Derleme
Yıl 2018,
Cilt: 58 Sayı: 1, 34 - 41, 12.06.2018
Öz
Because of the affecting the calving to conception interval negatively, Repeat breeder is a major problem in dairy cows. The main two reasons of Repeat breeder syndrome are early embryonic mortality and fertilization failure. There are many hormonal factors that contribute to these two underlying causes and play a role in the development of the RB problem. Because of the physiological effects, GnRH and gonadotrophins are commonly used in the treatment of RB. In this review, reasons of RB problem and the usage of GnRH and gonadotrophins in the treatment of RB problem in dairy cows are informed.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- 1.Alaçam E (1997): İnekte Döl Verimi ve Kontrolü. p: 325-388. In: Sığır Hastalıkları, Edit.; E Alaçam, M Şahal, 1. Baskı, Medisan, ISBN: 975-7774-28-6, Ankara, Türkiye. 2. Alaçam E (1999): Üremenin Kontrolü. p: 71-80. In: Evcil Hayvanlarda Doğum ve İnfertilite, Edit.; E Alaçam, 2. Baskı, Medisan, ISBN: 975-7774-37-5, Ankara, Türkiye. 3. Alaçam E (2005): Hormonların Klinik Kullanımları. p: 41-54. In: Evcil Hayvanlarda Doğum ve İnfertilite, Edit.: E Alaçam, 5. Baskı, Medisan, ISBN: 975 7774 37 5, Ankara, Türkiye. 4. Anjum IA, Usman RH, Tunıo MT, Abro SH (2010): Improvement of conception rate in crossbred cattle by using GnRh analogue therapy. Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica, 43(1): 6-10. 5. Arthur GH, Noakes DE, Pearson H (1989): Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics (Theriogenology), 6th Publishing, Bailliere Tindall, London, England. 6. Ata A, Tekin N (2001): Repeat Breeder İneklerde GnRH Uygulaması ve Döl Verimi. Lalahan Hayvancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, 41(1): 13-24. 7. Ayalon N (1984): Embryonic mortality in cattle. Zuhthyg, 16(3): 97109. 8. Bademkıran S, Güvenç K (2005): Sütçü sığırlarda sıcaklık stresinin döl verimi üzerine etkisi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 2: 53-59. 9. Bage R, Gustaffson H, Larsson B, Forsberg M, Rodriguez-Martinez H (2002): Repeat breeding in dairy heifers: Follicular dynamics and estrous cylce characteristics in relation to sexual hormone patterns. Theriogenology, 57: 2257-2269. 10. Bartolome JA, Kamimura S, Silvestre F, Arteche ACM, Trigg T, Thatcher WW (2006): The use of a deslorelin implant (GnRH agonist) during the late embryonic period to reduce pregnancy loss. Theriogenology, 65: 1443-1453. 11. Baruselli PS, Reis EL, Marques MO, Nasser LF, Bó GA (2004). The use of hormonal treatments to improve reproductive performance of anestrous beef cattle in tropical climates. Animal Reproduction Science, 82: 479-486. 12. Binelli M, Thatcher WW, Mattos R, Baruselli PS (2001). Antiluteolytic strategies to improve fertility in cattle. Theriogenology, 56(9): 1451-1463. 13. Blanchard T, Ferguson J, Love L, Takeda T, Henderson B, Hasler J, Chalupa W (1990): Effects of dietary crude-protein type on fertilization and embryo quality in dairy cattle. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 51: 905-908. 14. Bo GA, Baruselli PS, Mapletoft RJ (2012). Increasing pregnancies following synchronization of bovine recipients. Animal Reproduction Science, 9(3): 312-317. 15. Bridges PJ, Wright DJ, Buford WI, Ahmad N, Hernandez-Fonseca H, Mc Cormick ML, Schrick FN, Dailey RA, Lewis PE, Inskeep EK (2000): Ability of induced corpora lutea to maintain pregnancy in beef cows. Journal of animal science, 78(11): 2942-2949. 16. Briski KP, Quigley K, Meites J (1984): Endogeneous opiate involvement in acute and chronic stress-induced changes in plasma LH concentrations in the male rat. Life Sciences, 34: 2485-2493. 