to the findings, antigen positivity was detected in 2 (3.63%) samples for BoHV-1, 3 (5.44%) samples for BVDV, 2 (3.63%) samples for BRSV, and 1 (1.81%) sample for BPIV-3. In conclusion, viruses were determined to play a significant role among the causative pathogens of respiratory infections in cattle. Therefore, conventional vaccination programs should be implemented to prevent infections caused by these viral agents.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• ELISA Antigen
• BoHV-1
• BRSV
• BVDV
• BPIV-3

Destekleyen Kurum

In this study would like to thank the Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Scientific Research Projects Coordinatorship with the study entitled “The Investigation of Factors Causing Viral Infection in Cattle with Respiratory System Problems”, Project No: 0629-YL-20, for their contributions to the present study and also thank the adminisration and staff of the Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Reserch Animals Application Center.

Proje Numarası

0629-YL-20

Etik Beyan

This study was carried out at Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Reserch Animals Application Center. This research was approved by The Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy Univ (MAKUHADYEK, Ref No: 542, Tarih: 09/2019)

Teşekkür

In this study would like to thank the Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Scientific Research Projects Coordinatorship

Kaynakça

1. Albayrak, H., Yazici, Z., Ozan, E., Tamer, C., Abd El Wahed, A., Wehner, S., ... & Weidmann, M. (2019). Characterisation of the first bovine parainfluenza virus 3 isolate detected in cattle in Turkey. Veterinary Sciences, 6(2), 56. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci6020056
2. Al-Rubaye, K. M. I. (2012). Detection of bovine viral diarrhea–mucosal disease (BVD-MD) in buffaloes and cows using ELISA. The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 36(1), 45-50.
3. Ataseven, V. S., Kaya, U., Doğan, M., Şengül, S., Turan, S., Türkarslan Akbaba, F., & Kocaer, İ. İ. (2025). Field monitoring of colostral BVDV-, BoHV-1-, and BRSV-specific serum antibody levels in dairy calves from birth to weaning fed with pasteurized colostrum pools obtained from vaccinated dams. Vaccines, 13(7), 709. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13070709
4. Autio, T., Pohjanvirta, T., Holopainen, R., Rikula, U., Pentikäinen, J., Huovilainen, A., ... & Pelkonen, S. (2007). Etiology of respiratory disease in non-vaccinated, non-medicated calves in rearing herds. Veterinary Microbiology, 119(2-4), 256-265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.10.001
5. Avci, O., Yavru, S., & Ekik, M. (2014). Detection of respiratory viral antigens in cattle lung tissues by direct ELISA. Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 10(4), 146-149. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.avs.20140205.13
6. Barkema, H. W., Bartels, C. J., Van Wuijckhuise, L., Hesselink, J. W., Holzhauer, M., Weber, M. F., ... & Zimmer, G. M. (2001). Outbreak of bovine virus diarrhea on Dutch dairy farms induced by a bovine herpesvirus 1 marker vaccine contaminated with bovine virus diarrhea virus type 2. Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde, 126(6), 158-165.
7. Ceribasi, A. O., Ozkaraca, M., Ceribasi, S., & Ozer, H. (2014). Histopathologic, immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescent examinations on natural cattle pneumonia originated from Parainfluenza type 3, Respiratory Syncytial virus, Adenovirus type 3 and Herpesvirus type 1. Revue de Medecine Veterinaire, 165(7-8), 201-12.
8. Çomakli S. 2017. Sığır pnömonilerinde bovine herpesvirus Tip-1'in varlığının immunohistokimya, immunofloresans ve ELISA yöntemleri ile araştırılması ve patolojik bulgular. Doktora tezi, Atatürk Üni. Sağ. Bil. Enst., Türkiye.

