Parvoviral Enteritisli Köpeklerde Prognostik Parametreler Olarak C-Reaktif Protein, Albümin, Neopterin, Ürokinaz Tipi Plazminojen Aktivatör Reseptörü ve Lökosit Seviyelerinin Değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 4, 375 - 382, 31.12.2020

Onur Basbug , Uğur Aydoğdu , Zahid Tevfik Ağaoğlu

https://doi.org/10.30607/kvj.736869

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, parvoviral enteritisli köpeklerde C-reaktif protein (CRP), albumin, neopterin (Np), ürokinaz tipi plazminojen aktivatör reseptörü (uPAR) ve lökosit seviyelerindeki değişiklikleri belirlemek ve bunların prognostik önemini göstermekti. Çalışmada 40’ı parvoviral enteritisli ve 8’i sağlıklı olmak üzere toplam 48 köpek kullanıldı. Parvoviral enteritisli köpekler ölen (n=12) ve hayatta kalanlar (n=28) olarak iki gruba ayrıldı. Çalışmada ölen parvoviral enteritisli köpeklerin lökosit seviyesi kontrol grubu ve yaşayan parvoviral enteritisli köpeklere göre önemli düzeyde (p<0.05) düşük bulundu. Ölen parvoviral enteritisli köpeklerin serum albümin konsantrasyonları da kontrol grubundan önemli düzeyde (p<0.05) düşük bulundu. Aksine, ölen ve yaşayan parvoviral enteritisli köpeklerin CRP düzeyi kontrol grubuna göre önemli düzeyde (p<0.05) yüksek olarak tespit edildi. Np ve uPAR düzeyleri açısından ise gruplar arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark yoktu. Lökosit, CRP ve albüminin cut-off değerleri sırasıyla 4.5×109L, 120.50 mg/L ve 2.28 g/dL olarak tespit edildi. Sonuç olarak, parvoviral enteritisli köpeklerde azalmış lökosit ve albumin seviyeleri ile artmış CRP seviyelerinin kötü prognozun bir göstergesi olabileceği ifade edilebilir. Ayrıca serum Np ve uPAR düzeylerinin parvoviral enteritisli köpeklerde prognostik bir öneme sahip olmadığı belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Parvoviral enteritis, C-reactive protein, neopterin, ürokinaz plazminojen aktivatör reseptör, köpek

Evaluation of C-Reactive Protein, Albumin, Neopterin, Urokinase Type Plasminogen Activator Receptor and Leukocyte Levels as Prognostic Parameters in Dogs with Parvoviral Enteritis

Öz

The aim of this study was to determine the changes in C-reactive protein (CRP), albumin, neopterin (Np), urokinase type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) and leukocyte levels in dogs with parvoviral enteritis and to show the prognostic importance of these. In the study, a total of 48 dogs, 40 with parvoviral enteritis and 8 were healthy, were used. The dogs with parvoviral enteritis were divided into two subgroups, non-surviving (n=12) and surviving (n=28). The non-surviving dogs with parvoviral enteritis in the study had significantly (p<0.05) lower leukocyte levels than the control group and the surviving dogs with parvoviral enteritis. Serum albumin concentrations of non-surviving dogs with parvoviral enteritis were also significantly (p<0.05) lower than the control group. On the contrary, the CRP levels of the non-surviving and surviving dogs with parvoviral enteritis were significantly (p<0.05) higher than the control group. There was also no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of Np and uPAR levels. The cut-off values of leukocyte, CRP and albumin were 4.5×109L, 120.50 mg/L and 2.28 g/dL, respectively. As a result, it can be stated that decreased leukocyte and albumin levels and increased CRP levels in dogs with parvoviral enteritis may be an indicator of poor prognosis. It was also determined that serum Np and uPAR levels in dogs with parvoviral enteritis do not have any prognostic importance.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Parvoviral enteritis, C-reaktive protein, neopterin, urokinase type plasminogen activator receptor, dog

