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Antioksidanlar

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 41 - 52, 01.12.2014

Öz

Serbest radikaller hücrelerde bulunan DNA, protein, lipid yapılarına kalıcı hasarlar vermeleri sebebiyle oldukça zararlıdırlar. Radikallerin vücuttaki endojen kaynakları mitokondriyal elektron taşıma sistemi, araşidonik asit metabolizması, fagositoz, enzim reaksiyonlarıdır. Eksojen kaynaklar arasında radyasyon, ozon, sigara, UV ışınlar, kimyasal maddeler, ilaçlar, metaller yer alır. Gerek endojen gerekse eksojen kaynaklar sonucu oluşan radikaller ve onların metabolizma ürünleri, vücudun kendi savunma mekanizmalarından biri olan antioksidan savunma ile zararsız hale getirilirler. Fakat bazen bu denge bozulur, dokularda hasar oluşur ve oksidatif stres meydana gelir. Oksidatif stres nedeniyle vücutta kanser, ateroskleroz, hipertansiyon, astım, diabet, kronik böbrek yetmezliği, Alzheimer, Parkinson, romatizma, karaciğer hastalıkları ve daha pek çok hastalık meydana gelir. Vücutta doğal olarak bulunan antioksidanlar ve dışarıdan alınan antioksidanlarla bu hastalıkların önlenmesi ve tedavilerinin yapılmasına dair bir çok çalışma mevcuttur. Eksojen antioksidanlardan olan E, C ve A vitaminleri, flavonlar, likopen, eser elementler, tiol bileşiklerinin giderek önemi atmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Abdel-Zaher AO, Abdel-Hady RH, Mahmoud M, Farrag MM. The potential protective role of alpha-lipoic acid against acetaminophen-induced hepatic and renal damage. Toxicology. 2008; 2433: 261-270.
  • Abdo EE, Cunha JE, Deluca P, Coelco AM, Bacchella T, Machado MC. Protective effect of N2-mercaptopropionylglycine on rats and dogs liver during ischemia/reperfusion process. Arq Gastroenterol. 2003; 40: 177-180.
  • Ajith TA, Usha S, Nivitha V. Ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol protect anticancer drug cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity in mice: a comparative study. Clinica Chimica Acta. 2007; 375: 82-86.
  • Akgün Y. Effects of antioxidants onthe immune response of Helicobacter pylori. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2002; 8: 438-441.
  • Akkuş İ. Serbest radikaller ve fizyopatolojik etkileri. Mimoza Yayınevi, Konya,1995.
  • Aleisa AM, Al-Rejaie SS, Bakheet SA, Al-Bekari AM, Al-Shabanah OA, Al-Majed A, Al-Yahya AA, Qureshi S. Effect of metformin on clastogenic and biochemical changes induced by adriamycin in Swiss albino mice. Mutation Research. 2007; 634: 93–100.
  • Amanvermez R, Tunçel OK, Demir S, Kefeli M, Bek Y, Celik C. Protective effects of cysteine methionine and vitamin C on the stomach in chronically alcohol treated rats. J Appl Toxicol. 2008; 28(5): 591-8.
  • Aneja R, Upadhyaya G. Ameliorating effect of Phtoestrogens on CCl4-induced oxidative stres in the livers of male wistar rats. Artificial Cells Blood substitues and Biotechnology. 2005; 332: 201-213.
  • Anisimov VN, Popovich IG, Zabezhinski MA. Melatonin as antioxidant geroprotector and anticarcinogen. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 2006; 1757: 573-589.
  • Armutcu F, Doğan B, Altın R, Gurel A. Examination of lung toxicity oxidant/antioxidant status and effect of erdosteine in rats kept in coal mine ambience. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 2007; 24(2): 106-113.
  • Aydilek N, Aksakal M. Testosteronun tavşanlarda karaciğer antioksidan sistemi üzerine etkisi. YYÜ Vet Fak Derg. 2003;142: 22-25.
