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Ketozisli İneklerde Tümör Nekrosis Faktör-Alfa, Kolesterol, BHBA, NEFA ve Asetilkolinesteraz Düzeylerinin Değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 3, 200 - 206, 03.10.2025

Öz

Yapılan bu çalışmada ketozisli ineklerde serum beta hidroksi bütirik asit, glikoz, total protein, trigliserit, kolesterol, nonesterifie fatty acids, asetilkolinesteraz ve tümör nekroz faktör-α düzeyleri araştırıldı. Yapılan çalışmanın materyalini 3-7 yaş aralığında 10 adet ketozisli ve 10 adet sağlıklı olmak üzere toplam 20 adet holstein ırkı inek oluşturdu. Ketozis hastalığı bulunan ve sağlıklı gruptaki ineklerde serum nonesterifie fatty acids, beta hidroksi bütirik asit, aspartat aminotransferaz, total protein, glikoz, kolesterol, trigliserit, asetilkolinesteraz ve tümör nekroz faktör-α düzeyleri ölçüldü. Ketozisli ineklerde asetilkolinesteraz, glikoz, tümör nekroz faktör-α, nonesterifie fatty acids, trigliserit düzeyleri sağlıklı kontrol grubuna göre istatistiksel olarak önemli çıkmadığı, ketozisli ineklerde total protein ve kolesterol düzeyleri düşük çıkarken, beta hidroksi bütirik asit ve aspartat aminotransferaz seviyeleri sağlıklı ineklere göre yükseldiği belirlendi. Sonuç olarak ketozisli ineklerde asetilkolinesteraz ve tümör nekroz faktör-α düzeylerinin araştırılması hastalığın biyokimyasal bulgularına faydalı olabileceği kanaatine varıldı.

