Karaciğer yağlanması süt ineklerinin önemli metabolizma hastalıklarından birisidir. Bu derlemede karaciğer yağlanmasının etiyolojisi, sınıflandırılması ve korunma prensipleri hakkında literatür bilgiler sunulmuştur
Gruffat D, Durand D, Graulet B, Bauchart D (1996) Regulationof VLDL synthesis and secretion of the liver. Reprod Nutr Dev, 36:375-389.
Goff JP, Horst RL (1997) Physiological changes at parturition and their relationship to metabolic disorders. J Dairy Sci, 80:1260-1268.
Başoğlu A, Sevinç M (2004) Evcil Hayvanlarda Metabolik ve Endokrin Hastalıklar. Pozitif Matbaacılık, Konya, Türkiye.
Grummer RR (1993) Ethiology of lipid-related metabolic disorders in periparturient dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 76:3882.
Drackley JK (1999). Biology of dairy cows during the transition period: The final frontier? J. Dairy Sci. 82:2259–2273.
Grum DE, Drackley JK, Younker RS, LaCount DW, Veenhuizen JJ (1996) Nutrition during the dry period and hepatic lipid metabolism of periparturient dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 79: 1850-1864.
Van den Top AM, Van Tol A, Jansen H, Geelen MJ, Beynen AC (2005) Fatty liver in dairy cows post partum is associated with decreased concentration of plasma triacylglycerols and decreased activity of lipoprotein lipase in adipocytes. J Dairy Res, 72(2): 129-37.
Herdt TH (2000) Ruminant adaptation to negative energy balance. Influences on the etiology of ketosis and fatty liver. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract, 16: 215-230.
Shibano K, Kawamura S (2006) Serum free amino acid concentration in hepatic lipidosis of dairy cows in the periparturient period. J Vet Med Sci, 68(4): 393-396.
Civelek T (2002) Sütçü Sığırların Periparturient Dönem Hastalıklarında Serum Apolipoprotein B-100 Konsantrasyonları. Doktora Tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Konya, Türkiye.
Civelek T, Çelik HA, Birdane FM, Yağcı A, Pancarcı ŞM, Kabu M (2006a) Serum apolipoprotein B100 concentrations in obese Holstein heifers. The Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire. 157(2):72-75.
Civelek T, Sevinc M, Boydak M and Basoglu A (2006b) Serum apolipoprotein B100 concentrations in dairy cows with left sided displaced abomasum. The Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire.157 (7):361-365.
Keller U, Gerber PP and Stauffacher W (1988) Fatty acid-independent inhibition of hepatic ketone body production by insulin in humans. Am J Physiol, 254: E694-699
Drackley JK, Overton TR and Douglas GN (2001) Adaptations of glucose and long chain fatty acid metabolism in liver of dairy cows during the periparturient period. J Dairy Sci (E Suppl.), 84, 100-112.
Reynolds CK, Aikman PC, Lupoli B, Humphries DJ, Beever DE (2003). Splanchnic metabolism of dairy cows during the transition fromlate gestation through early lactation. J Dairy Sci, 86: 1201-1217.
Grummer RR, Sandra JB, Lacount DW (1990) Estrogen induction of fatty liver in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci, 73: 1537-1543
Oikawa S, Oetzel GR (2006) Decreased insulin response in dairy cows following a four-day fast to induce hepatic lipidosis. J Dairy Sci, 89: 29993005
Drackley JK, Beitz DC, Young JW (1991) Regulation of in vitro palmitate oxidation in liver from dairy cows during early lactation. J Dairy Sci, 74: 1884-1892
Woltow G, Staufenbiel R, Langhans J (1991) Comparison between histologically and biochemically determined liver fat levels and resulting conclusions. Mh Vet Med, 46: 576-582.
Johannsen U, Menger S, Staufenbiel R, Rossow N (1993) Investigations on morphology and function of the liver of highyielding cows two weeks post partum. Dtsch Tieraerztl Wochenschr, 100: 177-181.
Veenhuizen JJ, Drackley JK, Richard MJ, Sanderson TP, Miller LD, Young JW (1991) Metabolic changes in blood and liver during development and early treatment of experimental fatty liver and ketosis in cows. J Dairy Sci, 74: 4238-4253.