  • Aydogan H, Gurlek A, Parlakpinar H, Aksar I, Bay-Karabulut A, Aydoğan N, Fariz A. Beneficial effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester CAPE on the ischaemia-reperfusion injury in rat skin flaps Journal of Plastic Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery. 2007; 60: 563-568.
  • Azqueta A, Arbillaga L, Pach G, Cascante M, Creppy EE, Lopez de Cerain A. A quinoxaline 14-di-N-oxide derivative induces DNA oxidative damage not attenuated by vitamin C and E treatment. Chemico-Biological Interactions. 2007; 168: 95-105.
  • Azzi A, Gysin R, Kempna P, Ricciarelli R, Villacorta L, Visarius T, Zingg JM. The role of α-tokopherol in preventing disease: from epidomiology and molecular events. Molecular aspects of medicine. 2003; 24: 324-336.
  • Bader N, Bosy-Westphal A, Koch A, Mueller MJ. Influence of vitamin C and E supplementation on oxidative stress induced by hyperbaric oxygen in healthy men. Ann Nutr Metab. 2006; 503: 173-176.
  • Balkan J, Oztezcan S, Hatipoglu A, Cevikbas U, Aykac-Toker G, Uysal M. Effect of a taurine treatment on the regression of existing atherosclerotic lesions in rabbits fed on a high-cholesterol diet. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2004; 685: 1035-1039.
  • Bhavnani BR. Estrogens and menopause: pharmacology of conjugated equine estrogens and their potential role in the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s Journal of Steroid. Biochemistry & Molecular Biology. 2003; 85: 473–482.
  • Biewenga G, Haenen G, Bas A. The pharmacology of the antioxidant lipoic acid General Pharmacology: The Vascular System. 1997; 29(3): 315-331.
  • Boutin J, Audinot V, Ferry G, Delagrange P. Molecular tools to study melatonin pathways and actions. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 2005; 26: 412-419.
  • Boyacı H, Maral H, Basyigit I, Dillioglugil MO, Yıldız F, Tugay M. Effects of erdosteine on bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in rats. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 2006; 28: 129–137.
  • Brenneisen P, Steinbrenner H, Sies H.Selenium oxidative stress and health aspects. Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 2005; 26: 256–267.
  • Brunvand H, Liu G, Ma X, Yu TL, Ruffolo RR, Feurstein G. SB 211475 a metabolite of carvedilol reduces infarct size after myocardial ischemic and reperfusion injury in rabbits. European Journal of Pharmacology. 1998; 356 (2-3): 193-198.
  • Buyukokuroglu ME, Cemek M, Yurumez Y, Yavuz Y, Aslan A. Antioxidative role of melatonin in organophosphate toxicity in rats. Cell Biol Toxicol. 2008; 24(2):151-158.
  • Cadenas E, Packer L. Handbook of antioxidants. Marcel dekker New York. 1996.
  • Céspedes CL, El-Hafidi M, Pavon N, Alarcan J. Antioxidant and cardioprotective activities of phenolic extracts from fruits of Chilean blackberry Aristotelia chilensis Elaeocarpaceae Maqui. Food Chemistry. 2008; 1072: 820-829.
  • Dandona P, Ghaim H, Brooks DP. Antioxidant activity of carvedilol in cardiovascular disease. J Hypertens. 2007; 254: 731-741.
  • De la Lastra CA, Villegas I. Resveratrol as an antioxidant and pro-oxidant agent: mechanisms and clinical implications. Biochem Soc Trans. 20007; 35: 1156-1160.
  • Dekhuijzen PN. Antioxidant properties of N-acetylcysteine: their relevance in relation to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J. 2004; 234: 629-636.
  • Dernek S, Ikizler M, Erkasap N, Ergun B, Koken T, Yılmaz K, Sevin B, Kaygısız Z, Kural T. Cardioprotection with resveratrol pretreatment: improved beneficial effects over standard treatment in rat hearts after global ischemia. Scand Cardiovasc J. 2004; 84: 245-54.