Kaynakça

  • Akgül, G., Mecitoglu. Z., Kücüksen, D. U. and Şentürk, S. (2018), Comparison of adiponectin levels and some metabolic parameters in dairy cows with subclinical and clinical ketosis. Medycyna Weterynaryjna, 74 (3), 182-186.
  • Andre, E., Bazin, S. and Siliart, B. (1987). Interest and limits of blood chemistry in high producing cows. Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 43, 110- 116.
  • Austin, A. R. and Wilde, R. M. (1985). The effect of Sodium Monensin on Pregnant Ewes. British Veterinary Journal, 141, 628- 634.
  • Bogin, E., Avidar, Y., Merom, M., Sobacks, S. and Brenner, G. (1988). Biochemical changes associated with the fatty liver syndrome in cows. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 98(3), 337-347.
  • Brodzki, P., Marczuk, J., Lisiecka, U., Szczubia, M., Brodzki, A., Gorzkos, H. and Kulpa, K. (2021). Comparative evaluation of cytokine and acute-phase protein concentrations in sera of dairy cows with subclinical and clinical ketosis as a different view of the causes of the disease. Veterinary World, 14(6), 1572-1578.
  • Cao, Y., Zhang, J., Yang, W., Xia, C., Zhang, H. Y., Wang, Y. H. and Xu, C. (2017). Predictive value of plasma parameters in the risk of postpartum ketosis in dairy cows. Journal of Veterinary Research (Poland), 61(1), 6191-6195.
  • Cebra, C. K., Garry, F. B., Getzy, D. M and Fettman, J. (1997). Hepatic lipidosis in anorectic, lactating holstein cattle: A retrospective study of serum biochemical abnormalities. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 11, 231-237.
  • Chapinal, N., Carson, M., Duffield, T.F., Capel, M., Godden, S., Overton, M. ve LebLanc, S.J. (2011). The association of serum metabolites with clinical disease during the transition period. Journal of Dairy Science, 94, 4897–4903.
  • Civelek, T. (2011). Süt sığırlarında periparturient dönem hastalıklar ve karaciğer fonksiyonu üzerine etkileri. Türkiye Klinikleri Veteriner Bilimleri, 2, 131-139.
  • Çatık, S. (2015). Negatif enerji dengesindeki süt sığırlarında serum osteokalsin düzeyinin değerlendirilmesi; serum esterleşmemiş yağ asiti (NEFA), beta hidroksibütirik asit (BHBA), glukoz ve osteokalsin düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkilerin belirlenmesi. Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi. Bursa: Uludağ Üniversitesi.
  • Çömez, Y. İ. (2006) Prostat adeno kanseri tanısı ile takip edilen hastalarda TNF-alfa-308 A/G polimorfizim sıklığının belirlenmesi ve belirli parametreler ile ilişkisinin belirlenmesi. Uzmanlık tezi, İstanbul: Sağlık Bakanlığı Kartal Dr. Lütfi Kırdar Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi 1. Üroloji Kliniği.
  • Drackley, J.K. (1999). Biology of dairy cows during the transition period: The final frontier? Journal of Dairy Science, 82, 2259-2273.
  • Drackley, J. K. (2011). Physiological adaptations in transition dairy cows. University of minnesota college of veterinary medicine veternary contınuıng education 74-87. https://conservancy.umn. edu/bitstream/handle/11299/109091/1/Drackley2.pdf erişildi. PDF oluşturma tarihi 2011.
  • Duffield, T.F. (2000). Subclinical ketosis in lactating dairy cattle. Veterinary Clinics North, America Food Animal Practice, 16, 231- 253.
  • Elitok, B., Kabu, M. and Elitok O. M. (2006). Evaluation of liver function test in cows during periparturient period. Fırat Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 20, 205- 209.
  • El-Deeb, W. M. and El-Bahr, S. M. (2017). Biomarkers of ketosis in dairy cows at postparturient period: acute phase proteins and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Veterınarskı Arhıv, 87(4), 431-440.
  • Gilbert, O.R., Gyles, C.L. and Perry, T.W. (1998). Metabolic disorders, 8th edition, TheVeterinary Merck Manual, USA, page 723-747.
  • Goff, J. P. and Horst R.L. (1997). Physiological changes at parturition and their relationship to metabolic disorders. Journal of Dairy Science 80, 1260-1268.
  • Grum, D.E., Drackley, J. K., Younker, R. S., LaCount D. W. and Veenhuızen J. J. (1996). Nutrition during the dry period and hepatic lipid metabolism of periparturient dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 79, 1850-1864.
  • Grummer, R.R. (1995). Impact of changes in organic nutrient metabolism on feeding the transition dairy cow. Journal of Animal Science, 73, 2820-2833.
  • Herdt, H.T. (2000). Ruminant adaptation to negative energy balance: Influences on the etiology of ketosis and fatty liver. The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Food Animal Practice, 16(2), 215-229.
  • Herdt, H. T. (2005). Ketosis in cattle. The merck veterinary manual. 9 th. Editation. NJ: Merck & Co Inc., Whitehouse Station, 830-832.
  • Ingvartsen, K.L. (2006). Feding and management related diseases in the transition cow. Physiological adaptations around calving and strategies to reduce feeding-related diseases. Animal Feed Science and Technology,126, 175-213.
  • Iwasaki, T., Yoneda, M., Nakajima, A. and Terauchi, Y. (2007). Serum butyrlcholinesterase is strongly associated with adiposity, the serum lipid profile and insulin resistance. Internal Medicine, 46, 1633-1639.
  • Kaplay, S.S. (1976). Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase of developing human brain. Biology of the Neonate, 28, 65–73.
