Effects of Yucca Schidigera To Diet of Dairy Cows on Blood Oxidant-Antioxidant Balance, Biochemical Parameters, and Milk Quality

Yıl 2016, Cilt 9, Sayı 4, 339 - 347, 01.12.2016

İbrahim DURMUŞ İsmail AYTEKİN İsmail KÜÇÜKKURT Sinan İNCE Abdullah ERYAVUZ Zeki GÜRLER

Öz

In recent years, use of plant bioactive compounds such as saponins in animal nutrition has been of increasing interest, particularly in Europe because of the EU ban on use of growth promoting antibiotics, including ionophores, in livestock production. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effects of Yucca schidigera powder (YS), containing steroidal saponins, supplementation to diets of lactating dairy cows on oxidant-antioxidant balance in the blood and, concentrations of urea nitrogen and malondialdehyde in milk. In the study, 10 Holstein cows in the mid lactation, with an average milk yield of 20.7 kg (±3.1 kg)/day and a live weight of 552 kg (±30 kg), were used. The blood and milk samples were taken from all animals fed the same diet at 2 h after feeding. After that, YS was added at the rate of 1500 mg/kg DM to the concentrate mixture of the same animals. All animals were fed the concentrate mixture with YS for 15 days and the blood and milk samples were taken at 15th d of feeding with YS and 2 h after feeding. The concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), vitamin A, β-carotene, ammonium nitrogen and antioxidant activity (AOA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were determined in the blood. The levels of MDA and urea nitrogen, and milk quality parameters were measured in the milk. In statistical analysis, paired t-test method was used in SPSS computer program to compare the levels between before feeding with YS and after feeding with YS in the same animals. The concentrations of MDA and ammonium nitrogen were lower (p< 0.05), the levels of GSH and β-carotene were higher (p< 0.05) after feeding with YS than that before feeding with YS in the blood of cows. In the milk of cows, the concentrations of MDA and urea nitrogen were lower (p< 0.05) and the rate of fat % was higher (p< 0.05) after feeding with YS than that before feeding with YS. Those results are the first results showing that the YS decreased the lipid peroxidation and urea nitrogen concentration in the milk of dairy cows. The results indicate that YS may have a potential for use as a natural antioxidant source in dairy cow nutrition and contribute to the protection of their health.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Antioxidants, Saponins, Milk Quality, Dairy Cows, Yucca Schidigera

Sütçü Sığırlarda Yeme Yucca Schidigera İlavesinin Kan Oksidan-Antioksidan Denge, Bazı Biyokimyasal Parametreler ve Süt Kalitesine Etkisi

Öz

Hayvan beslemede verim artırıcı ve büyümeyi teşvik edici olarak kullanılan ionofor grubu antibiyotikler başta olmak üzere birçok kimyasal katkı maddesi Avrupa’da yasaklanmıştır. Son yıllarda bu maddelerin yerine bitkilerden elde edilen saponinler gibi biyolojik aktif ürünler kullanılmaktadır. Bu araştırmanın amacı steroidal saponin içeren Yucca schidigera (YS) bitki tozunun sütçü sığırlarda kan oksidan-antioksidan denge ve sütte malondialdehit, üre-N ile süt kalitesi üzerine etkilerini belirlemektir. Çalışmada ortalama süt verimi 20,7 kg ± 3,1 kg/gün ve canlı ağırlıkları 552 kg ± 30 kg olan 10 adet Holştayn inek kullanıldı. Çalışmanın başlangıcında ve 15 günün sonunda (15 gün boyunca rasyonlarına 1500 pp Yucca schidigera ilave edildi) bu hayvanlardan sabah yemlemesinden öncesi ve 2 saat sonrasında kan ve süt örnekleri alındı. Kanda malondialdehit (MDA), antioksidan aktivite (AOA), redükte glutatyon (GSH), süperoksid dismutaz (SOD), katalaz (CAT), A vitamini, beta karoten, amonyak tayini ve süt örneklerinde MDA, üre-N ile süt kalite parametreleri ölçüldü. İstatistik analizler için SPSS paket programı, verilerin değerlendirilmesinde paired-t testi uygulandı. Yemleme öncesi ve sonrasında kanda MDA ve amonyak düzeyleri düşük bulundu (p < 0,05), yemleme öncesi GSH yemleme sonrası GSH ve β-karoten düzeyleri ise yüksek bulundu (p < 0,05). Çalışmada yeme YS ilavesinin süt MDA ve üre azotu düzeylerini düşürdüğü (p ˂ 0.05), süt yağ yüzdesini artırdığı (p ˂ 0.05), diğer parametrelere ise etkisinin olmadığı bulundu. Bu bulgular YS ilavesinin sütte MDA ve üre azotu düzeylerini düşürdüğünü gösteren ilk çalışmadır. Sonuç olarak, bu çalışmada elde edilen bulgular, süt ineklerinin rasyonlarına doğal bir antioksidan olarak YS ilavesinin kanda antioksidan savunmayı güçlendirebileceği ve süt kalitesinin artmasında olumlu bir etkisinin olabileceğini göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Antioksidanlar, Saponinler, Süt Kalitesi, Sütçü Sığır, Yucca Schidigera