17. Cupp AS, Stumpf TT, Kojima FN, Werth LA, Wolfe MW, Roberson MS (1995): Secretion of gonadotrophins change during the luteal phase of the bovine oestrous cycle in the absence of corresponding changes in progesterone or 17β–oestradiol. Animal Reproduction Science, 37: 109-119. 18. Çetin H, Beceriklisoy HB, Uçar EH (2015): Gebe Kısrak Serum Gonadotropini/At Koryonik Gonadotropini. Türkiye Klinikleri J Vet Sci Obstet Gynecol-Special Topics, 1 (2): 48-54. 19. Çolak A, Cengiz M, Polat B (2015): Lüteinleştirici Hormon. Türkiye Klinikleri J Vet Sci Obstet Gynecol-Special Topics, 1 (2): 19-25. 20. Das PK, Deka KC, Biswas RK, Goswami J (2007): Ovulatory disturbance and its therapeutic approach in repeat breeding cross bred cattle. IndianJournal of Animal Sciences, 77 (1): 45-47. 21. De Medeiros SF, Norman RJ (2009): Human chorio gonadotrophin protein core and sugar branches heterogeneity: basic and clinical insights. Human Reproduction Update, 15(1): 69-95. 22. De Rensis F, Scaramuzzi RJ (2003): Heat stress and seasonal effects on reproduction in the dairy cow-a review. Theriogenology, 60(6):1139-1151. 23. De Rensis F, Lopez-Gatius F, Garcia-Ispierto I, Techakumpu M (2010): Clinical use of human chorionic gonadotropin in dairy cows: an update. Theriogenology, 73(8): 1001-1008. 24. De Rensis F, López-Gatius F (2014). Use of equine chorionic gonadotropin to control reproduction of the dairy cow: a review. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 49(2): 177-182. 25. De Vries A (2006): Economic value of pregnancy in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 89: 387-3885. 26. Dinç DA (1990): Döl Tutmayan (RepeatBreeder) Hayvanlar. p: 233-240. In: Theriogenology, Evcil Hayvanlarda Reprodüksiyon, Suni Tohumlama, Obstetrik ve İnfertilite, Edit.; E Alaçam, Bölüm 28, Nurol Matbaası, Ankara, Türkiye. 27. Diskin MG, Morris DG (2008): Embryonic and early foetal losses in cattle and other ruminants. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 43(2): 260-267. 28. Doğruer G, Sarıbay MK, Karaca F (2007): Repeat breeder sorunlu düvelerde fluniksin meglumin uygulamalarının gebelik oranı üzerine etkisi. Fırat Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 21(6): 263-268. 29. Doğruer G, Sarıbay MK, Karaca F, Ergün Y (2010): The comparison of the pregnancy rates obtained after the ovsynch and double dose PGF2α+GnRH applications in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 9(4): 809-813. 30. Gunther JD (1981): Classification and clinical management of the repeat breeding cow. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian, 3: 154-159. 31. Hafez ESE, MR, Rosnina Y (2000): Hormones, Growth Factors, and Reproduction. p: 33-54. In: Reproduction in Farm Animals, Edit.; B Hafez, ESE Hafez, 7th Publishing, Lippincott Williams &Wilkins, ISBN: 9780683305777, Philadelphia, ABD. 32. Hailu B, Gebrekidan B, Raju S, Birhanu A, Tadesse G (2015): Effects of gonadotropin releasing hormone analogue in enhancements of pregnancy in repeat breeding dairy cows in and around Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia. Anim Vet Sci, 3(1): 12-17. 33. Hartıgan PJ (1995): Cattle breeding and infertlity. p: 86-186. In: Animal Breeding and Infertility, Edit.; MJ Meredith, baskı, Blackwell Science, Oxford, England. 34. Hussain AM, Daniel RCW (1991): Bovine normal and abnormal reproductive and endocrine functions during the postpartum period: A Review. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 26: 101-111. 35. İleri K, Ak K, Pabuççuoğlu S, Usta S (1998): Reprodüksiyon ve Suni Tohumlama. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Yayınları, İstanbul, 84: 139-145. 