Transmisibil Venereal Tümör: Derleme

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 3, 230 - 235, 01.09.2016

Mehmet Uçar

Öz

Transmisibil Venereal Tümör (TVT), erkek ve dişi köpeklerin çiftleşme sırasında canlı tümör hücrelerinin fiziksel transferi ile bulaşabilen neoplastik bir yapıdır. Tümör etkilenen lezyonların koklanması, yalanması, tırmalanması ve ısırılmasıyla vücudun farklı bölgelerine yayılabilir. TVT aynı zamanda vahşi kornivorlarda da gözlenebilir. Tümör genellikle erkek köpeklerde penisin kaudal kısmında lokalize olurken, dişilerde çoğunlukla vajinanın posteriyör bölgesinde, vestibulum ve vajinanın birleşme yerinde şekillenir. İlk başlarda tümör küçük ve pembeden kırmızı renge değişen şekildedir, daha sonra büyük ülserasyonlu ve kontamine bir kitle haline dönüşür. İlerleyen zamanlarda tümörün hacmi artar ve şekillenen lezyonlar multilobüler, karnıbahar görünümünde olup gevrek, hiperemik ve hemorajik yapıdadırlar. Serösangionöz vajinal akıntı gözlenir. Tümörün kesin tanısı anemnez bilgilerine, kitlenin oluşum yerine, sitolojik ve histolojik bulgulara dayanmaktadır. Preparatlardaki hücreler yuvarlak, oval veya değişik yüzeyli yapıda olup, solgun mavi veya renksiz sitoplazma ile belirgin bir nükleus içerirler. Hücrelerde küçük, parlak ve temiz görünümlü intrastoplazmik vakuoller bulunur. TVT’nin oluşumunu tamamen engelleyecek bir yöntem olmadığı için, teşhis edildiğinde derhal tedavi edilmesi gerekir. Kemoterapi TVT için etkili bir sağaltım yöntemidir. Kemoteröpatik ajan olan vinkristin sülfatın haftada bir kez, ortalama 3 hafta süreyle damar içi yolla verilmesi sonrasında iyi sonuçlar alınmaktadır. Tedavi oranı %90-95 arasındadır. Sunulan bu derlemede, TVT’nin insidansı, patogenezi, klinik bulguları, tanısı, prognozu ve tedavisi üzerinde durulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Diagnoz, Etiyopatogenez, Incidens, Prognoz, Tedavi, Transmisibil Venereal Tümor

Transmissible Venereal Tumor: A Review

Öz

Transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) is a neoplasm that can be transmitted between female and male dogs via mating by the physical transfer of viable tumor cells. The tumor may spread to different parts of the body through sniffing, licking, scratching or biting affected lesions. It can be also observed in wild carnivores. TVT is mostly located in the posterior wall of the vagina, in the joint of vaginal vestibule and vagina in female dogs, while it is usually located in caudal part of the penis in males. Initially, the tumor is small and varying from pink to red, subsequently progressing to a large, ulcerated, and contaminated mass. By the time, the tumor’s volume increases and the lesions become friable, hyperemic, hemorrhagic, multilobular and cauliflower-like masses. A serosanguinous vaginal discharge is observed. Definitive diagnosis is based on anamnesis, location of the mass, cytological and histological findings. The cells in the slides vary from round to oval or variable shapes and contain a pale blue or colorless cytoplasm with a single distinctive nucleus. They include small, light, clear intracytoplasmic vacuoles. TVT should be immediately treated as soon as diagnosed because there is no method to prevent it. Chemotherapy is the effective method for the treatment of TVT with the intravenous use of vincristine sulfate, which is a chemotherapeutic agent, once in a week for approximately three weeks applications. The cure rate varies at 90-95%. In this review, the incidence, etiopathogenesis, clinical findings, diagnosis, prognosis and therapies of TVT have been emphasized.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Diagnosis, Etiopathogenesis, Incidence, Prognosis, Transmissible Venereal Tumor, Treatment