Kaynakça

• Aouadi D, Luciano G, Vasta V, Nasri S, Brogna DMR, Abidi S, Priolo A, Ben Salem H. The antioxidant status and oxidative stability of muscle from lambs receiving oral administration of Artemisia herba alba and Rosmarinus officinalis essential oils. Meat Sci. 2014; 97: 237-243.
• Arıkan Ş, Muğlalı ÖH. Bazı çiftlik hayvanlarının üreme fonksiyonları üzerine β-karotenin etkisi. Lalahan Hay Araş Enst Derg. 1999; 39 (2): 85-94.
• Aslan R, Dundar Y, Eryavuz A, Bülbül A, Küçükkurt İ, Fidan AF, Akinci Z. Effects of different dietary levels of Yucca schidigera powder (deodorase) added to diets on erformance, some hemotological and biochemical blood parameters and total antioxidant capacity of laying hens. Rev Med Vet . 2005; 156: 350–355.
• Avcı G. Kucukkurt I, Bırdane YO, Eryavuz A, Ozdemır M. Influence of high dietary nitrate intake and sulphur supplementation on oxidant / antioxidant balance and on some haematological parameters in Angora goats. Revue Méd. Vét. 2012; 163 (2): 79-84.
• Ayaşan T, Karakozak E. Hayvan Beslemede β-Karoten Kullanılması ve Etkileri. Kafkas Üniv.Vet.Fak.Derg. 2010; 16 (4): 697-705.
• Ayaşan T. Süt ineklerinin beslenmesinde süt üre nitrojenin önemi. GOU Zir Fak Derg, 2009; 26 (2): 27-33.
• Benchaar C, McAllister TA. Chouinard PY. Digestion, ruminal fermentation, ciliate protozoal populations, and milk production from dairy cows fed cinnamaldehyde, quebracho condensed tannin, or Yucca schidigera saponin extract. J. Dairy Sci. 2008: 91; 4765 – 4777.
• Beutler E, Duron O, Kelly BM. Improved method for the determination of blood glutathione. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1963; 61: 882-888.
• Calsamiglia S, Castillejos L, Busquet M. Alternatives to antimicrobial growth promoters in cattle. Pages 129–167 in Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition. P. C. Garnsworthy, and J. Wiseman, ed. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK. 2006.
• Cardozo PW, Calsamiglia S, Ferret A, Kamel C. Screening for the effects of natural plant extracts at different pH on in vitro rumen microbial fermentation of a high-concentrate diet for beef cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 2005; 83: 2572–2579.
• Drabkin DL, Austin JH. Spectrophotometric studies. II. Preparations from washed blood cells; nitric oxide hemoglobin and sulfhemoglobin. J. Biol. Chem. 1935; 112: 51–65.
• Draper HH, Hardley M. Malondialdehyde determination as index of lipid peroxidation. Methods in Enzymology. 1990; 186: 421-431.
• Dündar R, Eryavuz A, Aslan R, Uçar M. Malondialdehyde and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase levels in healthy and subclinical mastitic cows. Yüz.Y. Ü.Sağ.Bil.Derg. 2000; 6: 84-86.
• Dündar Y, Aslan R. Antioxidative stress. East. J. Med. 2000; 5: 45-47.
• Enginar H, Avci G, Eryavuz A, Kaya E, Kucukkurt I, Fidan AF. Effect of Yucca schidigera extract on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant activity in rabbits exposed to gamma-radiation. Rev.Med.Vet. 2006; 157: 415-419.