  • Dündar Y, Aslan R. Hekimlikte oksidatif stres ve antioksidanlar. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Yayınları. Afyonkarahisar. 2000.
  • El-Demardash FM. Antioxidant efffect of vitamin e and selenium onlipid peroxidationenzyme activities and biochemical parameters in rats exposed to aliminium. Journal of Trace Element in Medicine and Biology. 2004, 18, 113-121.
  • Guidi C, Potenza L, Sestili P, Martinelli C, Guescini M, Stocchi L, Zeppra S, Polidori E. Differential effect of creatine on oxidatively-injured mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta BBA - General Subjects. 2008; 1780(1): 16-26.
  • Habeck M. Catalytic antioxidants prevent type 1 diabetes. Drud Discov Today. 2002: 7(18): 933-934
  • Heo HJ, Kim YJ, Chung D, Kim DO. Antioxidant capacities of individual and combined phenolics in a model system. Food Chemistry. 2007; 104(1): 87-92.
  • Huang HY, Caballero B, Chang S. Multivitamin/mineral supplements and prevention of chronic disease. Evid Rep Technol Assess. 2006: 139; 1-117.
  • Karbownik M, Lewinski A, Reiter R. Anticarcinogenic actions of melatonin which involve antioxidative processes: comparison with other antioxidants. The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology. 2001; 33:735-753.
  • Knight DC, Eden JA. A Review Of The Clinical Effects Of Phytoestrogens. Obstet Gynecol.1996: 87: 897-904.
  • Koc A, Duru M, Ciralik H, Akcan R, Sogut S. Protective agent erdosteine against cisplatin-induced hepatic oxidant injury in rats. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 2005; 278: 79-84.
  • Koch TR, Petro A, Darrabie M, Opara EC. Effect of the H K–ATPase inhibitor esomeprazole magnesium on gut total antioxidant capacity in mice. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. 2004; 159: 522-526.
  • Korish AA, Arafah MM. Catechin combined with vitamins C and E ameliorates insulin resistance IR and atherosclerotic changes in aged rats with chronic renal failure CRF. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. 2008; 461: 25-39.
  • Kra-Kud M, Dusin M, Valach M. Products of DNA protein and lipid oxidative damage in relation to vitamin C plasma concentration. Physiol Res. 2006; 552: 227-231.
  • Larson RA. Naturally occuring antioxidants. Lewis publishers. New York. 1997.
  • Lee BM, Park KK. Beneficial and adverse effects of chemopreventive agents. Mutation Research. 2003; 523: 265-273.
  • Loo AY, Jain K, Darah I. Antioxidant activity of compounds isolated from the pyroligneous acid Rhizophora apiculata. Food Chemistry. 2008; 107: 1151–1160.
  • Mansour HH, Hafez HF, Fahmy NM, Hanafi N. Protective effect of N-acetylcysteine against radiation induced DNA damage and hepatic toxicity in rats. Biochem Pharmacol. 2008; 75(3): 773-780.
  • Masella R, Di Benedetto R, Varì R.Novel mechanisms of natural antioxidant compounds in biological systems: involvement of glutathione and glutathione-related enzymes. J Nutr Biochem. 2005; 1610: 577-586.
  • Mates JM, Perez-Gomez C, Nurez de Castro I. Antioxidant enzymes and human diseases. Clin Biochem. 1999; 328: 595-603.
  • Mazor D, Greenberg L, Shamir D, Meyerstein D, Meyerstein N. Antioxidant properties of bucillamine: Possible mode of action. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2006; 349(3): 1171-1175.
  • McPherson PA, Young IS, McEneny J. A dual role for lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase EC 23143 in lipoprotein oxidation. Free Radic Biol Med. 2007; 43(11): 1484-1493.