Kaynakça

• Başbuğ O, Zahid TA, Tuzcu N, Coşkun A, Aydoğdu U, Yığın A. Tumour necrosis factor-alpha, haptoglobin, serum amyloid A and neopterin levels in cattle with lumpy skin disease. Kafkas Üniv Vet Fak Derg. 2016; 22(3): 417-424.
• Bastan I, Kurtdede A, Özen D. Prognostic usefulness of some parameters in dogs with canine parvovirus. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg. 2013; 60: 53-58.
• Berdowska A, Zwirska‐Korczala K. Neopterin measurement in clinical diagnosis. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2001; 26(5): 319-329.
• Castro TX, Cubel Garcia Rde C, Gonçalves LP, Costa EM, Marcello GC, Labarthe NV, Mendes-de-Almeida F. Clinical, hematological, and biochemical findings in puppies with coronavirus and parvovirus enteritis. Can Vet J. 2013; 54(9): 885-888.
• Çekmez F, Aydemir G, Yildirim S, Bulut Ö, Tunç T, Kul M, İnce EZ, Çoban A. Diagnostic value of 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and new cytokines in neonatal sepsis. Eur J Inflamm. 2014; 12(2): 297-304.
• Cerón JJ, Eckersall PD, Martínez‐Subiela S. Acute phase proteins in dogs and cats: current knowledge and future perspectives. Vet Clin Pathol. 2005; 34(2): 85-99.
• Chan CP, Choi JW, Cao KY, Wang M, Gao Y, Zhou DH, Di B, Xu HF, Leung MF, Bergmann A, Lehmann M, Nie YM, Cautherley GW, Fuchs D, Renneberg R, Zheng BJ. Detection of serum neopterin for early assessment of dengue virus infection. J Infect. 2006; 53(3): 152-158.
• Christensen MB, Langhorn R, Goddard A, Andreasen EB, Moldal E, Tvarijonaviciute A, Kirpensteijn J, Jakobsen S, Persson F, Kjelgaard-Hansen M. Comparison of serum amyloid A and C-reactive protein as diagnostic markers of systemic inflammation in dogs. Can Vet J. 2014; 55(2): 161-168.
• Daza González MA, Fragío Arnold C, Fermín Rodríguez M, Checa R, Montoya A, Portero Fuentes M, Rupérez Noguer C, Martínez Subiela S, Cerón JJ, Miró G. Effect of two treatments on changes in serum acute phase protein concentrations in dogs with clinical leishmaniosis. Vet J. 2019; 245: 22-28.
• Decaro N, Buonavoglia C. Canine parvovirus-a review of epidemiological and diagnostic aspects, with emphasis on type 2c. Vet Microbiol. 2012; 155(1): 1-12.
• Donadello K, Scolletta S, Covajes C, Vincent JL. suPAR as a prognostic biomarker in sepsis. BMC Med. 2012;10:2.
• Eckersall PD. Proteins, proteomics, and the dysproteinemias. In: Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals, Ed; Kaneko JJ, Harvey JW, Bruss ML, 6th Ed., Academic Press, San Diego, USA. 2008; pp. 117-155.
• Ercan N, Tuzcu N, Başbug O, Tuzcu M, Alim A. Diagnostic value of serum procalcitonin, neopterin, and gamma interferon in neonatal calves with septicemic colibacillosis. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2016; 28(2): 180-183.
• Florquin S, van den Berg JG, Olszyna DP, Claessen N, Opal SM, Weening JJ, van der Poll T. Release of urokinase plasminogen activator receptor during urosepsis and endotoxemia. Kidney Int. 2001; 59(6): 2054-2061.
• Ford J, McEndaffer L, Renshaw R, Molesan A, Kelly K. Parvovirus infection is associated with myocarditis and myocardial fibrosis in young dogs. Vet Pathol. 2017; 54(6): 964-971.
• Genua M, D'Alessio S, Cibella J, Gandelli A, Sala E, Correale C, Spinelli A, Arena V, Malesci A, Rutella S, Ploplis VA, Vetrano S, Danese S. The urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) controls macrophage phagocytosis in intestinal inflammation. Gut. 2015; 64(4):589-600.
• Grove LM, Southern BD, Jin TH, White KE, Paruchuri S, Harel E, Wei Y, Rahaman SO, Gladson CL, Ding Q, Craik CS, Chapman HA, Olman MA. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) ligation induces a raft-localized integrin signaling switch that mediates the hypermotile phenotype of fibrotic fibroblasts. J Biol Chem. 2014; 289(18): 12791-12804.
• Gruys E, Toussaint MJM, Niewold TA, Koopmans SJ. Acute phase reaction and acute phase proteins. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2005; 6(11): 1045-1056.
• Hoffmann G, Wirleitner B, Fuchs D. Potential role of immune system activation-associated production of neopterin derivatives in humans. Inflamm Res. 2003; 52(8): 313-321.
• Jacobs R, Weiser M, Hall R, Kowalski JJ. Clinicopathologic features of canine parvoviral enteritis.   J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1980; 16: 809-814.
• Kalli I, Leontides LS, Mylonakis ME, Adamama-Moraitou K, Rallis T, Koutinas AF. Factors affecting the occurrence, duration of hospitalization and final outcome in canine parvovirus infection. Res Vet Sci. 2010; 89(2), 174-178.
• Kaufmann P, Tilz GP, Demel U, Wachter H, Kreijs GJ, Fuchs D. Neopterin plasma concentrations predict the course of severe acute pancreatitis. Clin Chem Lab Med. 1998; 36(1): 29-34.
• Kocaturk M, Martinez S, Eralp O, Tvarijonaviciute A, Ceron J, Yilmaz Z. Prognostic value of serum acute‐phase proteins in dogs with parvoviral enteritis. J Small Anim Pract. 2010; 51(9): 478-483.
