Araştırma Makalesi

Radiographic Cardiac Measurements in Clinically Healthy Calves: Reference Values for VHS, VLAS, CTR, and CVC

Cilt: 19 Sayı: 2 15 Haziran 2026
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Radiographic Cardiac Measurements in Clinically Healthy Calves: Reference Values for VHS, VLAS, CTR, and CVC

Öz

This study aimed to establish reference values for thoracic radiographic cardiac measurements in clinically healthy calves aged 0-3 months and to evaluate their associations with age, sex, and breed. The assessed parameters included Vertebral Heart Score (VHS), Vertebral Left Atrial Size (VLAS), cardiothoracic ratio (CTR; recorded as CTO in the dataset), long axis (LA), short axis (SA), and caudal vena cava (CVC) diameter. A total of 100 clinically healthy calves (68 Simmental, 17 Brown Swiss/Montofon, 12 crossbred and 3 Holstein; 65 males and 35 females; 1-93 days old) presented to the Animal Hospital of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, were included. Sedation was not used. Right lateral and dorsoventral thoracic radiographs were obtained, and measurements were performed using a DICOM/PACS system by two independent observers in a blinded manner, with three repeated measurements. VHS and VLAS were calculated in vertebral units. CTR (CTO) was defined as the ratio of maximal cardiac width to maximal internal thoracic width, while LA, SA, and CVC were recorded as linear measurements. Statistical analyses were conducted using MedCalc. Sex comparisons were performed with the Mann–Whitney U test, breed comparisons (excluding Holstein) with the Kruskal-Wallis test, and age effects with multivariable regression analysis. Absolute measurements (LA, SA, and CVC) increased significantly with age (p<0.01), whereas VHS and CTR (CTO) remained stable (p>0.05). Male calves showed higher LA, SA, and VLAS values than females (p<0.05). No significant breed-related differences were detected. In conclusion, growth significantly affects absolute cardiac dimensions in young calves, while VHS and CTR/CTO remain stable, supporting their reliability as size-normalized radiographic indices during early life. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaynakça

  1. Amory, H., & Lekeux, P. (1991). Effects of growth on functional and morphological echocardiographic variables in Friesian calves. Veterinary Record., 128(15), 349–354. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.128.15.349
  2. Bagardi, M., Locatelli, C., Manfredi, M., Bassi, J., Spediacci, C., Ghilardi, S., Zani, D. D., & Brambilla, P. G. (2022). Breed-specific vertebral heart score, vertebral left atrial size, and radiographic left atrial dimension in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels: Reference interval study. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound, 63(2), 156–163. https://doi.org/10.1111/vru.13036
  3. Baisan, R. A., & Vulpe, V. (2025). Vertebral Heart Score and Vertebral Left Atrial Size as Radiographic Measurements for Cardiac Size in Dogs-A Literature Review. Animals, 15(5), 683. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15050683
  4. Battinelli, G. M., Piscitelli, N., Murphy, L., Gentile-Solomon, J., Szlosek, D., & Nakamura, R. K. (2024). Vertebral heart score and vertebral left atrial size reference intervals in Jack Russell Terriers, Miniature Pinschers, and Brussels Griffons. American Journal of Veterinary Research. 85(12), ajvr.24.07.0209. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.24.07.0209
  5. Buchanan, J. W., & Bücheler, J. (1995). Vertebral scale system to measure canine heart size in radiographs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 206(2), 194–199. https://doi.org/10.2460/JAVMA.1995.206.02.194
  6. Casalta, H., Busoni, V., Eppe, J., Grulke, S., Merveille, A.-C., Moula, N., & Gommeren, K. (2022). Ultrasonographical assessment of caudal vena cava size through different views in healthy calves: A pilot study. Veterinary Sciences, 9(7), 308. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9070308
  7. Doğan, E., Okur, S., Hayırlı, A., & Okumuş, Z. (2022). Vertebral heart score and cardiothoracic ratio in Wistar rats. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 70(1), 43–47. https://doi.org/10.33988/auvfd.905135
  8. Guglielmini, C., Baron Toaldo, M., Poser, H., Menciotti, G., Cipone, M., Cordella, A., Contiero, B., & Diana, A. (2014). Diagnostic accuracy of the vertebral heart score and other radiographic indices in the detection of cardiac enlargement in cats with different cardiac disorders. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 16(10), 812–825. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X14522048

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Veteriner Cerrahi

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Erken Görünüm Tarihi

15 Haziran 2026

Yayımlanma Tarihi

15 Haziran 2026

Gönderilme Tarihi

23 Şubat 2026

Kabul Tarihi

9 Haziran 2026

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Cilt: 19 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA
Gölgeli Bedir, A., Modoğlu, E., & Akçora, Y. (2026). Radiographic Cardiac Measurements in Clinically Healthy Calves: Reference Values for VHS, VLAS, CTR, and CVC. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, 19(2), 210-219. https://doi.org/10.30607/kvj.1895566
AMA
1.Gölgeli Bedir A, Modoğlu E, Akçora Y. Radiographic Cardiac Measurements in Clinically Healthy Calves: Reference Values for VHS, VLAS, CTR, and CVC. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal. 2026;19(2):210-219. doi:10.30607/kvj.1895566
Chicago
Gölgeli Bedir, Ayşe, Esra Modoğlu, ve Yasemin Akçora. 2026. “Radiographic Cardiac Measurements in Clinically Healthy Calves: Reference Values for VHS, VLAS, CTR, and CVC”. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal 19 (2): 210-19. https://doi.org/10.30607/kvj.1895566.
EndNote
Gölgeli Bedir A, Modoğlu E, Akçora Y (01 Haziran 2026) Radiographic Cardiac Measurements in Clinically Healthy Calves: Reference Values for VHS, VLAS, CTR, and CVC. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal 19 2 210–219.
IEEE
[1]A. Gölgeli Bedir, E. Modoğlu, ve Y. Akçora, “Radiographic Cardiac Measurements in Clinically Healthy Calves: Reference Values for VHS, VLAS, CTR, and CVC”, Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, c. 19, sy 2, ss. 210–219, Haz. 2026, doi: 10.30607/kvj.1895566.
ISNAD
Gölgeli Bedir, Ayşe - Modoğlu, Esra - Akçora, Yasemin. “Radiographic Cardiac Measurements in Clinically Healthy Calves: Reference Values for VHS, VLAS, CTR, and CVC”. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal 19/2 (01 Haziran 2026): 210-219. https://doi.org/10.30607/kvj.1895566.
JAMA
1.Gölgeli Bedir A, Modoğlu E, Akçora Y. Radiographic Cardiac Measurements in Clinically Healthy Calves: Reference Values for VHS, VLAS, CTR, and CVC. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal. 2026;19:210–219.
MLA
Gölgeli Bedir, Ayşe, vd. “Radiographic Cardiac Measurements in Clinically Healthy Calves: Reference Values for VHS, VLAS, CTR, and CVC”. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, c. 19, sy 2, Haziran 2026, ss. 210-9, doi:10.30607/kvj.1895566.
Vancouver
1.Ayşe Gölgeli Bedir, Esra Modoğlu, Yasemin Akçora. Radiographic Cardiac Measurements in Clinically Healthy Calves: Reference Values for VHS, VLAS, CTR, and CVC. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal. 01 Haziran 2026;19(2):210-9. doi:10.30607/kvj.1895566