  • Moretti M, Marchioni CF. An overview of erdosteine antioxidant activity in experimental research. Pharmacological Research. 2007; 55: 249–254.
  • Muthukumaran S, Sudheer AR, Menon VP, Nalini N. Protective effect of quercetin on nicotine-induced prooxidant and antioxidant imbalance and DNA damage in Wistar rats. Toxicology. 2008; 243(1-2): 207-215.
  • Navari-Izzo F, Quartacci MF, Sgherri C. Lipoic acid: a unique antioxidant in the detoxification of activated oxygen species Plant. Physiol Biochem. 2002; 40: 463-470.
  • Nobata K, Fujimura M, Ishiura Y, Myou S, Nakao S. Ambroxol for the prevention of acute upper respiratory disease. Clin Exp Med. 2006; 6: 79-83.
  • Packer L, Kraemer K, Rimbach G. Molecular aspects of lipoic acid in the prevention of diabetes complications. Nutrition. 2001; 17: 888-895.
  • Parcell S. Sulfur in human nutrition and applications in medicine. Altern Med Rev. 2002; 7: 22-44.
  • Rajasekar P, Anuradha CV. L-Carnitine inhibits protein glycation in vitro and in vivo: evidence for a role in diabetic management Acta Diabetol. 2007; 44: 83–90.
  • Rao AV, Agarwal S. Role of lycopene as antioxidant caretenoid in the prevention of chronic diseases: A review. Nutrition Research. 1999; 19: 305-323.
  • Reiter RJ. Melatonin: clinical relevance. Best Practise &Research Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003; 17: 273-285.
  • Robb EL, Page MM, Wiens BE, Stuart JA. Molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress resistance induced by resveratrol: Specific and progressive induction of MnSOD. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2008; 367(2): 406-412.
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Antioxidants

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 41 - 52, 01.12.2014

Öz

Free radicals are very harmful radicals that give damage to DNA, lipids, proteins in living organisms. The endogenous sources of radicals are mitochondrial electron transport, phagocytosis, arachidonic acid metabolism, enzyme reactions. Radiation, cigarette smoke, ozone, UV light, chemicals, drugs, metals are the exogenous sources of radicals. Free radicals can be harmless by the defence of organism called antioxidant defence. In sometimes the equilibrium between radicals and antioxidant defence system can breakdown. At this time radicals give harm to tissues and oxidative stress occurs.A lots of diseases occurs by oxidative stress like cancer, atherosclerosis, hypertension, asthma, diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer, Parkinson, rheumatoid arthritis,etc. Endogenous and exogenous antioxidants can be used in prophylaxis and therapy. The importance of E, C and A vitamins, flavonoids, lycopen, trace elements, thiol compounds increases as a antioxidant.

Kaynakça

  • Abdel-Zaher AO, Abdel-Hady RH, Mahmoud M, Farrag MM. The potential protective role of alpha-lipoic acid against acetaminophen-induced hepatic and renal damage. Toxicology. 2008; 2433: 261-270.
  • Abdo EE, Cunha JE, Deluca P, Coelco AM, Bacchella T, Machado MC. Protective effect of N2-mercaptopropionylglycine on rats and dogs liver during ischemia/reperfusion process. Arq Gastroenterol. 2003; 40: 177-180.
  • Ajith TA, Usha S, Nivitha V. Ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol protect anticancer drug cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity in mice: a comparative study. Clinica Chimica Acta. 2007; 375: 82-86.
  • Akgün Y. Effects of antioxidants onthe immune response of Helicobacter pylori. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2002; 8: 438-441.
  • Akkuş İ. Serbest radikaller ve fizyopatolojik etkileri. Mimoza Yayınevi, Konya,1995.
  • Aleisa AM, Al-Rejaie SS, Bakheet SA, Al-Bekari AM, Al-Shabanah OA, Al-Majed A, Al-Yahya AA, Qureshi S. Effect of metformin on clastogenic and biochemical changes induced by adriamycin in Swiss albino mice. Mutation Research. 2007; 634: 93–100.