36. Jainudeen MR, Hafez ESE (2000): Reproductive cyles, cattle and water buffalo. p: 159-171 In: Reproduction and Farm Animals, Edit.; B Hafez, ESE Hafez, 7th Publishing, A Wolters Kluver Company, ISBN: 0-683-30577-8, Philadelphia, ABD. 37. Janssens JP, Russo J, Russo I, Michiels L, Donders G, Verjans M, Riphagen I, Den Bossche TV, Deleu M, Sieprath P (2007): Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and prevention of breast cancer. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 269(1): 93-98. 38. Karaca F, Dogruer G, Sarıbay MK, Ergun Y, Ates CT (2016): The effect of the reduced dose of GnRH on conception, ovulation and ovarian structures in ovsynch program of lactating dairy cows. Animal Review, 3(3): 66-72. 39. Kastelic JP (1994): Non infectious embriyonic loss in cattle. Veterinary Medicine, 6: 584-589. 40. Kawarsky JS, Basrur PK, Stubbıngs RB, Hansen PJ, King WA (1996): Chromosomal abnormalities in bovine embryos and their influence on development. Biology of Reproduction, 54: 53-59. 41. Kharche SD, Srivastava SK (2007): Dose dependent effect of GnRH analogue on pregnancy rate of repeat breeder crossbred cows. Animal Reproduction Science, 99(1): 196-201. 42. Kimura M, Nakoo T, Moriyoshi M, Kawata K (1987): Luteal Phase deficiency as apossible cause of repeat breeding in dairy cows. British Veterinary Journal, 143(6): 560-566. 43. King WA (1990): Chromosome abnormalities and pregnancy failure in domestic animals. Advances in Veterinary Science and Comparative Medicine, 34: 229-250. 44. Lucy MC, Savio JD, Badinga L, De La Sota RL, Thatcher WW (1992): Factors that affect ovarian follicular dynamics in cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 70: 3615-3626. 45. Mann GE, Lamming GE, Fray MD (1995): Plasma oestradiol and progesterone during early pregnancy in the cow and the effects of treatment with Buserelin. Animal Reproduction Science, 37(2): 121-131. 46. Martinez MF, Adams GP, Bergfelt DR, Kastelic JP, Mapletoft RJ (1999): Effect of LH or GnRH on the dominant follicle of the first follicular wave in beef heifers. Animal Reproduction Science, 57: 23-33. 47. Mee MO, Stevenson JS, Alexander BM, Sasser RG (1993): Administration of GnRH at estrus influences pregnancy rates, serum concentrations of LH, FSH, estradiol-17 beta, pregnancyspecific protein B, and progesterone, proportion of luteal cell types, and in vitro production of progesterone in dairy cows. Journal of Animal Science, 71(1): 185-198. 48. Mwaanga ES, Janowski T (2000): Anoestrus in Dairy Cows: Causes, Prevalance and Clinical Forms. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 35: 193-200. 49. Peter AT (1997). Infertility due to abnormalities of the ovaries. p: 349-353. In: Current Therapy in Large Animal Theriogenology. 1th Ed., Saunders Company, Philadelphia, ABD. 50. Peters AR, Ball PJH (1994): The postpartum period. p: 145-460. In: Reproduction in Cattle. 2nd Ed., Blackwell Science, London, England. 51. Peters AR (2005). Veterinary clinical application of GnRH – questions of efficacy. Animal Reproduction Science, 88: 155-167. 52. Phatak AP, Whitmore HL, Brown ND (1986): Effect of gonodotrpin relasing homone on conception rate in repeat breeder dairy cows. Theriogenology, 26(5): 605-609. 53. Prevendiville DJ, Enright WJ, Crove MA, Finnerty M, Roche JF (1996): Normal or induced secretory patterns of luteinising hormone and follicle stimulating hormone in anoestrous gonadotrophin-releasing hormone-immunised and cyclic control heifers. Animal Reproduction Science, 45: 177-190. 54. Rajamahendran R, Sianangama PC (1992): Effect of human chorionic gonadotrophin on dominant follicles in cows: formation of accessory corpora lutea, progesterone production and pregnancy rates. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, 95(2): 577-584. 55. Ravagnolo O, Misztal I (2002): Effect of heat stress on nonreturn rate in holsteins: fixed-model analyses. Journal of Dairy Science, 85: 3101-3106. 56. Roche JF, Mackey D, Diskin MD (2000): Reproductive management of postpartum cows. Animal Reproduction Science, 60: 703712. 57. 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Yıl 2018,