  • Katoh, N. (2002). Relevance of apolipoproteins in thedevelopment of fatty liver and fatty liver related peripartum diseases in dairy cows. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 64, 293-307.
  • Kennerman, E. (2011). Süt sığırlarında metabolik profil test. Türkiye Klinikleri Journal Veterinary Science, 2, 96-101.
  • Kessler, C., Gross, J. J., Bruckmaier, R. M. and Albrecht, C. (2014). Cholesterol metabolism, transport, and hepatic regulation in dairy cows during transition and early lactation. Journal of Dairy Science, 97, 5481–5490.
  • Lean, I.J., Bruss, M.L., Baldwin, R.L. and Trout H.F. (1992). Bovine ketosis: A review II. Biochemistry and prevention. Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy, 62, 1-13.
  • LeBlanc, S.J. (2010). Monitoring metabolic health of dairy cattle in the transition period. Journal of Reproduction and Development, 56, 29-35.
  • Li, Y., Ding, H.Y., Wang, X.C., Feng, S.B., Li, X.B., Wang, Z… Li, X.W. (2016). An association between the level of oxidative stress and the concentrations of NEFA and BHBA in the plasma of ketotic dairy cows. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 100, 844–851.
  • Nakagava, H. and Katoh, N. (1998). Reduced activity of lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase in the serum of cows with ketosis and left displacement of the abomasum. Veterinary Research Communication, 22, 517-524.
  • Oetzel, G.R. (2007). Herd-level ketosis–diagnosis and risk factors. American Association of Bovine Practitioners. In Proceedings of the 40th Canada: Annual Conference, Vancouver, BC.
  • Ospina, P.A., Nydam, D.V., Stokol, T. and Overton, T.R. (2010 b). Evaluation of nonesterified fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate in transition dairy cattle in the northeastern United States: Critical thresholds for prediction of clinical diseases. Journal of Dairy Science, 93, 546- 554.
  • Quiroz-Rocha, G.F., LeBlanc, S.J., Duffield, T., Wood, D., Leslie, K.E. and Jacobs, R.M. (2009). Evaluation of prepartum serum cholesterol and fatty acids concentrations aspredictors of postpartum retention of the placenta in dairy cows. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 234, 790-793.
  • Radostits, O.M., Gay, C.C., Hınchcliff, K.W. and Constable, P.D. (2006) Veterinary medicine a textbook of the diseases of catte, sheep, goats. London: Pigs and Horses. Saunders Ltd. 1661-1668.
  • Reece, W.O. (2008). Dukes veteriner fizyoloji. (S. Yıldız, Çev.). Malatya: Medipress.
  • Reynolds, C.K., Aikman, P.C., Lupoli, B., Humphries, D.J. and Beever, D. E. (2003). Splanchnic metabolism of dairy cows during the transition from late gestation through early lactation. Journal of Dairy Science, 86, 1201-1217.
  • Sevinc, M. ve Başoğlu, A. (2011). Sütçü sığırlarda ketozis ve karaciğer yağlanmasının etiyopatogenezi ve abomazum deplasmanları ile ilişkisi. Türkiye Klinikleri Veteriner Bilimleri, 2, 123-130.
  • Shen, L., Zhu, Y., Xiao, J., Qian, B., You, L., Zhang, Y...Cao, S. (2020). Serum adipokines play different roles in type I and II ketosis. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 33(12), 1930-1939.
  • Simonov, M. and Vlizlo, V. (2015). Some blood markers of the functional state of liver in dairy cows with clinical ketosis. Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 18(1), 74-82.
  • Steen, A. (2001). Field Study of Dairy Cows with Reduced Appetite in Early Lactation: Clinical Examinations, Blood and Rumen Fluid Analyses. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 42, 219-228.
  • Stojević, Z., Piršljin, J., Milinković-Tur, S., Zdelar-Tuk, M. and Ljubić, B. (2005). Clinically healthy dairy cows during lactation and in the dry period. Veterinarski Arhiv, 75, 67–73.
  • Sun, Y., Wang, B., Shu, S., Zhang, H., Xu, C., Wu, L. and Zia, C. (2015). Critical thresolds of liver function parameters for dairy cows prediction using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Veterinary Quarterly, 35(3), 159-164.
  • Tehrani S. M., Hadadi, M., Noughabi, H.H., Mohammadi, A., Rostami, F. and Sharifi, H. (2011). Bovine subclinicalketosis in dairy herds in Nishaboor, Iran. Comp. Clin Pathol., 21, 1637–1641.
  • Turgut, K. (2000) Veteriner Klinik Laboratuvar Teşhis, 2. baskı, Bahcıvanlar Basım Sanayi Anonim Şirketi, Konya, sayfa 339-350.
  • Walsh, R. B., Walton, J. S., Kelton, D. F., LebLanc, S. J., Leslie, K. E. and Duffield, T. F. (2007). The effect of sub-clinical ketosis in early lactation on reproductive performance of post-partum dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 90, 2788–2796.
  • Xia, C., Wang, Z., Xu, C. and Zhang, H. Y. (2012). Concentrations of Plasma Metabolites, Hormones, and mRNA Abundance of Adipose Leptin and Hormone-Sensitive Lipase in Ketotic and Nonketotic Dairy Cows. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 26, 415–417.
  • Zhang, G. and Ametaj, B. N. (2020). Ketosis an old story under a new approach. Dairy 2, 1, 42–60.
  • Zhanga, Y., Lia, X., Zhang, H., Zhaoa, Z., Penga, Z., Wanga, Z… Lia, X. (2018). Non Esterified Fatty Acids Over-Activate the TLR2/4-NF-Κb Signaling Pathway to Increase Inflammatory Cytokine Synthesis in Neutrophils from Ketotic Cows. Cell Physiol Biochem, 48, 827-837.