Hippen AR, She P, Young JW, Beitz DC, Lindberg GL, Richardson LF, Tucker RW (1999) Alleviation of fatty liver in dairy cows by 14-day intravenous infusions of glucagon. J Dairy Sci, 82: 1139-1152.
Gerloff BJ, Herdt T H, Emery RS (1986) Relationship of hepatic lipidosis to health and performance in dairy cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 188:845-850.
Van den Top AM, Geelen MJ, Wensing T, Wentink GH, van’t Klooster AT, Beynen AC (1996) Higher postpartum hepatic triacylglycerol concentrations in dairy cows with free rather than restricted access to feed during the dry period are associated with lower activities of hepatic glycerolphosphate acyltransferase. J Nutr, 126: 76-85.
Jorritsma R, Jorritsma H, Schukken YH, Bartlett PC, Wensing T, Wentink GH (2001) Prevalence and indicators of post partum fatty infiltration of the liver in nine commercial dairy herds in the Netherlands. Livest Prod Sci, 68: 53-60.
Wensing T, Kruip T, Geelen MJH, Wentink GH, van den Top AM (1997) Postpartum fatty liver in high-producing dairy cows in practice and in animal studies. The connection with health, production and reproduction problems. Comp Haematol Int, 7: 167-171.
Bobe G, Young JW, Beitz DC (2004) Pathology, eiology, prevention, and treatment of fatty liver in dairy cows J Dairy Sci 87:3105-3124
Nafikov R A, Ametaj BN, Bobe G,. Young JW, Beitz DC. (2002). Prevention of fatty liver in transition dairy cows by glucagon. J Dairy Sci, 85 (Suppl. 1): 21. (Abstr.).
Nafikov RA, Ametaj BN, Bobe G, Koehler KJ, Young JW, Beitz DC (2006) Prevention of fatty liver in transition dairy cows by subcutaneous Injections of Glucagon. J Dairy Sci, 89: 1533-1545
Bobe G, Ametaj BN, Young JW, Anderson LL, Beitz DC (2007) Exogenous glucagon effects on health and reproductive performance of lactating dairy cows with mild fatty liver. Anim Reprod Sci, 102: 194-207.
Fürll M, Fürll B (1998). Glucocorticoid (prednisolone) effects on various blood, urine and liver parameters in cows in the second post partum week. Tieraerztl. Prax. Ausg. G Grosstiere Nutztiere, 26: 262-268.
Hayırlı A (2006) The role of exogenous insulin in the complex of hepatic lipidosis and ketosis associated with insulin resistance phenomenon in postpartum dairy cattle Vet Res Commun, 30: 749-74.
Duffield TF (2000). Subclinical ketosis in lactating dairy cows. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract. 16:231-253.
Moallem U, Katz M, Arieli A, Lehrer H (2007) Effects of peripartum propylene glycol or fats differing in fatty acid profiles on feed intake, production, and plasma metabolites in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 90: 3846-3856
Başoğlu A, Sevinç M, Birdane FM, Boydak M (2002) Efficacy of sodium borate in the prevention of fatty liver in dairy cows. J Vet Intern Med, 16: 732-735.
Başoğlu A, Sevinç M, Güzelbektaş H, Civelek T (2000) Effect of borax on lipid profile in dogs online J vet. Res.4:153-156.
Sandra J, Bertics R, Ric R, Grummer R (1999) Effects of fat and methionine hydroxy analog on prevention or alleviation of fatty liver induced by feed restriction J Dairy Sci, 82: 2731-2736.
Piepenbrink MS, Marr AL, Waldron MR, Butler WR, Overton TR, Vázquez-Añón M, (2004) Holt Feeding 2-Hydroxy-4-(Methylthio)Butanoic Acid to Periparturient Dairy Cows Improves Milk Production but not Hepatic Metabolism J. Dairy Sci. 87:1071-1084
Durand D, Chilliard Y, Bauchart D (1992) Effects of lysine and methionine on in vivo hepatic secretion of VLDL in the high yielding dairy cow. J Dairy Sci, 75: 279 (Abstr.).