Cilt: 58 Sayı: 1, 34 - 41, 12.06.2018
Öz
Repeat breeder sendromu (RB) sütçü ineklerde doğum-yeniden gebe kalma aralığını olumsuz yönde etkilediği için önemli bir sorundur. Bu sendromun başlıca iki nedeni, fertilizasyonun sekilenmemesi ve erken embriyonik ölümlerdir. Bu iki temel nedene yol açan ve RB sorununun ortaya çıkmasında rol oynayan birçok endokrinolojik faktör bulunmaktadır. Fizyolojik etkilerinden yola çıkılarak GnRH ve gonadotropinler RB’nin tedavisinde yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu derlemede sütçü ineklerde RB sorununun nedenleri ile tedavisinde GnRH ve gonadotropinlerin kullanımı hakkında bilgi verilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- 1.Alaçam E (1997): İnekte Döl Verimi ve Kontrolü. p: 325-388. In: Sığır Hastalıkları, Edit.; E Alaçam, M Şahal, 1. Baskı, Medisan, ISBN: 975-7774-28-6, Ankara, Türkiye. 2. Alaçam E (1999): Üremenin Kontrolü. p: 71-80. In: Evcil Hayvanlarda Doğum ve İnfertilite, Edit.; E Alaçam, 2. Baskı, Medisan, ISBN: 975-7774-37-5, Ankara, Türkiye. 3. Alaçam E (2005): Hormonların Klinik Kullanımları. p: 41-54. In: Evcil Hayvanlarda Doğum ve İnfertilite, Edit.: E Alaçam, 5. Baskı, Medisan, ISBN: 975 7774 37 5, Ankara, Türkiye. 4. Anjum IA, Usman RH, Tunıo MT, Abro SH (2010): Improvement of conception rate in crossbred cattle by using GnRh analogue therapy. Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica, 43(1): 6-10. 5. Arthur GH, Noakes DE, Pearson H (1989): Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics (Theriogenology), 6th Publishing, Bailliere Tindall, London, England. 6. Ata A, Tekin N (2001): Repeat Breeder İneklerde GnRH Uygulaması ve Döl Verimi. Lalahan Hayvancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, 41(1): 13-24. 7. Ayalon N (1984): Embryonic mortality in cattle. Zuhthyg, 16(3): 97109. 8. Bademkıran S, Güvenç K (2005): Sütçü sığırlarda sıcaklık stresinin döl verimi üzerine etkisi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 2: 53-59. 9. Bage R, Gustaffson H, Larsson B, Forsberg M, Rodriguez-Martinez H (2002): Repeat breeding in dairy heifers: Follicular dynamics and estrous cylce characteristics in relation to sexual hormone patterns. Theriogenology, 57: 2257-2269. 10. Bartolome JA, Kamimura S, Silvestre F, Arteche ACM, Trigg T, Thatcher WW (2006): The use of a deslorelin implant (GnRH agonist) during the late embryonic period to reduce pregnancy loss. Theriogenology, 65: 1443-1453. 11. Baruselli PS, Reis EL, Marques MO, Nasser LF, Bó GA (2004). The use of hormonal treatments to improve reproductive performance of anestrous beef cattle in tropical climates. Animal Reproduction Science, 82: 479-486. 12. Binelli M, Thatcher WW, Mattos R, Baruselli PS (2001). Antiluteolytic strategies to improve fertility in cattle. Theriogenology, 56(9): 1451-1463. 13. Blanchard T, Ferguson J, Love L, Takeda T, Henderson B, Hasler J, Chalupa W (1990): Effects of dietary crude-protein type on fertilization and embryo quality in dairy cattle. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 51: 905-908. 14. Bo GA, Baruselli PS, Mapletoft RJ (2012). Increasing pregnancies following synchronization of bovine recipients. Animal Reproduction Science, 9(3): 312-317. 15. Bridges PJ, Wright DJ, Buford WI, Ahmad N, Hernandez-Fonseca H, Mc Cormick ML, Schrick FN, Dailey RA, Lewis PE, Inskeep EK (2000): Ability of induced corpora lutea to maintain pregnancy in beef cows. Journal of animal science, 78(11): 2942-2949. 