Evaluation of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alfa, Cholesterol, BHBA, NEFA and Acetylcholinesterase Levels in Cows With Ketosis

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 3, 200 - 206, 03.10.2025

Öz

In this study serum beta-hydroxybutyric acid, glucose, total protein, triglyceride, cholesterol, non-esterified fatty acids, acetylcholinesterase and tumor necrosis factor-α were investigated in cows with ketosis. The study material consisted of 10 control and 10 group with ketosis, total 20 holstein dairy cows of 10 control and 10 groups with ketosis, a total of 20 holstein dairy cows aged between 3 and 7 years. In this study serum concentration was measured for nonesterified fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, aspartate aminotransferase, total protein, cholesterol, triglyceride, acetylcholinesterase and tumor necrosis factor-α in the healthy group and cows with ketosis. Serum glucose, triglyceride, nonesterified fatty acids, acetylcholinesterase and tumor necrosis factor-α did not differ significantly between the two groups. Aspartate aminotransferase and beta-hydroxybutyric acid increased, while cholesterol and total protein concentration decreased in ketotic cows compared with healthy cows. Consequently, acetylcholinesterase and tumor necrosis factor-α concentrations may prove beneficial biochemical findings in cows with ketosis.

Kaynakça

  • Akgül, G., Mecitoglu. Z., Kücüksen, D. U. and Şentürk, S. (2018), Comparison of adiponectin levels and some metabolic parameters in dairy cows with subclinical and clinical ketosis. Medycyna Weterynaryjna, 74 (3), 182-186.
  • Andre, E., Bazin, S. and Siliart, B. (1987). Interest and limits of blood chemistry in high producing cows. Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 43, 110- 116.
  • Austin, A. R. and Wilde, R. M. (1985). The effect of Sodium Monensin on Pregnant Ewes. British Veterinary Journal, 141, 628- 634.
  • Bogin, E., Avidar, Y., Merom, M., Sobacks, S. and Brenner, G. (1988). Biochemical changes associated with the fatty liver syndrome in cows. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 98(3), 337-347.
  • Brodzki, P., Marczuk, J., Lisiecka, U., Szczubia, M., Brodzki, A., Gorzkos, H. and Kulpa, K. (2021). Comparative evaluation of cytokine and acute-phase protein concentrations in sera of dairy cows with subclinical and clinical ketosis as a different view of the causes of the disease. Veterinary World, 14(6), 1572-1578.
  • Cao, Y., Zhang, J., Yang, W., Xia, C., Zhang, H. Y., Wang, Y. H. and Xu, C. (2017). Predictive value of plasma parameters in the risk of postpartum ketosis in dairy cows. Journal of Veterinary Research (Poland), 61(1), 6191-6195.
  • Cebra, C. K., Garry, F. B., Getzy, D. M and Fettman, J. (1997). Hepatic lipidosis in anorectic, lactating holstein cattle: A retrospective study of serum biochemical abnormalities. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 11, 231-237.
  • Chapinal, N., Carson, M., Duffield, T.F., Capel, M., Godden, S., Overton, M. ve LebLanc, S.J. (2011). The association of serum metabolites with clinical disease during the transition period. Journal of Dairy Science, 94, 4897–4903.
  • Civelek, T. (2011). Süt sığırlarında periparturient dönem hastalıklar ve karaciğer fonksiyonu üzerine etkileri. Türkiye Klinikleri Veteriner Bilimleri, 2, 131-139.
  • Çatık, S. (2015). Negatif enerji dengesindeki süt sığırlarında serum osteokalsin düzeyinin değerlendirilmesi; serum esterleşmemiş yağ asiti (NEFA), beta hidroksibütirik asit (BHBA), glukoz ve osteokalsin düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkilerin belirlenmesi. Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi. Bursa: Uludağ Üniversitesi.
  • Çömez, Y. İ. (2006) Prostat adeno kanseri tanısı ile takip edilen hastalarda TNF-alfa-308 A/G polimorfizim sıklığının belirlenmesi ve belirli parametreler ile ilişkisinin belirlenmesi. Uzmanlık tezi, İstanbul: Sağlık Bakanlığı Kartal Dr. Lütfi Kırdar Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi 1. Üroloji Kliniği.