Rulquin H, Delaby L (1997) Effects of the energy balance of dairy cows on lactational responses to rumen-protected Methionine. J Dairy Sci, 80: 2513-2522.
Colin-Schoellen O, Laurent F, Vignon B (1995) Interactions of ruminally protected methionine and lysine with protein source or energy level in the diets of cows. J Dairy Sci, 78: 2807-2818.
Bertics SJ, Grummer RR (1999) Effects of fat and methionine hydroxy analog on prevention or alleviation of fatty liver induced by feed restriction. J Dairy Sci, 82: 2731-2736.
Erdman RA, Sharma BK (1991) Effect of dietary rumen-protected choline in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 74: 1641-1647.
Cooke RF, Silva Del Río N, Caraviello DZ, Bertics SJ, Ramos MH, Grummer RR. (2007) Supplemental choline for prevention and alleviation of fatty liver in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci, 90: 2413-2418.
Guretzky NA, Carlson DB, Garrett JE, Drackley JK. (2006) Lipid metabolite profiles and milk production for holstein and jersey cows fed rumen-protected choline during the periparturient period. J Dairy Sci, 89: 188-200.
Vincent JB (2004) Recent advances in the nutritional biochemistry of trivalent chromium. Proc Nutr Soc, 63: 41-47.
Bryan MA, Socha MT, Tomlison DJ (2004) Supplementing intensively grazed late-gestation and early-lactation dairy cattle with chromium. J Dairy Sci, 87: 4269-4277.
Hayirli A, Bremmer DR, Bertics SJ, Socha MT, Grummer RR. (2001) Effect of chromium supplementation on production and metabolic parameters in periparturient dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 84: 1218-1230.
Goff JP, Horst RL, Jardon PW, Borelli C, Wedam J (1996) Field trials of an oral calcium propionate paste as an aid to prevent milk fever in periparturient dairy cows. J Dairy Sci,79: 378-383.
Duffield TF, Sandals D, Leslie KE, Lissemore K, McBride BW, Lumsden JH, Dick P, Bagg R. (1998) Efficacy of monensin for the prevention of subclinical ketosis in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 81: 2866-2873.
Gruffat D, Durand D, Graulet B, Bauchart D (1996) Regulationof VLDL synthesis and secretion of the liver. Reprod Nutr Dev, 36:375-389.
Goff JP, Horst RL (1997) Physiological changes at parturition and their relationship to metabolic disorders. J Dairy Sci, 80:1260-1268.
Başoğlu A, Sevinç M (2004) Evcil Hayvanlarda Metabolik ve Endokrin Hastalıklar. Pozitif Matbaacılık, Konya, Türkiye.
Grummer RR (1993) Ethiology of lipid-related metabolic disorders in periparturient dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 76:3882.
Drackley JK (1999). Biology of dairy cows during the transition period: The final frontier? J. Dairy Sci. 82:2259–2273.
Grum DE, Drackley JK, Younker RS, LaCount DW, Veenhuizen JJ (1996) Nutrition during the dry period and hepatic lipid metabolism of periparturient dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 79: 1850-1864.
Van den Top AM, Van Tol A, Jansen H, Geelen MJ, Beynen AC (2005) Fatty liver in dairy cows post partum is associated with decreased concentration of plasma triacylglycerols and decreased activity of lipoprotein lipase in adipocytes. J Dairy Res, 72(2): 129-37.
Herdt TH (2000) Ruminant adaptation to negative energy balance. Influences on the etiology of ketosis and fatty liver. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract, 16: 215-230.
Shibano K, Kawamura S (2006) Serum free amino acid concentration in hepatic lipidosis of dairy cows in the periparturient period. J Vet Med Sci, 68(4): 393-396.
Civelek T (2002) Sütçü Sığırların Periparturient Dönem Hastalıklarında Serum Apolipoprotein B-100 Konsantrasyonları. Doktora Tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Konya, Türkiye.
Civelek T, Çelik HA, Birdane FM, Yağcı A, Pancarcı ŞM, Kabu M (2006a) Serum apolipoprotein B100 concentrations in obese Holstein heifers. The Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire. 157(2):72-75.
