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Determination of Systemic Inflammation and Diagnostic Markers Using Iron Parameters in Foals Infected with Rhodococcus equi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 3, 273 - 279, 03.10.2025

Öz

Rhodococcus equi is a significant respiratory pathogen in foals, particularly those under six months of age. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of R. equi infection on serum iron (Fe), unsaturated iron-binding capacity (UIBC), and fibrinogen (Fbg) concentrations. Fifteen foals with confirmed R. equi pneumonia and ten healthy control foals were included. Infected foals were treated with oral azithromycin and rifampicin for 15 days. Samples were collected on days 0, 7, and 14, and Fe, UIBC, and Fbg levels were analyzed. Statistical analysis showed significantly higher UIBC and Fbg levels in the infected group at the start of treatment compared to controls (p=0.004 and p<0.001, respectively). Serum Fe levels did not differ significantly between groups (p=0.138), though a trend toward lower levels in infected foals was noted, reflecting the inflammatory response. Changes in UIBC and Fbg levels reflect the progression of infection and response to treatment. Among the parameters evaluated, fibrinogen appears to be the most reliable biomarker for monitoring systemic inflammation during R. equi pneumonia in foals. However, the diagnostic value of iron parameters warrants further investigation with larger sample sizes and time-point-specific analyses.

Kaynakça

  • Aragona, F., Giannetto, C., Piccione, G., Licata, P., Deniz, Ö., & Fazio, F. (2024). Hair and Blood Trace Elements (Cadmium, Zinc, Chrome, Lead, Iron and Copper) Biomonitoring in the Athletic Horse: The Potential Role of Haematological Parameters as Biomarkers. Animals, 14(22), 3206. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14223206
  • Arnold-Lehna, D., Venner, M., Berghaus, L.J, Berghaus, R., & Giguère, S. (2020). Changing policy to treat foals with Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in the later course of disease decreases antimicrobial usage without increasing mortality rate. Equine veterinary journal, 52, 531–537. https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.13219
  • Borges, A. S., Divers, T. J., Stokol, T., & Mohammed, O. H. (2007). Serum iron and plasma fibrinogen concentrations as indicators of systemic inflammatory diseases in horses. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 21(3), 489-494. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.tb02995.x
  • Brosnahan, M. M., Erb, H. N., Perkins, G. A., Divers, T. J., Borges, A. S., & Osterrieder, N. (2012). Serum iron parameters and acute experimental EHV‐1 infection in horses. Journal of veterinary internal medicine, 26(5), 1232-1235. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00963.x
  • Dale, J.C, Burritt, M.F, & Zinsmeister, A.R. (2002). Diurnal variation of serum iron, iron-binding capacity, transferrin saturation, and ferritin levels. American journal of clinical pathology, 117(5), 802–808. https://doi.org/10.1309/2YT4-CMP3-KYW7-9RK1
  • Deniz, Ö., Ekinci, G., Onmaz, A.C, Derelli, F.M, Fazio, F., Aragona, F., & Hoven, R.V.D. (2024). Monitoring of inflammatory blood biomarkers in foals with Rhodococcus Equi pneumonia during antimicrobial treatment. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 138, 105103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2024.105103
  • Deniz, Ö., Aragona, F., Pezzino, G., Cancellieri, E., Bozaci, S., Tümer, K. Ç., & Fazio, F. (2025). Modeling climate change effects on some biochemical parameters in horse. Research in Veterinary Science, 189, 105630. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2025.105630
  • Ekinci, G., Deniz, Ö., Tüfekci, E., Timur, M.C, Onmaz, A.C, Günes V, & Hoven RVD. (2024). Could Serum Collectin-11, surfactant protein-A and D be suitable biomarkers for assessing pulmonary damage caused by Rhodococcus equi infection in foals on large farms? Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 27(3), 355–362. https://doi.org/10.24425/pjvs.2024.149367
  • Faramarzi, B., & Rich, L. (2019). Haematological profile in foals during the first year of life. Veterinary Record, 184(16), 503. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.104461
  • Giguère, S., Cohen, N. D., Keith Chaffin, M., Hines, S. A., Hondalus, M. K., Prescott, J. F., & Slovis, N. M. (2011). Rhodococcus equi: clinical manifestations, virulence, and immunity. Journal of veterinary internal medicine, 25, 1221–1230. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00804.x
  • Harvey, J. W., Asquith, R. L., Sussman, W. A., & Kivipelto, J. (1987). Serum ferritin, serum iron, and erythrocyte values in foals. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 48, 1348–1352.
  • Hondalus, M.K, Mosser, D.M, Giguère, S., Cohen, N.D, Chaffin, M.K, Slovis, N.M, & Hines, S.A. (2011). Diagnosis, treatment, control, and prevention of infections caused by Rhodococcus equi in foals. Journal of veterinary internal medicine, 25, 1209–1220. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00835.x
  • Inoue, Y., Matsui, A., Asai, Y., Aoki, F., Matsui, T., & Yano, H. (2005). Effect of exercise on iron metabolism in horses. Biological trace element research, 107, 33-42. https://doi.org/10.1385/BTER:107:1:033
  • Kohn, C. W., Jacobs, R. M., Knight, D., Hueston, W., Gabel, A. A., & Reed, S. M. (1990). Microcytosis, hypoferremia, hypoferritemia, and hypertransferrinemia in standardbred foals from birth to 4 months of age. American journal of veterinary research, 51(8), 1198–1205.
  • Lanser, L., Fuchs, D., Kurz, K., & Weiss, G. (2021). Physiology and inflammation driven pathophysiology of iron homeostasis mechanistic insights into anemia of inflammation and its treatment. Nutrients, 13, 3732. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13113732
  • Mousel, M. R., Harrison, L., Donahue, J. M., & Bailey, E. (2003). Rhodococcus equi and genetic susceptibility: assessing transferrin genotypes from paraffin-embedded tissues. Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation, 15, 470–472. https://doi.org/10.1177/104063870301500512
  • Prescott, J. F. (1991). Rhodococcus equi: an animal and human pathogen. Clinical microbiology reviews, 4(1), 20–34. https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.4.1.20
  • Ratledge, C., & Dover, L.G. (2000). Iron metabolism in pathogenic bacteria. Annual reviews in microbiology, 54, 881–941. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.micro.54.1.881
  • Smith, J.E, & Cipriano, JE. (1987). Inflammation-induced changes in serum iron analytes and ceruloplasmin of Shetland ponies. Veterinary pathology, 24, 354–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/030098588702400411
  • Vail, K. J., da Silveira, B. P., Bell, S. L., Cohen, N. D., Bordin, A. I., Patrick, K. L., & Watson, R. O. (2021). The opportunistic intracellular bacterial pathogen Rhodococcus equi elicits type I interferon by engaging cytosolic DNA sensing in macrophages. PLoS pathogens, 17(9), e1009888. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009888
  • Vázquez‐Boland, J. A., & Meijer, W. G. (2019). The pathogenic actinobacterium Rhodococcus equi: what's in a name?. Molecular microbiology, 112(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1111/mmi.14267
  • Yamshchikov, A.V, Schuetz, A., & Lyon, G.M. (2010). Rhodococcus equi infection. The Lancet infectious diseases, 10, 350–359.