  • Drackley, J.K. (1999). Biology of dairy cows during the transition period: The final frontier? Journal of Dairy Science, 82, 2259-2273.
  • Drackley, J. K. (2011). Physiological adaptations in transition dairy cows. University of minnesota college of veterinary medicine veternary contınuıng education 74-87. https://conservancy.umn. edu/bitstream/handle/11299/109091/1/Drackley2.pdf erişildi. PDF oluşturma tarihi 2011.
  • Duffield, T.F. (2000). Subclinical ketosis in lactating dairy cattle. Veterinary Clinics North, America Food Animal Practice, 16, 231- 253.
  • Elitok, B., Kabu, M. and Elitok O. M. (2006). Evaluation of liver function test in cows during periparturient period. Fırat Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 20, 205- 209.
  • El-Deeb, W. M. and El-Bahr, S. M. (2017). Biomarkers of ketosis in dairy cows at postparturient period: acute phase proteins and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Veterınarskı Arhıv, 87(4), 431-440.
  • Gilbert, O.R., Gyles, C.L. and Perry, T.W. (1998). Metabolic disorders, 8th edition, TheVeterinary Merck Manual, USA, page 723-747.
  • Goff, J. P. and Horst R.L. (1997). Physiological changes at parturition and their relationship to metabolic disorders. Journal of Dairy Science 80, 1260-1268.
  • Grum, D.E., Drackley, J. K., Younker, R. S., LaCount D. W. and Veenhuızen J. J. (1996). Nutrition during the dry period and hepatic lipid metabolism of periparturient dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 79, 1850-1864.
  • Grummer, R.R. (1995). Impact of changes in organic nutrient metabolism on feeding the transition dairy cow. Journal of Animal Science, 73, 2820-2833.
  • Herdt, H.T. (2000). Ruminant adaptation to negative energy balance: Influences on the etiology of ketosis and fatty liver. The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Food Animal Practice, 16(2), 215-229.
  • Herdt, H. T. (2005). Ketosis in cattle. The merck veterinary manual. 9 th. Editation. NJ: Merck & Co Inc., Whitehouse Station, 830-832.
  • Ingvartsen, K.L. (2006). Feding and management related diseases in the transition cow. Physiological adaptations around calving and strategies to reduce feeding-related diseases. Animal Feed Science and Technology,126, 175-213.
  • Iwasaki, T., Yoneda, M., Nakajima, A. and Terauchi, Y. (2007). Serum butyrlcholinesterase is strongly associated with adiposity, the serum lipid profile and insulin resistance. Internal Medicine, 46, 1633-1639.
  • Kaplay, S.S. (1976). Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase of developing human brain. Biology of the Neonate, 28, 65–73.
  • Katoh, N. (2002). Relevance of apolipoproteins in thedevelopment of fatty liver and fatty liver related peripartum diseases in dairy cows. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 64, 293-307.
  • Kennerman, E. (2011). Süt sığırlarında metabolik profil test. Türkiye Klinikleri Journal Veterinary Science, 2, 96-101.
  • Kessler, C., Gross, J. J., Bruckmaier, R. M. and Albrecht, C. (2014). Cholesterol metabolism, transport, and hepatic regulation in dairy cows during transition and early lactation. Journal of Dairy Science, 97, 5481–5490.
  • Lean, I.J., Bruss, M.L., Baldwin, R.L. and Trout H.F. (1992). Bovine ketosis: A review II. Biochemistry and prevention. Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy, 62, 1-13.
  • LeBlanc, S.J. (2010). Monitoring metabolic health of dairy cattle in the transition period. Journal of Reproduction and Development, 56, 29-35.
  • Li, Y., Ding, H.Y., Wang, X.C., Feng, S.B., Li, X.B., Wang, Z… Li, X.W. (2016). An association between the level of oxidative stress and the concentrations of NEFA and BHBA in the plasma of ketotic dairy cows. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 100, 844–851.
  • Nakagava, H. and Katoh, N. (1998). Reduced activity of lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase in the serum of cows with ketosis and left displacement of the abomasum. Veterinary Research Communication, 22, 517-524.