Civelek T, Sevinc M, Boydak M and Basoglu A (2006b) Serum apolipoprotein B100 concentrations in dairy cows with left sided displaced abomasum. The Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire.157 (7):361-365.
Keller U, Gerber PP and Stauffacher W (1988) Fatty acid-independent inhibition of hepatic ketone body production by insulin in humans. Am J Physiol, 254: E694-699
Drackley JK, Overton TR and Douglas GN (2001) Adaptations of glucose and long chain fatty acid metabolism in liver of dairy cows during the periparturient period. J Dairy Sci (E Suppl.), 84, 100-112.
Reynolds CK, Aikman PC, Lupoli B, Humphries DJ, Beever DE (2003). Splanchnic metabolism of dairy cows during the transition fromlate gestation through early lactation. J Dairy Sci, 86: 1201-1217.
Grummer RR, Sandra JB, Lacount DW (1990) Estrogen induction of fatty liver in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci, 73: 1537-1543
Oikawa S, Oetzel GR (2006) Decreased insulin response in dairy cows following a four-day fast to induce hepatic lipidosis. J Dairy Sci, 89: 29993005
Drackley JK, Beitz DC, Young JW (1991) Regulation of in vitro palmitate oxidation in liver from dairy cows during early lactation. J Dairy Sci, 74: 1884-1892
Woltow G, Staufenbiel R, Langhans J (1991) Comparison between histologically and biochemically determined liver fat levels and resulting conclusions. Mh Vet Med, 46: 576-582.
Johannsen U, Menger S, Staufenbiel R, Rossow N (1993) Investigations on morphology and function of the liver of highyielding cows two weeks post partum. Dtsch Tieraerztl Wochenschr, 100: 177-181.
Veenhuizen JJ, Drackley JK, Richard MJ, Sanderson TP, Miller LD, Young JW (1991) Metabolic changes in blood and liver during development and early treatment of experimental fatty liver and ketosis in cows. J Dairy Sci, 74: 4238-4253.
Hippen AR, She P, Young JW, Beitz DC, Lindberg GL, Richardson LF, Tucker RW (1999) Alleviation of fatty liver in dairy cows by 14-day intravenous infusions of glucagon. J Dairy Sci, 82: 1139-1152.
Gerloff BJ, Herdt T H, Emery RS (1986) Relationship of hepatic lipidosis to health and performance in dairy cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 188:845-850.
Van den Top AM, Geelen MJ, Wensing T, Wentink GH, van’t Klooster AT, Beynen AC (1996) Higher postpartum hepatic triacylglycerol concentrations in dairy cows with free rather than restricted access to feed during the dry period are associated with lower activities of hepatic glycerolphosphate acyltransferase. J Nutr, 126: 76-85.
Jorritsma R, Jorritsma H, Schukken YH, Bartlett PC, Wensing T, Wentink GH (2001) Prevalence and indicators of post partum fatty infiltration of the liver in nine commercial dairy herds in the Netherlands. Livest Prod Sci, 68: 53-60.
Wensing T, Kruip T, Geelen MJH, Wentink GH, van den Top AM (1997) Postpartum fatty liver in high-producing dairy cows in practice and in animal studies. The connection with health, production and reproduction problems. Comp Haematol Int, 7: 167-171.
Bobe G, Young JW, Beitz DC (2004) Pathology, eiology, prevention, and treatment of fatty liver in dairy cows J Dairy Sci 87:3105-3124
Nafikov R A, Ametaj BN, Bobe G,. Young JW, Beitz DC. (2002). Prevention of fatty liver in transition dairy cows by glucagon. J Dairy Sci, 85 (Suppl. 1): 21. (Abstr.).
Nafikov RA, Ametaj BN, Bobe G, Koehler KJ, Young JW, Beitz DC (2006) Prevention of fatty liver in transition dairy cows by subcutaneous Injections of Glucagon. J Dairy Sci, 89: 1533-1545
Bobe G, Ametaj BN, Young JW, Anderson LL, Beitz DC (2007) Exogenous glucagon effects on health and reproductive performance of lactating dairy cows with mild fatty liver. Anim Reprod Sci, 102: 194-207.