Rhodococcus equi ile Enfekte Olmuş Taylarda Demir Parametreleri Kullanılarak Sistemik İnflamasyon ve Tanı Belirteçlerinin Belirlenmesi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 3, 273 - 279, 03.10.2025

Öz

Rhodococcus equi, özellikle altı aylıktan küçük taylarda önemli bir solunum sistemi patojenidir. Bu çalışmada, R. equi enfeksiyonunun serum demiri (Fe), doymamış demir bağlama kapasitesi (UIBC) ve fibrinojen (Fbg) düzeylerine etkisi değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmaya, tanısı doğrulanmış ve tedavi edilen 15 tay ile sağlıklı 10 tay dahil edilmiştir. Enfekte gruptaki taylara 15 gün boyunca azitromisin ve rifampisin uygulanmıştır. Örnekler tedavi öncesi (0. gün), 7. ve 14. günlerde alınmış ve Fe, UIBC, Fbg düzeyleri analiz edilmiştir. İstatistiksel analizler sonucunda, tedavi başlangıcında enfekte taylarda UIBC ve Fbg düzeylerinin kontrol grubuna göre anlamlı derecede yüksek olduğu bulunmuştur (sırasıyla p=0,004 ve p<0,001). Serum Fe düzeyleri açısından gruplar arasında anlamlı fark gözlenmemiştir (p=0,138), ancak enfeksiyonun inflamatuvar etkisine bağlı bir azalma eğilimi izlenmiştir. ROC analizine göre Fbg, tanı açısından yüksek duyarlılık ve özgüllüğe sahip bulunmuştur. UIBC ve Fbg düzeylerindeki değişiklikler enfeksiyonun seyrini yansıtabilir. Fbg, özellikle tedavi sürecinin takibinde güvenilir bir inflamasyon belirteci olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Demir parametrelerinin tanısal değeri ise daha ileri çalışmalarla desteklenmelidir.