• Eryavuz A, Dehority BA. Effect of Yucca schidigera extract on the concentration of rumen microorganisms in sheep. Anim.Feed Sci.Technol. 2004; 117 (3-4): 215-222.
• Eryavuz A, Küçükkurt İ, İnce S, Fidan AF, Avcı G, Bülbül T. Kuzularda rasyona Yucca schidigera tozu katılması ve günlük dozunun rumen fermentasyonu ile verime etkilerinin araştırılması. Kocatepe Vet J. 2015; 8 (2): 1-10.
• Eryavuz A. Saponinler ve ruminantlarda rumen protozoon sayısının azaltılmasında bunların kullanılması (Derleme). Hayv.Araş.Derg. 2004: 13; (1-2); 60-66.
• Eryavuz, A., Avcı, G., Çelık, H. A., Kucukkurt, I. Plasma leptin, insulin, glucose and urea concentrations throughout lactation in dairy cows. Bull Vet Inst Pulawy, 2008; 52 (3): 381-385.
• Gümüş R, İmik H. Saponinlerin hayvan beslemede yem katkı maddesi olarak kullanımı. Atatürk Üni.Vet.Bil.Derg. 2012; 7 (3): 221-229.
• Güney M, Karslı M.A. Süt İneklerinin Protein Fraksiyonlarına Tepkileri (Derleme). YYÜ Tar.Bil.Derg., 2014: 24 (3); 317-324.
• Hart KJ, Yanez-Ruiz DR, Duval SM, McEwan NR, Newbold CJ. Plant extracts to manipulate rumen fermentation. Anim, Feed Sci.Technol. 2008; 147: 8-35.
• Holtshausen L, Chaves AV, Beauchemin KA, McGinn SM, McAllister TA, Cheeke PR, Benchaar C. Feeding saponin-containing Yucca schidigera and Quillaja saponaria to decrease enteric methane production in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 2009; 92 (6): 2809- 2821.
• Hristov AN, McAllister TA, Van Herk FH, Cheng KJ, Newbold CJ, Cheeke PR. Effect of Yucca schidigera on ruminal fermentation and nutrient digestion in heifers. J. Anim. Sci. 1999; 77: 2554–2563.
• Jayanegara A. Wina E. Takahashi J. Meta-analysis on methane mitigating properties of saponin-rich sources in the rumen: influence of addition levels and plant sources Asian-Austr. J.Anim. Sci. 2014; 27 (10): 1426-1435.
• Jenkins KJ, Atwal AS. Effects of dietary saponins on fecal bile acids and neutral sterols, and availability of vitamins A and E in the chick. J.Nutr.Bioch. 1994, 5: 134-137.
• Jouany JP, Morgavi DR. Use of 'natural' products as alternatives to antibiotic feed additives in ruminant production. Animal. 2007; 1: 1443-1466.
• Jukola E, Hakkarainen J, Saloniemi H, Sankari S. Blood selenium, vitamin E, vitamin A, and β-carotene concentrations and udder health, fertility treatments and fertility. J Dairy Sci, 1996; 79: 838-845.
• Kaçar C, Kamiloğlu NN, Uçar Ö, Arı UÇ, Pancarcı ŞM, Güngör Ö. İneklerde β-karoten + E vitamini uygulamasıyla kombine edilen Ovsynch ve Cosynch senkronizasyon programlarının gebelik oranı üzerine etkisi. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg. 2008; 14 (1): 45-50.
• Kaya S, Pirinçci İ. Bitkisel zehirler-Glikozidler “Saponinler”, Veteriner Hekimliğinde Toksikoloji. Medisan Yayınevi. 2.Baskı. 2002. S. 325-326.
• Koracevic D, Koracevic G, Djordjevic V, Andrejevic S, Cosic V. Method for the measurment of antioxidant activity in human fluids. J Clin Pathol. 2001; 54: 356-361.