Fürll M, Fürll B (1998). Glucocorticoid (prednisolone) effects on various blood, urine and liver parameters in cows in the second post partum week. Tieraerztl. Prax. Ausg. G Grosstiere Nutztiere, 26: 262-268.
Hayırlı A (2006) The role of exogenous insulin in the complex of hepatic lipidosis and ketosis associated with insulin resistance phenomenon in postpartum dairy cattle Vet Res Commun, 30: 749-74.
Duffield TF (2000). Subclinical ketosis in lactating dairy cows. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract. 16:231-253.
Moallem U, Katz M, Arieli A, Lehrer H (2007) Effects of peripartum propylene glycol or fats differing in fatty acid profiles on feed intake, production, and plasma metabolites in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 90: 3846-3856
Başoğlu A, Sevinç M, Birdane FM, Boydak M (2002) Efficacy of sodium borate in the prevention of fatty liver in dairy cows. J Vet Intern Med, 16: 732-735.
Başoğlu A, Sevinç M, Güzelbektaş H, Civelek T (2000) Effect of borax on lipid profile in dogs online J vet. Res.4:153-156.
Sandra J, Bertics R, Ric R, Grummer R (1999) Effects of fat and methionine hydroxy analog on prevention or alleviation of fatty liver induced by feed restriction J Dairy Sci, 82: 2731-2736.
Piepenbrink MS, Marr AL, Waldron MR, Butler WR, Overton TR, Vázquez-Añón M, (2004) Holt Feeding 2-Hydroxy-4-(Methylthio)Butanoic Acid to Periparturient Dairy Cows Improves Milk Production but not Hepatic Metabolism J. Dairy Sci. 87:1071-1084
Durand D, Chilliard Y, Bauchart D (1992) Effects of lysine and methionine on in vivo hepatic secretion of VLDL in the high yielding dairy cow. J Dairy Sci, 75: 279 (Abstr.).
Rulquin H, Delaby L (1997) Effects of the energy balance of dairy cows on lactational responses to rumen-protected Methionine. J Dairy Sci, 80: 2513-2522.
Colin-Schoellen O, Laurent F, Vignon B (1995) Interactions of ruminally protected methionine and lysine with protein source or energy level in the diets of cows. J Dairy Sci, 78: 2807-2818.
Bertics SJ, Grummer RR (1999) Effects of fat and methionine hydroxy analog on prevention or alleviation of fatty liver induced by feed restriction. J Dairy Sci, 82: 2731-2736.
Erdman RA, Sharma BK (1991) Effect of dietary rumen-protected choline in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 74: 1641-1647.
Cooke RF, Silva Del Río N, Caraviello DZ, Bertics SJ, Ramos MH, Grummer RR. (2007) Supplemental choline for prevention and alleviation of fatty liver in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci, 90: 2413-2418.
Guretzky NA, Carlson DB, Garrett JE, Drackley JK. (2006) Lipid metabolite profiles and milk production for holstein and jersey cows fed rumen-protected choline during the periparturient period. J Dairy Sci, 89: 188-200.
Vincent JB (2004) Recent advances in the nutritional biochemistry of trivalent chromium. Proc Nutr Soc, 63: 41-47.
Bryan MA, Socha MT, Tomlison DJ (2004) Supplementing intensively grazed late-gestation and early-lactation dairy cattle with chromium. J Dairy Sci, 87: 4269-4277.
Hayirli A, Bremmer DR, Bertics SJ, Socha MT, Grummer RR. (2001) Effect of chromium supplementation on production and metabolic parameters in periparturient dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 84: 1218-1230.
Goff JP, Horst RL, Jardon PW, Borelli C, Wedam J (1996) Field trials of an oral calcium propionate paste as an aid to prevent milk fever in periparturient dairy cows. J Dairy Sci,79: 378-383.
Duffield TF, Sandals D, Leslie KE, Lissemore K, McBride BW, Lumsden JH, Dick P, Bagg R. (1998) Efficacy of monensin for the prevention of subclinical ketosis in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 81: 2866-2873.