  • Amanvermez R, Tunçel OK, Demir S, Kefeli M, Bek Y, Celik C. Protective effects of cysteine methionine and vitamin C on the stomach in chronically alcohol treated rats. J Appl Toxicol. 2008; 28(5): 591-8.
  • Aneja R, Upadhyaya G. Ameliorating effect of Phtoestrogens on CCl4-induced oxidative stres in the livers of male wistar rats. Artificial Cells Blood substitues and Biotechnology. 2005; 332: 201-213.
  • Anisimov VN, Popovich IG, Zabezhinski MA. Melatonin as antioxidant geroprotector and anticarcinogen. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 2006; 1757: 573-589.
  • Armutcu F, Doğan B, Altın R, Gurel A. Examination of lung toxicity oxidant/antioxidant status and effect of erdosteine in rats kept in coal mine ambience. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 2007; 24(2): 106-113.
  • Aydilek N, Aksakal M. Testosteronun tavşanlarda karaciğer antioksidan sistemi üzerine etkisi. YYÜ Vet Fak Derg. 2003;142: 22-25.
  • Aydogan H, Gurlek A, Parlakpinar H, Aksar I, Bay-Karabulut A, Aydoğan N, Fariz A. Beneficial effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester CAPE on the ischaemia-reperfusion injury in rat skin flaps Journal of Plastic Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery. 2007; 60: 563-568.
  • Azqueta A, Arbillaga L, Pach G, Cascante M, Creppy EE, Lopez de Cerain A. A quinoxaline 14-di-N-oxide derivative induces DNA oxidative damage not attenuated by vitamin C and E treatment. Chemico-Biological Interactions. 2007; 168: 95-105.
  • Azzi A, Gysin R, Kempna P, Ricciarelli R, Villacorta L, Visarius T, Zingg JM. The role of α-tokopherol in preventing disease: from epidomiology and molecular events. Molecular aspects of medicine. 2003; 24: 324-336.
  • Bader N, Bosy-Westphal A, Koch A, Mueller MJ. Influence of vitamin C and E supplementation on oxidative stress induced by hyperbaric oxygen in healthy men. Ann Nutr Metab. 2006; 503: 173-176.
  • Balkan J, Oztezcan S, Hatipoglu A, Cevikbas U, Aykac-Toker G, Uysal M. Effect of a taurine treatment on the regression of existing atherosclerotic lesions in rabbits fed on a high-cholesterol diet. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2004; 685: 1035-1039.
  • Bhavnani BR. Estrogens and menopause: pharmacology of conjugated equine estrogens and their potential role in the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s Journal of Steroid. Biochemistry & Molecular Biology. 2003; 85: 473–482.
  • Biewenga G, Haenen G, Bas A. The pharmacology of the antioxidant lipoic acid General Pharmacology: The Vascular System. 1997; 29(3): 315-331.
  • Boutin J, Audinot V, Ferry G, Delagrange P. Molecular tools to study melatonin pathways and actions. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 2005; 26: 412-419.
  • Boyacı H, Maral H, Basyigit I, Dillioglugil MO, Yıldız F, Tugay M. Effects of erdosteine on bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in rats. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 2006; 28: 129–137.
  • Brenneisen P, Steinbrenner H, Sies H.Selenium oxidative stress and health aspects. Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 2005; 26: 256–267.
  • Brunvand H, Liu G, Ma X, Yu TL, Ruffolo RR, Feurstein G. SB 211475 a metabolite of carvedilol reduces infarct size after myocardial ischemic and reperfusion injury in rabbits. European Journal of Pharmacology. 1998; 356 (2-3): 193-198.
  • Buyukokuroglu ME, Cemek M, Yurumez Y, Yavuz Y, Aslan A. Antioxidative role of melatonin in organophosphate toxicity in rats. Cell Biol Toxicol. 2008; 24(2):151-158.