Kaynakça

• Albanese F, Poli A, Millanta F, Abramo F. Primary cutaneous extragenital canine transmissible venereal tumour with Leishmania laden neoplastic cells: a further suggestion of histiocytic origin. Vet Dermatol. 2002;13: 243-246.
• Amaral AS, Sandra BS, Isabelle F, Fonseca LS, Andrade FH, Gaspar LF, Rocha NS. Cytomorphological characterization of transmissible canine venereal tumor. Rev Port Cienc Vet. 2007;102: 253-260.
• Amber EL, Henderson RA, Adeyanju JB, Gyand EO. Single drug chemotherapy of canine transmissible venereal tumour with cyclophosphamide methotrexate or vincristine. J Vet Int Med. 1990; 4:144-147.
• Batamuzi EK, Kristensen F. Urinary tract infection: the role of canine transmissible venereal tumour. J Small Anim Pract. 1996;37: 276-279.
• Birhan G, Chanie M. A Review on Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumor: from Morphologic to Biochemical and Molecular Diagnosis. Acad J Anim Diseases. 2015;4(3): 185-195.
• Brandao CV, Borges AG, Ranzani JJT, Rahal SC, Teixeira CR, Rocha NS. Transmissible venereal tumour in dogs: a retrospective study of 127 cases (1998-2000). Rev Educ Contin CRMV SP. 2002;5:25-31.
• Brown NO, Calvert C, Mac Ewen EG. Chemotherapeutic management of transmissible venereal tumour in 30 dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1980;176: 983–986.
• Chaudhary C, Rao MRK. Certain canine neoplasms encountered in Andhra Pradesh. IndianVet J. 1982;59: 100-102.
• Chu RM, Lin CY, Liu CC, Yang SY, Siao YW, Hun SW. Proliferation characteristics of canine transmissible venereal tumor. Anticancer Res. 2001;21: 4017-4024.
• Cockrill JN, Beasly JN. Ultrastructural characteristics of canine transmissible venereal tumor various stages of growth and regression. Am J Vet Res. 1975;36(5): 677-681.
• Da Silva DM, Reusing MSO, Franciosi AI, Belo CEP, Goncalves KA, De Souza RS, Guerios SD. Treatment of canine transmissible venereal tumor using L-asparaginase, prednisone, and surgery in a clinical chemotherapy-resistant case. Turk J Vet Anim Sci. 2014; 38: 220-223.
• Das U, Das AK. Review of canine transmissible venereal sarcoma. Vet Res Comm. 2000; 24:545-556.
• De Lorimier LP, Fan TM. Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumor. In: Withrow SJ, Vail DM eds. Withrow & MacEwen’s Small animal clinical oncology. 4 th ed. USA:Saunders Elsevier, 2007; pp.799-804.
• Ferreira AJA, Jaggy A, Varejaop AP, Ferreira MLP, Correia JMJ, Mulass JM, Almeida O, Oliveira P, Prada J. Brain and ocular metastases from a transmissible venereal tumour in a dog. J Small Anim Pract. 2000;41: 165-168.
• Gandotra VK, Chauhan FS, Sharma RD. Occurrence of canine transmissible venereal tumor and evaluation of two treatments. Indian Vet J. 1993;70: 854-857.
• Ganguly B, Das U, Das AK. Canine transmissible venereal tumour: a review. Vet and Comp Oncol. 2016;14:(1) 1-12
• Gobello C, Corrada Y. Effects of vincristine treatment on semen quality in a dog with a transmissible venereal tumour. J Small Anim Pract. 2002;43: 416–417.
• Gurel A, Kuscu B, Gulanber EG, Arun SS. Transmissible venereal tumors detected in the extragenital organs of dogs. Israel J Vet Med. 2002;57:23-26.
• Hamir AN. Primary penile and nasal transmissible venereal tumour in a dog. Australian Vet J. 1985; 62: 430-432.
• Hayes HM, Biggar RJ, Pickle LW, Hoover R, Toft JD. Canine transmissible venereal tumor: a model for Kaposi’s sarcoma? Am J Epidemiol. 1983; 117:108-109.
• Higgins DA. Observations on the canine transmissible venereal tumor as seen in the Bahamas. Vet Rec. 1966;79(3): 67-71.
• Hoque M. Different modes of therapy for canine transmissible venereal tumor. Veterinarian. 1995;19:1-2.