  • Oetzel, G.R. (2007). Herd-level ketosis–diagnosis and risk factors. American Association of Bovine Practitioners. In Proceedings of the 40th Canada: Annual Conference, Vancouver, BC.
  • Ospina, P.A., Nydam, D.V., Stokol, T. and Overton, T.R. (2010 b). Evaluation of nonesterified fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate in transition dairy cattle in the northeastern United States: Critical thresholds for prediction of clinical diseases. Journal of Dairy Science, 93, 546- 554.
  • Quiroz-Rocha, G.F., LeBlanc, S.J., Duffield, T., Wood, D., Leslie, K.E. and Jacobs, R.M. (2009). Evaluation of prepartum serum cholesterol and fatty acids concentrations aspredictors of postpartum retention of the placenta in dairy cows. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 234, 790-793.
  • Radostits, O.M., Gay, C.C., Hınchcliff, K.W. and Constable, P.D. (2006) Veterinary medicine a textbook of the diseases of catte, sheep, goats. London: Pigs and Horses. Saunders Ltd. 1661-1668.
  • Reece, W.O. (2008). Dukes veteriner fizyoloji. (S. Yıldız, Çev.). Malatya: Medipress.
  • Reynolds, C.K., Aikman, P.C., Lupoli, B., Humphries, D.J. and Beever, D. E. (2003). Splanchnic metabolism of dairy cows during the transition from late gestation through early lactation. Journal of Dairy Science, 86, 1201-1217.
  • Sevinc, M. ve Başoğlu, A. (2011). Sütçü sığırlarda ketozis ve karaciğer yağlanmasının etiyopatogenezi ve abomazum deplasmanları ile ilişkisi. Türkiye Klinikleri Veteriner Bilimleri, 2, 123-130.
  • Shen, L., Zhu, Y., Xiao, J., Qian, B., You, L., Zhang, Y...Cao, S. (2020). Serum adipokines play different roles in type I and II ketosis. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 33(12), 1930-1939.
  • Simonov, M. and Vlizlo, V. (2015). Some blood markers of the functional state of liver in dairy cows with clinical ketosis. Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 18(1), 74-82.
  • Steen, A. (2001). Field Study of Dairy Cows with Reduced Appetite in Early Lactation: Clinical Examinations, Blood and Rumen Fluid Analyses. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 42, 219-228.
  • Stojević, Z., Piršljin, J., Milinković-Tur, S., Zdelar-Tuk, M. and Ljubić, B. (2005). Clinically healthy dairy cows during lactation and in the dry period. Veterinarski Arhiv, 75, 67–73.
  • Sun, Y., Wang, B., Shu, S., Zhang, H., Xu, C., Wu, L. and Zia, C. (2015). Critical thresolds of liver function parameters for dairy cows prediction using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Veterinary Quarterly, 35(3), 159-164.
  • Tehrani S. M., Hadadi, M., Noughabi, H.H., Mohammadi, A., Rostami, F. and Sharifi, H. (2011). Bovine subclinicalketosis in dairy herds in Nishaboor, Iran. Comp. Clin Pathol., 21, 1637–1641.
  • Turgut, K. (2000) Veteriner Klinik Laboratuvar Teşhis, 2. baskı, Bahcıvanlar Basım Sanayi Anonim Şirketi, Konya, sayfa 339-350.
  • Walsh, R. B., Walton, J. S., Kelton, D. F., LebLanc, S. J., Leslie, K. E. and Duffield, T. F. (2007). The effect of sub-clinical ketosis in early lactation on reproductive performance of post-partum dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 90, 2788–2796.
  • Xia, C., Wang, Z., Xu, C. and Zhang, H. Y. (2012). Concentrations of Plasma Metabolites, Hormones, and mRNA Abundance of Adipose Leptin and Hormone-Sensitive Lipase in Ketotic and Nonketotic Dairy Cows. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 26, 415–417.
  • Zhang, G. and Ametaj, B. N. (2020). Ketosis an old story under a new approach. Dairy 2, 1, 42–60.
  • Zhanga, Y., Lia, X., Zhang, H., Zhaoa, Z., Penga, Z., Wanga, Z… Lia, X. (2018). Non Esterified Fatty Acids Over-Activate the TLR2/4-NF-Κb Signaling Pathway to Increase Inflammatory Cytokine Synthesis in Neutrophils from Ketotic Cows. Cell Physiol Biochem, 48, 827-837.
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Veteriner İç Hastalıkları
Bölüm ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ
Yazarlar