  • Cadenas E, Packer L. Handbook of antioxidants. Marcel dekker New York. 1996.
  • Céspedes CL, El-Hafidi M, Pavon N, Alarcan J. Antioxidant and cardioprotective activities of phenolic extracts from fruits of Chilean blackberry Aristotelia chilensis Elaeocarpaceae Maqui. Food Chemistry. 2008; 1072: 820-829.
  • Dandona P, Ghaim H, Brooks DP. Antioxidant activity of carvedilol in cardiovascular disease. J Hypertens. 2007; 254: 731-741.
  • De la Lastra CA, Villegas I. Resveratrol as an antioxidant and pro-oxidant agent: mechanisms and clinical implications. Biochem Soc Trans. 20007; 35: 1156-1160.
  • Dekhuijzen PN. Antioxidant properties of N-acetylcysteine: their relevance in relation to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J. 2004; 234: 629-636.
  • Dernek S, Ikizler M, Erkasap N, Ergun B, Koken T, Yılmaz K, Sevin B, Kaygısız Z, Kural T. Cardioprotection with resveratrol pretreatment: improved beneficial effects over standard treatment in rat hearts after global ischemia. Scand Cardiovasc J. 2004; 84: 245-54.
  • Dündar Y, Aslan R. Hekimlikte oksidatif stres ve antioksidanlar. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Yayınları. Afyonkarahisar. 2000.
  • El-Demardash FM. Antioxidant efffect of vitamin e and selenium onlipid peroxidationenzyme activities and biochemical parameters in rats exposed to aliminium. Journal of Trace Element in Medicine and Biology. 2004, 18, 113-121.
  • Guidi C, Potenza L, Sestili P, Martinelli C, Guescini M, Stocchi L, Zeppra S, Polidori E. Differential effect of creatine on oxidatively-injured mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta BBA - General Subjects. 2008; 1780(1): 16-26.
  • Habeck M. Catalytic antioxidants prevent type 1 diabetes. Drud Discov Today. 2002: 7(18): 933-934
  • Heo HJ, Kim YJ, Chung D, Kim DO. Antioxidant capacities of individual and combined phenolics in a model system. Food Chemistry. 2007; 104(1): 87-92.
  • Huang HY, Caballero B, Chang S. Multivitamin/mineral supplements and prevention of chronic disease. Evid Rep Technol Assess. 2006: 139; 1-117.
  • Karbownik M, Lewinski A, Reiter R. Anticarcinogenic actions of melatonin which involve antioxidative processes: comparison with other antioxidants. The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology. 2001; 33:735-753.
  • Knight DC, Eden JA. A Review Of The Clinical Effects Of Phytoestrogens. Obstet Gynecol.1996: 87: 897-904.
  • Koc A, Duru M, Ciralik H, Akcan R, Sogut S. Protective agent erdosteine against cisplatin-induced hepatic oxidant injury in rats. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 2005; 278: 79-84.
  • Koch TR, Petro A, Darrabie M, Opara EC. Effect of the H K–ATPase inhibitor esomeprazole magnesium on gut total antioxidant capacity in mice. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. 2004; 159: 522-526.
  • Korish AA, Arafah MM. Catechin combined with vitamins C and E ameliorates insulin resistance IR and atherosclerotic changes in aged rats with chronic renal failure CRF. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. 2008; 461: 25-39.
  • Kra-Kud M, Dusin M, Valach M. Products of DNA protein and lipid oxidative damage in relation to vitamin C plasma concentration. Physiol Res. 2006; 552: 227-231.
  • Larson RA. Naturally occuring antioxidants. Lewis publishers. New York. 1997.
  • Lee BM, Park KK. Beneficial and adverse effects of chemopreventive agents. Mutation Research. 2003; 523: 265-273.