• Idowu AL. Cryosurgery of canine transmissible venereal tumor. Tropical Vet. 1985;3:74-78.
• Jain A, Tiwari RP, Tiwari SK, Awasthi MK. Clinical observations in TVT effected dogs treated with vincristine sulfate. Indian J Anim Reprod. 2002;23 (1):71-72.
• Johnston SD. Performing a complete canine semen evaluation in a small animal hospital. Vet Clin N Am Small Anim Pract. 1991; 21(3):545-551.
• Liao K, Hung S, Hsiao Y, Bennett M, Chu RM. Canine transmissible venereal tumor cell depletion of B lymphocytes: molecule(s) specifically toxic for B cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2003;92: 149-62.
• Moulton JE. Tumors of domestic animals. 3rd ed. University of California Press Berkley and Los Angeles. 1990;10: 498-502.
• Mozos E, Mendez A, Gomez-Villamandos JC, Martin De Las Mulas J, Perez J. Immunohistochemical characterization of canine transmissible venereal tumor. Vet Pathol. 1996;33: 257-263.
• Mukaratirwa S, Gruys E. Canine transmissible venereal tumor: cytogenetic origin, Immunophenotype and immunobiology. A review. Vet Q. 2003;25(3):101-111.
• Mukaratirwa S, Chiwome T, Chitanga S, Bhebhe E. Canine transmissible venereal tumour: assessment of mast cell numbers as indicators of the growth phase. Vet Res Commun. 2006;30: 613-621.
• Murchison EP. Clonally Transmissible Cancers in Dogs and Tasmanian Devils. Oncogene. 2009;27: 19-30.
• Murgia C, Pritchard JK, Kim SY, Fassati A, Weiss RA. Clonal origin and evolution of a transmissible cancer. Cell. 2006;126: 477-487.
• Pandey SK, Chandpuria VP, Bhargava MK and Tiwari SK. Incidence, treatment, approach and metastasis of canine transmissible venereal sarcoma. Indian J Anim Sci. 1989;59: 510–513.
• Purohit G. Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumor: A Review. I J Vet Med. 2009;6(1): 1-6.
• Rao TM, Kumar VG, Raghvender KBP, Joshi MR, Rao RLN. Cryosurgical treatment of transmissible venereal tumors. J Vet Anim Sci. 1993;24:149-152.
• Rezaei M, Azizi S, Shahheidaripour S, Rostami S. Primary oral and nasal transmissible venereal tumor in a mix-breed dog. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2016; 6(5):443-445.
• Richardson RC. Canine transmissible venereal tumor. Comp Cont Educ Pract Vet. 1981;3:951-959.
• Rogers KS, Walker MA, Dillon HB. Transmissible venereal tumor: a retrospective study of 29 cases, J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 1998;34:463-470.
• Rogers KS. Transmissible venereal tumor, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet. 1997;19:1036-1045.
• Saratsis P, Ypsilantis P, Tselkas K. Semen quality during vincristine treatment in dogs with transmissible venereal tumor. Theriogenology. 2000;53: 1185–1192.
• Smith GB, Washbourn JB. Infective sarcomata in dogs. Br Med J. 1998;2: 1346-1347.
• Stockmann D, Heitor FF, Alexandre LA, Rodrigo AL, Tereza CC, Maria CRL. Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumors: Aspects Related to Programmed Cell Death. Braz J Vet Pathol. 2011;4: 67-75.
• Strakova A, Murchison EP. The changing global distribution and prevalence of canine transmissible venereal tumour. BMC Vet Research. 2014;10:168-.
• Tella MA, Ajala OO, Taiwo VO. Complete regression of transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) in Nigerian mongrel dogs with vincristine sulfate chemotherapy. Afr J Bio Med Res. 2004;7(3):133-138.
• Thrall DE. Orthovoltage radiotherapy of canine transmissible venereal tumors. Vet Radiol. 1982;23: 217-219.
• Vermooten MI. Canine transmissible venereal tumour (TVT): a review. J S Afr Vet Assoc. 1987; 58: 147-150.
• Yang TJ, Jones JB. Canine transmissible venereal sarcoma: transplantation studies in neonatal and adult dogs. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1973;51: 1915-1918.