9. Demirsoy, A., & Mamak, N. (2020). Antalya ili ve çevresinde sığırcılık işletmelerinde Bovine Viral Diyare Virus (BVDV) enfeksiyonunun serolojik olarak araştırılması. Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Journal of Health Sciences Institute, 8(3), 128-137. https://doi.org/10.24998/maeusabed.757188
10. Elhassan, A. M., Fadol, M. A., Salih, M. A. M., & El Hussein, A. R. M. (2015). Bovine herpes virus-1 (BoHV-1) detection in dairy cattle with reproductive problems in Sudan. Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research, 2, 185-189. DOI: 10.5455/javar.2015.b81
11. Ertürk, A., Çizmeci, Ş. G., & Barut, F. (2006). Sığır Solunum Sistemi Enfeksiyonlarının Viral Etiyolojisi (2002-2005). Etlik Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi, 17(1-2), 29-42.
12. Fulton, R. W., Briggs, R. E., Payton, M. E., Confer, A. W., Saliki, J. T., Ridpath, J. F., ... & Duff, G. C. (2004). Maternally derived humoral immunity to bovine viral diarrhea virus 1a, 1b, 2, bovine herpesvirus-1, parainfluenza-3, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, M. haemolytica and P. multocida in beef calves. Vaccine, 22(5-6), 643-649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2003.08.033
13. Fulton, R. W., & Confer, A. W. (2012). Laboratory test descriptions for bovine respiratory disease diagnosis and their strengths and weaknesses: gold standards for diagnosis, do they exist?. The Canadian Veterinary Journal, 53(7), 754.
14. Fulton, R. W., d’Offay, J. M., Landis, C., Miles, D. G., Smith, R. A., Saliki, J. T., ... & Payton, M. E. (2016). Detection and characterization of viruses as field and vaccine strains in feedlot cattle with bovine respiratory disease. Vaccine, 34(30), 3478-3492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.04.020
15. Fulton, R. W., Purdy, C. W., Confer, A. W., Saliki, J. T., Loan, R. W., Briggs, R. E., & Burge, L. J. (2000). Bovine viral diarrhea viral infections in feeder calves with respiratory disease: interactions with Pasteurella spp., parainfluenza-3 virus, and bovine respiratory syncytial virus. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research, 64(3), 151.
16. Gangil, R., Kaur, G., & Dwivedi, P. N. (2020). Detection of respiratory viral antigens in nasal swabs of bovine by sandwich ELISA. Indian Journal of Animal Research, 54(3), 354-358. doi: 10.10.18805/ijar.B-3769.
17. Givens, M. D., & Waldrop, J. G. (2004). Bovine viral diarrhea virus in embryo and semen production systems. Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice, 20(1), 21-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2003.11.002
18. González Ballesteros C., Briñez, K., Tobón, J. C., Sanjuanelo Corredor, D. W., Vicosa Bauermann, F., & Guzmán Barragán, B. L. (2025). Cross-sectional seroprevalence study of BoHV-1, BRSV, and BPIV-3 in cattle from Villavicencio, Colombia. BMC Veterinary Research, 21(1), 24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-024-04461-6
19. Gulliksen, S. M., Lie, K. I., Løken, T., & Østerås, O. (2009). Calf mortality in Norwegian dairy herds. Journal of Dairy Science, 92(6), 2782-2795. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2008-1807
20. Haider, N., Rahman, M. S., Khan, S. U., Mikolon, A., Gurley, E. S., Osmani, M. G., ... & Rahman, M. Z. (2014). Identification and Epidemiology of a Rare HoBi‐Like Pestivirus Strain in Bangladesh. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 61(3), 193-198. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12218
21. Härtel, H., Nikunen, S., Neuvonen, E., Tanskanen, R., Kivelä, S. L., Aho, P., ... & Saloniemi, H. (2004). Viral and bacterial pathogens in bovine respiratory disease in Finland. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 45(4), 193-200. https://doi.org/10.1186/1751-0147-45-193
22. Hashemi, T. G. R., Haghparast, A., & Naseri, Z. (2011). Prevalence of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus antibodies and antigen among the aborted cows in industrial dairy cattle herds in Mashhad area of Iran. Archives of Razi Institute, 66(1), 17-23. SID.
23. Hodgins, D. C., Conlon, J. A., & Shewen, P. E. (2002). Respiratory viruses and bacteria in cattle. Polymicrobial Diseases, 213-229. https://doi.org/10.1128/9781555817947.ch12
24. ICTV 2018. Virus taxonomy, https://talk.ictvonline.org/taxonomy/ (12.03.2026).
25. ICTV 2025. Virus taxonomy, https://ictv.global/taxonomy/taxondetails?taxnode_id=202501440&taxon_name=Varicellovirus%20bovinealpha (06.04.2026).
26. Intisar, K. S., Ali, Y. H., Khalafalla, A. I., Mahasin, E. R., & Amin, A. S. (2009). Natural exposure of Dromedary camels in Sudan to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (bovine herpes virus-1). Acta Tropica, 111(3), 243-246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.05.001
27. Irsik, M., Langemeier, M., Schroeder, T., Spire, M., & Roder, J. D. (2006). Estimating the effects of animal health on the performance of feedlot cattle. The Bovine Practitioner, 65-74. https://doi.org/10.21423/bovine-vol40no2p65-74
28. Kale, M., Yavru, S., Ata, A., Kocamüftüoglu, M., Yapıcı, O., & Hasırcıoglu, S. (2011). Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection in relation to fertility in heifers. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 73(3), 331-336. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.10-0254
29. Kim, H. T., Park, M. S., Lee, G. H., & Lee, K. W. (2015). Study on prevalence of antigens to bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) of Cattle in Busan area (2013~ 2014). Korean Journal of Veterinary Service, 38(1), 43-49. https://doi.org/10.7853/kjvs.2015.38.1.43