Kaynakça

  • Aragona, F., Giannetto, C., Piccione, G., Licata, P., Deniz, Ö., & Fazio, F. (2024). Hair and Blood Trace Elements (Cadmium, Zinc, Chrome, Lead, Iron and Copper) Biomonitoring in the Athletic Horse: The Potential Role of Haematological Parameters as Biomarkers. Animals, 14(22), 3206. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14223206
  • Arnold-Lehna, D., Venner, M., Berghaus, L.J, Berghaus, R., & Giguère, S. (2020). Changing policy to treat foals with Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in the later course of disease decreases antimicrobial usage without increasing mortality rate. Equine veterinary journal, 52, 531–537. https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.13219
  • Borges, A. S., Divers, T. J., Stokol, T., & Mohammed, O. H. (2007). Serum iron and plasma fibrinogen concentrations as indicators of systemic inflammatory diseases in horses. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 21(3), 489-494. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.tb02995.x
  • Brosnahan, M. M., Erb, H. N., Perkins, G. A., Divers, T. J., Borges, A. S., & Osterrieder, N. (2012). Serum iron parameters and acute experimental EHV‐1 infection in horses. Journal of veterinary internal medicine, 26(5), 1232-1235. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00963.x
  • Dale, J.C, Burritt, M.F, & Zinsmeister, A.R. (2002). Diurnal variation of serum iron, iron-binding capacity, transferrin saturation, and ferritin levels. American journal of clinical pathology, 117(5), 802–808. https://doi.org/10.1309/2YT4-CMP3-KYW7-9RK1
  • Deniz, Ö., Ekinci, G., Onmaz, A.C, Derelli, F.M, Fazio, F., Aragona, F., & Hoven, R.V.D. (2024). Monitoring of inflammatory blood biomarkers in foals with Rhodococcus Equi pneumonia during antimicrobial treatment. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 138, 105103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2024.105103
  • Deniz, Ö., Aragona, F., Pezzino, G., Cancellieri, E., Bozaci, S., Tümer, K. Ç., & Fazio, F. (2025). Modeling climate change effects on some biochemical parameters in horse. Research in Veterinary Science, 189, 105630. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2025.105630
  • Ekinci, G., Deniz, Ö., Tüfekci, E., Timur, M.C, Onmaz, A.C, Günes V, & Hoven RVD. (2024). Could Serum Collectin-11, surfactant protein-A and D be suitable biomarkers for assessing pulmonary damage caused by Rhodococcus equi infection in foals on large farms? Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 27(3), 355–362. https://doi.org/10.24425/pjvs.2024.149367
  • Faramarzi, B., & Rich, L. (2019). Haematological profile in foals during the first year of life. Veterinary Record, 184(16), 503. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.104461
  • Giguère, S., Cohen, N. D., Keith Chaffin, M., Hines, S. A., Hondalus, M. K., Prescott, J. F., & Slovis, N. M. (2011). Rhodococcus equi: clinical manifestations, virulence, and immunity. Journal of veterinary internal medicine, 25, 1221–1230. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00804.x
  • Harvey, J. W., Asquith, R. L., Sussman, W. A., & Kivipelto, J. (1987). Serum ferritin, serum iron, and erythrocyte values in foals. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 48, 1348–1352.
  • Hondalus, M.K, Mosser, D.M, Giguère, S., Cohen, N.D, Chaffin, M.K, Slovis, N.M, & Hines, S.A. (2011). Diagnosis, treatment, control, and prevention of infections caused by Rhodococcus equi in foals. Journal of veterinary internal medicine, 25, 1209–1220. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00835.x
  • Inoue, Y., Matsui, A., Asai, Y., Aoki, F., Matsui, T., & Yano, H. (2005). Effect of exercise on iron metabolism in horses. Biological trace element research, 107, 33-42. https://doi.org/10.1385/BTER:107:1:033
  • Kohn, C. W., Jacobs, R. M., Knight, D., Hueston, W., Gabel, A. A., & Reed, S. M. (1990). Microcytosis, hypoferremia, hypoferritemia, and hypertransferrinemia in standardbred foals from birth to 4 months of age. American journal of veterinary research, 51(8), 1198–1205.
  • Lanser, L., Fuchs, D., Kurz, K., & Weiss, G. (2021). Physiology and inflammation driven pathophysiology of iron homeostasis mechanistic insights into anemia of inflammation and its treatment. Nutrients, 13, 3732. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13113732
  • Mousel, M. R., Harrison, L., Donahue, J. M., & Bailey, E. (2003). Rhodococcus equi and genetic susceptibility: assessing transferrin genotypes from paraffin-embedded tissues. Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation, 15, 470–472. https://doi.org/10.1177/104063870301500512
  • Prescott, J. F. (1991). Rhodococcus equi: an animal and human pathogen. Clinical microbiology reviews, 4(1), 20–34. https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.4.1.20
  • Ratledge, C., & Dover, L.G. (2000). Iron metabolism in pathogenic bacteria. Annual reviews in microbiology, 54, 881–941. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.micro.54.1.881
  • Smith, J.E, & Cipriano, JE. (1987). Inflammation-induced changes in serum iron analytes and ceruloplasmin of Shetland ponies. Veterinary pathology, 24, 354–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/030098588702400411
  • Vail, K. J., da Silveira, B. P., Bell, S. L., Cohen, N. D., Bordin, A. I., Patrick, K. L., & Watson, R. O. (2021). The opportunistic intracellular bacterial pathogen Rhodococcus equi elicits type I interferon by engaging cytosolic DNA sensing in macrophages. PLoS pathogens, 17(9), e1009888. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009888
  • Vázquez‐Boland, J. A., & Meijer, W. G. (2019). The pathogenic actinobacterium Rhodococcus equi: what's in a name?. Molecular microbiology, 112(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1111/mmi.14267
  • Yamshchikov, A.V, Schuetz, A., & Lyon, G.M. (2010). Rhodococcus equi infection. The Lancet infectious diseases, 10, 350–359.
Toplam 22 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Veteriner İç Hastalıkları
Bölüm ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ
Yazarlar