  • Loo AY, Jain K, Darah I. Antioxidant activity of compounds isolated from the pyroligneous acid Rhizophora apiculata. Food Chemistry. 2008; 107: 1151–1160.
  • Mansour HH, Hafez HF, Fahmy NM, Hanafi N. Protective effect of N-acetylcysteine against radiation induced DNA damage and hepatic toxicity in rats. Biochem Pharmacol. 2008; 75(3): 773-780.
  • Masella R, Di Benedetto R, Varì R.Novel mechanisms of natural antioxidant compounds in biological systems: involvement of glutathione and glutathione-related enzymes. J Nutr Biochem. 2005; 1610: 577-586.
  • Mates JM, Perez-Gomez C, Nurez de Castro I. Antioxidant enzymes and human diseases. Clin Biochem. 1999; 328: 595-603.
  • Mazor D, Greenberg L, Shamir D, Meyerstein D, Meyerstein N. Antioxidant properties of bucillamine: Possible mode of action. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2006; 349(3): 1171-1175.
  • McPherson PA, Young IS, McEneny J. A dual role for lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase EC 23143 in lipoprotein oxidation. Free Radic Biol Med. 2007; 43(11): 1484-1493.
  • Moretti M, Marchioni CF. An overview of erdosteine antioxidant activity in experimental research. Pharmacological Research. 2007; 55: 249–254.
  • Muthukumaran S, Sudheer AR, Menon VP, Nalini N. Protective effect of quercetin on nicotine-induced prooxidant and antioxidant imbalance and DNA damage in Wistar rats. Toxicology. 2008; 243(1-2): 207-215.
  • Navari-Izzo F, Quartacci MF, Sgherri C. Lipoic acid: a unique antioxidant in the detoxification of activated oxygen species Plant. Physiol Biochem. 2002; 40: 463-470.
  • Nobata K, Fujimura M, Ishiura Y, Myou S, Nakao S. Ambroxol for the prevention of acute upper respiratory disease. Clin Exp Med. 2006; 6: 79-83.
  • Packer L, Kraemer K, Rimbach G. Molecular aspects of lipoic acid in the prevention of diabetes complications. Nutrition. 2001; 17: 888-895.
  • Parcell S. Sulfur in human nutrition and applications in medicine. Altern Med Rev. 2002; 7: 22-44.
  • Rajasekar P, Anuradha CV. L-Carnitine inhibits protein glycation in vitro and in vivo: evidence for a role in diabetic management Acta Diabetol. 2007; 44: 83–90.
  • Rao AV, Agarwal S. Role of lycopene as antioxidant caretenoid in the prevention of chronic diseases: A review. Nutrition Research. 1999; 19: 305-323.
  • Reiter RJ. Melatonin: clinical relevance. Best Practise &Research Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003; 17: 273-285.
  • Robb EL, Page MM, Wiens BE, Stuart JA. Molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress resistance induced by resveratrol: Specific and progressive induction of MnSOD. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2008; 367(2): 406-412.
  • Singla DK, Kaur K, Sharma AK, Dhingra S, Singal PK. Probucol promotes endogenous antioxidant reserve and confers protection against reperfusion injury. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2007; 853(4): 39-43.
  • Sudheer AR, Muthukumaran S, Devipriya N, Halagowder D, Menon VP. Influence of ferulic acid on nicotine-induced lipid peroxidation DNA damage and inflammation in experimental rats as compared to N-acetylcysteine. Toxicology. 2008; 243(3): 317-329.
  • Sun T, Powers JR, Tang J. Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of asparagus broccoli and their juices. Food Chemistry. 2007; 1051: 101-106.
  • Şener G, Aksoy H, Şehirli Ö, Yuksel M, Aral C, Gedik N, Cetinel S, Yegen BC. Erdosteine Prevents Colonic Inflammation Through Its Antioxidant and Free Radical Scavenging Activities. Dig Dis Sci. 2007; 529: 2122-2132.