30. Larsen, L. E., Tjørnehøj, K., Viuff, B., Jensen, N. E., & Uttenthal, Å. (1999). Diagnosis of enzootic pneumonia in Danish cattle: RT-PCR assay for detection of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in naturally and experimentally infected cattle. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 11(5), 416-422.
31. Maya, L., Puentes, R., Reolón, E., Acuña, P., Riet, F., Rivero, R., ... & Colina, R. (2016). Molecular diversity of bovine viral diarrhea virus in Uruguay. Archives of Virology, 161, 529-535. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-015-2688-4
32. Murphy, F. A., Gibbs, E. P. J., Horzinek, M. C., & Studdert, M. J. (1999). Veterinary Virology. Elsevier. p: 119-566.
33. Nandi, S., Kumar, M., Manohar, M., & Chauhan, R. S. (2009). Bovine herpes virus infections in cattle. Animal Health Research Reviews, 10(1), 85-98. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1466252309990028
34. OIE. Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis/Infectious Pustular Vulvovaginitis. Chapter 2.4.13. Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals 2010; OIE Terrestrial Manual Office International des Epizooties.
35. Ozbek, R., Abayli, H., Tonbak, S., & Sahna, K. (2024). Molecular Characterization of Important Viruses Contributing to Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex in Türkiye. Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 44(2).
36. Paksoy, Y., İnce, Ö. B., Özgür, E. G., & Sait, A. (2026). Seroprevalence of viral pathogens associated with bovine respiratory disease complex and biosecurity-related risk factors in cattle farms in Türkiye. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 58(2), 56.
37. Saeed, I. K., Ali, Y. H., AbdulRahman, M. B., Mohammed, Z. A., Osman, H. M., Taha, K. M., ... & Khalafalla, A. I. (2015). Mixed infection of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) and other respiratory viruses in dromedary camels in Sudan, an abattoir study. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 47, 995-998.
38. Saeed, I. K., Ali, Y. H., Taha, K. M., Mohammed, N. E., Nouri, Y. M., Mohammed, B. A., ... & Elghazali, F. (2015). First report of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus antigen from pneumonic cattle in Sudan. Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research, 2(2), 153-157. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/javar.2015.b67
39. Safarpoor Dehkordi, F. (2011). Prevalence study of Bovine viral diarrhea virus by evaluation of antigen capture ELISA and RT-PCR assay in Bovine, Ovine, Caprine, Buffalo and Camel aborted fetuses in Iran. AMB express, 1, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1186/2191-0855-1-32
40. Singh, R., Verma, A. K., Sharma, B., & Yadav, S. K. (2013). Detection of bovine herpesvirus-l (BHV-l) infection in cattle by antigen detection ELISA and multiplex PCR. Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 1(3S), 12-16.
41. Snowder, G. D., Van Vleck, L. D., Cundiff, L. V., & Bennett, G. L. (2006). Bovine respiratory disease in feedlot cattle: environmental, genetic, and economic factors. Journal of Animal Science, 84(8), 1999-2008. doi: 10.2527/jas.2006-046.
42. Thanthrige-Don, N., Lung, O., Furukawa-Stoffer, T., Buchanan, C., Joseph, T., Godson, D. L., ... & Ambagala, A. (2018). A novel multiplex PCR-electronic microarray assay for rapid and simultaneous detection of bovine respiratory and enteric pathogens. Journal of Virological Methods, 261, 51-62.
43. Thonur, L., Maley, M., Gilray, J., Crook, T., Laming, E., Turnbull, D., ... & Willoughby, K. (2012). One-step multiplex real time RT-PCR for the detection of bovine respiratory syncytial virus, bovine herpesvirus 1 and bovine parainfluenza virus 3. BMC Veterinary Research, 8, 1-9.
44. Timurkan, M. O., Sait, A., Aydin, H. (2016). Solunum sistemi enfeksiyonlarına sebep olan önemli viral etkenlerin (BPIV3 ve BRSV) araştırılması: Moleküler karakterizasyon çalışması. XII. Ulusal Veteriner Hekimleri Mikrobiyoloji Kongresi, Nevşehir, s: 39-40.
45. Toker, E. B., & Yeşilbağ, K. (2021). Molecular characterization and comparison of diagnostic methods for bovine respiratory viruses (BPIV-3, BRSV, BVDV, and BoHV-1) in field samples in northwestern Turkey. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 53, 79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-020-02489-y
46. Göktuna, P. T., Yeşilbağ, K. (2017). Evaluation of diagnostic methods for the detection of pestiviruses in clinical samples. Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, 41(2), 175-179. https://doi.org/10.3906/vet-1602-8
47. Urban-Chmiel, R., & Grooms, D. L. (2012). Prevention and control of bovine respiratory disease. Journal of Livestock Science, 3, 27-36.
48. Valarcher, J. F., & Hägglund, S. (2006, January). Viral respiratory infections in cattle. In Proceedings of the 24th World Buiatrics Congress, Nice, France. p: 1-14.
49. Yazici, Z., Gumusova, S., Tamer, C., Cagirgan, A. A., Akman, A., Ozan, E., ... & Albayrak, H. (2017). Molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis of non-cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus isolate obtained from a local respiratory outbreak in Northern Turkey. Medycyna Weterynaryjna, 73(5), 284-288.
50. Yener, Z., Sağlam, Y. S., Timurkaan, N., & Ilhan, F. (2005). Immunohistochemical detection of parainfluenza type 3 virus antigens in paraffin sections of pneumonic caprine lungs. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A, 52(6), 268-271.
51. Yıldırım, Y., Yılmaz, V., & Majarashın, A. R. F. (2009). Seroprevalance of viral respiratory system infections in cattle in the Border Provinces of North-East Turkey. Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 15: 601-609.