Ömer Deniz 0000-0002-2981-2032

Bediha Atak 0009-0004-8355-8188

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 19 Eylül 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 3 Ekim 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 4 Haziran 2025
Kabul Tarihi 21 Ağustos 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 18 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Deniz, Ö., & Atak, B. (2025). Determination of Systemic Inflammation and Diagnostic Markers Using Iron Parameters in Foals Infected with Rhodococcus equi. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, 18(3), 273-279. https://doi.org/10.30607/kvj.1714620
AMA Deniz Ö, Atak B. Determination of Systemic Inflammation and Diagnostic Markers Using Iron Parameters in Foals Infected with Rhodococcus equi. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal. Ekim 2025;18(3):273-279. doi:10.30607/kvj.1714620
Chicago Deniz, Ömer, ve Bediha Atak. “Determination of Systemic Inflammation and Diagnostic Markers Using Iron Parameters in Foals Infected with Rhodococcus equi”. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal 18, sy. 3 (Ekim 2025): 273-79. https://doi.org/10.30607/kvj.1714620.
EndNote Deniz Ö, Atak B (01 Ekim 2025) Determination of Systemic Inflammation and Diagnostic Markers Using Iron Parameters in Foals Infected with Rhodococcus equi. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal 18 3 273–279.
IEEE Ö. Deniz ve B. Atak, “Determination of Systemic Inflammation and Diagnostic Markers Using Iron Parameters in Foals Infected with Rhodococcus equi”, Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, c. 18, sy. 3, ss. 273–279, 2025, doi: 10.30607/kvj.1714620.
ISNAD Deniz, Ömer - Atak, Bediha. “Determination of Systemic Inflammation and Diagnostic Markers Using Iron Parameters in Foals Infected with Rhodococcus equi”. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal 18/3 (Ekim2025), 273-279. https://doi.org/10.30607/kvj.1714620.
JAMA Deniz Ö, Atak B. Determination of Systemic Inflammation and Diagnostic Markers Using Iron Parameters in Foals Infected with Rhodococcus equi. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal. 2025;18:273–279.
MLA Deniz, Ömer ve Bediha Atak. “Determination of Systemic Inflammation and Diagnostic Markers Using Iron Parameters in Foals Infected with Rhodococcus equi”. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, c. 18, sy. 3, 2025, ss. 273-9, doi:10.30607/kvj.1714620.
Vancouver Deniz Ö, Atak B. Determination of Systemic Inflammation and Diagnostic Markers Using Iron Parameters in Foals Infected with Rhodococcus equi. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal. 2025;18(3):273-9.