  • Takatori A, Ohta E, Inenaga T, Horiuchi K, Ishii Y, Hagaki S, Kyuwa S. Protective effects of probucol treatment on pancreatic beta-cell function of SZ-induced diabetic APA hamsters. Exp Anim. 2003; 524: 17-27.
  • Tanonaka K, Iwai T, Motegi K, Takeo S. Effects of N-2-mercaptopropionyl-glycine on mitochondrial function in ischemic-reperfused heart. Cardiovasc Res. 2003; 57: 416-425.
  • Turkmen N, Sari F, Velioglu YS. The effect of cooking methods on total phenolics and antioxidant activity of selected green vegetables. Food Chemistry. 2005; 934: 713-718.
  • Vainio H. Chemoprevention of cancer: a controversial and instructive story. Br Med Bull. 1999; 553: 593-599.
  • Valko M, Leibfritz D, Moncol J, Cronin MT, Mazur M, Telser J. Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology. 2007; 39: 44-84.
  • Valko M, Rhodes CJ, Moncol J, Izakovic M, Mazur M. Free radicals metals and antioxidants in oxidative stress-induced cancer. Chemico-Biological Interactions. 2006; 160: 1-40.
  • Vanisree M, Alexander-Lindo R, DeWitt D, Nair MG. Functional food components of Antigonon leptopus tea. Food Chemistry. 2008; 1062: 487-492.
  • Wassef R, Haenold R, Hansel A, Brot N, Heinemann SH, Hoshi T. Methionine sulfoxide reductase A and a dietary supplement S-methyl-L-cysteine prevent Parkinson's-like symptoms. J Neurosci. 2007; 2747: 12808-12816.
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  • Yurumez Y, Cemek M, Yavuz Y, Birdane YO, Buyukokuroglu ME. Beneficial Effect of N-acetylcysteine against Organophosphate Toxicity in Mice. Pharm Bull. 2007; 303: 490-494.
  • Zafir A, Banu N. Antioxidant potential of fluoxetine in comparison to Curcuma longa in restraint-stressed rats. European Journal of Pharmacology. 2007; 572: 23-1.
  • Zhang P, Omaye ST. Antioxidant and prooxidant roles for β-carotene α-tocopherol and ascoric acid in human lung cells. Toxicology in vitro. 2001; 15: 13-24.
Toplam 75 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Gülsüm Sinem Kasapçopur Özel Bu kişi benim

Yavuz Osman Birdane Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Aralık 2014
Kabul Tarihi 24 Ekim 2014
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2014 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Kasapçopur Özel, G. S., & Birdane, Y. O. (2014). Antioxidants. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, 7(2), 41-52.
AMA Kasapçopur Özel GS, Birdane YO. Antioxidants. kvj. Haziran 2014;7(2):41-52.
Chicago Kasapçopur Özel, Gülsüm Sinem, ve Yavuz Osman Birdane. “Antioxidants”. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal 7, sy. 2 (Haziran 2014): 41-52.
EndNote Kasapçopur Özel GS, Birdane YO (01 Haziran 2014) Antioxidants. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal 7 2 41–52.
IEEE G. S. Kasapçopur Özel ve Y. O. Birdane, “Antioxidants”, kvj, c. 7, sy. 2, ss. 41–52, 2014.
ISNAD Kasapçopur Özel, Gülsüm Sinem - Birdane, Yavuz Osman. “Antioxidants”. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal 7/2 (Haziran 2014), 41-52.
JAMA Kasapçopur Özel GS, Birdane YO. Antioxidants. kvj. 2014;7:41–52.
MLA Kasapçopur Özel, Gülsüm Sinem ve Yavuz Osman Birdane. “Antioxidants”. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, c. 7, sy. 2, 2014, ss. 41-52.
Vancouver Kasapçopur Özel GS, Birdane YO. Antioxidants. kvj. 2014;7(2):41-52.

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