• Kocaturk M, Tvarijonaviciute A, Martinez-Subiela S, Tecles F, Eralp O, Yilmaz Z, Ceron JJ. Inflammatory and oxidative biomarkers of disease severity in dogs with parvoviral enteritis. J Small Anim Pract. 2015; 56(2):119-124.
• Koozi H, Lengquist M, Frigyesi A. C-reactive protein as a prognostic factor in intensive care admissions for sepsis: A Swedish multicenter study. J Crit Care. 2020; 56:73-79.
• Kuffer M, Hartmann K, Kraft W. Canine parvovirose: Aspekte zu epidemiologie, klinik, laborbefunden. Therapie und impfung. Tierärztl Prax. 1997; 25: 518-524.
• Macartney L, McCandlish IA, Thompson H, Cornwell HJ. Canine parvovirus enteritis 1: Clinical, haematological and pathological features of experimental infection. Vet Rec. 1984; 115(9):201-210.
• Mazzaferro EM, Rudloff E, Kirby R. The role of albumin replacement in the critically ill veterinary patient. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2002; 12(2): 113-124.
• McClure V, van Schoor M, Thompson PN, Kjelgaard-Hansen M, Goddard A. Evaluation of the use of serum C-reactive protein concentration to predict outcome in puppies infected with canine parvovirus. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2013; 243(3): 361-366.
• Mondino A, Blasi F. uPA and uPAR in fibrinolysis, immunity and pathology. Trends Immunol. 2004; 25(8), 450-455.
• Mylonakis ME, Kalli I, Rallis TS. Canine parvoviral enteritis: an update on the clinical diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Vet Med (Auckl). 2016; 7:91-100.
• Nandi S, Kumar M. Canine parvovirus: current perspective. Indian J Virol. 2010; 21(1):31-44.
• Ok M, Er C, Yıldız R, Çöl R, Aydoğdu U, Şen İ, Güzelbekteş H. Evaluation of acute phase proteins, some cytokines and hemostatic parameters in dogs with sepsis. Kafkas Üniv Vet Fak Derg. 2015; 21(5):761-766.
• Otto CM, Drobatz KJ, Soter C. Endotoxemia and tumor necrosis factor activity in dogs with naturally occurring parvoviral enteritis. J Vet Intern Med. 1997; 11(2): 65-70.
• Plesner T, Behrendt N, Ploug M. Structure, function and expression on blood and bone marrow cells of the urokinase‐type plasminogen activator receptor, uPAR. Stem Cells. 1997; 15(6):398-408.
• Pourakbari B, Mamishi S, Zafari J, Khairkhah H, Ashtiani MH, Abedini M, Afsharpaiman S, Rad SS. Evaluation of procalcitonin and neopterin level in serum of patients with acute bacterial infection. Braz J Infect Dis. 2010; 14(3): 252-255.
• Prittie J. Canine parvoviral enteritis: a review of diagnosis, management, and prevention. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2004;14(3):167-176.
• Rokos H, Wiegers P, Leonhard M, Ahmed JS. Biopterin and Neopterin Serum Levels in Trypanosoma-infected dogs. Pteridines. 1992; 3(1-2):79-81.
• Schmidt EMS, Eckersall PD. Acute phase proteins as markers of infectious diseases in small animals. Acta Vet-Beograd. 2015; 65(2):149-161.
• Stephens RW, Pedersen AN, Nielsen HJ, Hamers MJ, Høyer-Hansen G, Rønne E, Dybkjaer E, Danø K, Brünner N. ELISA determination of soluble urokinase receptor in blood from healthy donors and cancer patients. Clin Chem. 1997; 43(10): 1868-1876.
• Strasser A, May B, Teltscher A, Wistrela E, Niedermüller H. Immune modulation following immunization with polyvalent vaccines in dogs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2003; 94(3-4):113-121.
• Szczubiał M, Dąbrowski R, Łopuszyński W. Serum neopterin levels in female dogs with malignant mammary tumours. Vet Comp Oncol. 2014; 12(2):143-148.
• Tasdelen Fisgin N, Aliyazicioglu Y, Tanyel E, Coban AY, Ulger F, Zivaliogl M, Esen S, Leblebicioglu H. The value of neopterin and procalcitonin in patients with sepsis. South Med J. 2010; 103(3):216-219.
• Torrente C, Manzanilla EG, Bosch L, Fresno L, Rivera Del Alamo M, Andaluz A, Saco Y, Ruiz de Gopegui R. Plasma iron, C‐reactive protein, albumin, and plasma fibrinogen concentrations in dogs with systemic inflammatory response syndrome. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2015; 25(5):611-619.
• Turk J, Miller M, Brown T, Fales W, Fischer J, Gosser H, Nelson S, Shaw D, Solorzano R. Coliform septicemia and pulmonary disease associated with canine parvoviral enteritis: 88 cases (1987-1988). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1990; 196(5):771-773.
• Ünüvar S, Aslanhan H. Clinical significance of increased serum neopterin in chronic kidney failure as a biomarker of cell-mediated immunity. J Med Biochem.2019;38(1):1-5. Willard M. Canine protein losing enteropathies. Isr J Vet Med 2015; 70:17-20.
• Wingfield W, Raffe M. The veterinary ICU book. Teton NewMedia. 2002.
• Wu XL, Long D, Yu L, Yang JH, Zhang YC, Geng F. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor as a predictor of poor outcome in patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome. World J Emerg Med. 2013; 4(3): 190-195.