Yücel Yenilmez 0000-0001-8590-3548

İsmail Aytekin" 0000-0001-6794-5453

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 19 Eylül 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 3 Ekim 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Nisan 2025
Kabul Tarihi 9 Temmuz 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 18 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Yenilmez, Y., & Aytekin", İ. (2025). Evaluation of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alfa, Cholesterol, BHBA, NEFA and Acetylcholinesterase Levels in Cows With Ketosis. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, 18(3), 200-206.
AMA Yenilmez Y, Aytekin" İ. Evaluation of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alfa, Cholesterol, BHBA, NEFA and Acetylcholinesterase Levels in Cows With Ketosis. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal. Ekim 2025;18(3):200-206.
Chicago Yenilmez, Yücel, ve İsmail Aytekin". “Evaluation of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alfa, Cholesterol, BHBA, NEFA and Acetylcholinesterase Levels in Cows With Ketosis”. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal 18, sy. 3 (Ekim 2025): 200-206.
EndNote Yenilmez Y, Aytekin" İ (01 Ekim 2025) Evaluation of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alfa, Cholesterol, BHBA, NEFA and Acetylcholinesterase Levels in Cows With Ketosis. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal 18 3 200–206.
IEEE Y. Yenilmez ve İ. Aytekin", “Evaluation of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alfa, Cholesterol, BHBA, NEFA and Acetylcholinesterase Levels in Cows With Ketosis”, Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, c. 18, sy. 3, ss. 200–206, 2025.
ISNAD Yenilmez, Yücel - Aytekin", İsmail. “Evaluation of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alfa, Cholesterol, BHBA, NEFA and Acetylcholinesterase Levels in Cows With Ketosis”. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal 18/3 (Ekim2025), 200-206.
JAMA Yenilmez Y, Aytekin" İ. Evaluation of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alfa, Cholesterol, BHBA, NEFA and Acetylcholinesterase Levels in Cows With Ketosis. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal. 2025;18:200–206.
MLA Yenilmez, Yücel ve İsmail Aytekin". “Evaluation of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alfa, Cholesterol, BHBA, NEFA and Acetylcholinesterase Levels in Cows With Ketosis”. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, c. 18, sy. 3, 2025, ss. 200-6.
Vancouver Yenilmez Y, Aytekin" İ. Evaluation of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alfa, Cholesterol, BHBA, NEFA and Acetylcholinesterase Levels in Cows With Ketosis. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal. 2025;18(3):200-6.