• Küçükkurt İ, Fidan AF. Saponinler ve Bazı Biyolojik Etkileri. Kocatepe Vet J. 2008; 1: 89-96.
• Liu CJ, Sun MJ, Sun JY, Lv W L, Liu W. Shan AS, Zhang YG. Dietary compound probiotics on Rumen fermentation and cellulase activity in dairy cows. Chin. J. Anim. Nutr. 2011; 23 (5): 821-827.
• Lovett, D.K., Stack, L., Lovell, S., Callan, J., Flynn, B., Hawkins, M., O’Mara, F.P. Effect of feeding Yucca schidigera extract on performance of lactating dairy cows and ruminal fermentation parameters in steers. Liv. Sci., 2006: 102; 23-32.
• Luck H. Catalase. In: Bergmeyer HU (ed) Methods in Analysis. London: Academy Press. 1955.
• Mandal G.P., Roy A., Patra A.K. Effects of feeding plant additives rich in saponins andessential oils on the performance, carcass traits andconjugated linoleic acid concentrations in muscle andadipose tissues of Black Bengal goats. Anim.Feed Sci.Technol., 2014: 197; 76-84.
• Ondarza MB, Wilson JW, Engstrom M. Case study: Effect of supplemental β-carotene on yield of milk and milk components and on reproduction of dairy cows. The Professional Anim Scient. 2009; 25: 510-516.
• Patra AK, Saxena J. The effect and mode of action of saponins on the microbial populations and fermentation in the Rumen and ruminant production. Nutr. Res. Rev. 2009; 22 (2): 204-219.
• Salmanoğlu R, Baştan A, Salmanoğlu B, Küplülü Ş, Vural R. Çeşitli fertilite problemli holştayn ırkı ineklerde kan beta-karotin, retinol, glikoz ve kolesterol düzeyleri. Ankara Üniv. Vet. Fak. Derg. 1997; 44: 151-157.
• Sun Y, Oberley LW, Li Y. A simple method for clinical assay of superoxide dismutase. Clin. Chem. 1988; 34: 497-500.
• Suziki J, Katoh N. A simple and cheap methods for measuring serum vitamin A in cattle using only a spectrophotometer. Jpn J Vet Sci. 1990; 52: 1281-1283.
• Tamminga S, Hobson PN. A review on environmental impacts of nutritional strategies in ruminants. J.Anim.Sci. 1996; 74: 3112-3124.
• Vasta V. and Luciano G. The effects of dietary consumption of plants secondary compounds on small ruminants’ products quality.Small Rum.Res., 2011: 101; 150-159.
• Van Zijderveld, S.M., Dijkstra, J., Perdok, H.B., Newbold, J.R., Gerrits, W.J. Dietary inclusion of diallyl disulfide, yucca powder, calcium fumarate, an extruded linseed product, or medium-chain fatty acids does not affect methane production in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci., 2011: 94; 3094-3104.
• Wallace RJ, Arthaud L, Newbold CJ. Influence of Yucca schidigera extract on ruminal ammonia concentrations and ruminal microorganisms. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1994; 60: 1762-1767.
• Wang C, Liu HY, Wang YM, Yang ZQ, Liu JX, Wu YM, Yan T, Ye HW. Effects of dietary supplementation of methionine and lysine on milk production and nitrogen utilization in dairy cows. J. Dairy. Sci. 2010; 93 (8): 3661-3670.
• Wu Z, Sadik M. Sleiman FT, Simas JM, Pessarakli M, Huber JT. Influence of yucca extract on ruminal metabolism in cows. J. Anim. Sci. 1994; 72: 1038-1042. .1976. 10: 147-51.