16. Briski KP, Quigley K, Meites J (1984): Endogeneous opiate involvement in acute and chronic stress-induced changes in plasma LH concentrations in the male rat. Life Sciences, 34: 2485-2493. 17. Cupp AS, Stumpf TT, Kojima FN, Werth LA, Wolfe MW, Roberson MS (1995): Secretion of gonadotrophins change during the luteal phase of the bovine oestrous cycle in the absence of corresponding changes in progesterone or 17β–oestradiol. Animal Reproduction Science, 37: 109-119. 18. Çetin H, Beceriklisoy HB, Uçar EH (2015): Gebe Kısrak Serum Gonadotropini/At Koryonik Gonadotropini. Türkiye Klinikleri J Vet Sci Obstet Gynecol-Special Topics, 1 (2): 48-54. 19. Çolak A, Cengiz M, Polat B (2015): Lüteinleştirici Hormon. Türkiye Klinikleri J Vet Sci Obstet Gynecol-Special Topics, 1 (2): 19-25. 20. Das PK, Deka KC, Biswas RK, Goswami J (2007): Ovulatory disturbance and its therapeutic approach in repeat breeding cross bred cattle. IndianJournal of Animal Sciences, 77 (1): 45-47. 21. De Medeiros SF, Norman RJ (2009): Human chorio gonadotrophin protein core and sugar branches heterogeneity: basic and clinical insights. Human Reproduction Update, 15(1): 69-95. 22. De Rensis F, Scaramuzzi RJ (2003): Heat stress and seasonal effects on reproduction in the dairy cow-a review. Theriogenology, 60(6):1139-1151. 23. De Rensis F, Lopez-Gatius F, Garcia-Ispierto I, Techakumpu M (2010): Clinical use of human chorionic gonadotropin in dairy cows: an update. Theriogenology, 73(8): 1001-1008. 24. De Rensis F, López-Gatius F (2014). Use of equine chorionic gonadotropin to control reproduction of the dairy cow: a review. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 49(2): 177-182. 25. De Vries A (2006): Economic value of pregnancy in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 89: 387-3885. 26. Dinç DA (1990): Döl Tutmayan (RepeatBreeder) Hayvanlar. p: 233-240. In: Theriogenology, Evcil Hayvanlarda Reprodüksiyon, Suni Tohumlama, Obstetrik ve İnfertilite, Edit.; E Alaçam, Bölüm 28, Nurol Matbaası, Ankara, Türkiye. 27. Diskin MG, Morris DG (2008): Embryonic and early foetal losses in cattle and other ruminants. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 43(2): 260-267. 28. Doğruer G, Sarıbay MK, Karaca F (2007): Repeat breeder sorunlu düvelerde fluniksin meglumin uygulamalarının gebelik oranı üzerine etkisi. Fırat Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 21(6): 263-268. 29. Doğruer G, Sarıbay MK, Karaca F, Ergün Y (2010): The comparison of the pregnancy rates obtained after the ovsynch and double dose PGF2α+GnRH applications in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 9(4): 809-813. 30. Gunther JD (1981): Classification and clinical management of the repeat breeding cow. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian, 3: 154-159. 31. Hafez ESE, MR, Rosnina Y (2000): Hormones, Growth Factors, and Reproduction. p: 33-54. In: Reproduction in Farm Animals, Edit.; B Hafez, ESE Hafez, 7th Publishing, Lippincott Williams &Wilkins, ISBN: 9780683305777, Philadelphia, ABD. 32. Hailu B, Gebrekidan B, Raju S, Birhanu A, Tadesse G (2015): Effects of gonadotropin releasing hormone analogue in enhancements of pregnancy in repeat breeding dairy cows in and around Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia. Anim Vet Sci, 3(1): 12-17. 33. Hartıgan PJ (1995): Cattle breeding and infertlity. p: 86-186. In: Animal Breeding and Infertility, Edit.; MJ Meredith, baskı, Blackwell Science, Oxford, England. 34. Hussain AM, Daniel RCW (1991): Bovine normal and abnormal reproductive and endocrine functions during the postpartum period: A Review. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 26: 101-111. 35. İleri K, Ak K, Pabuççuoğlu S, Usta S (1998): Reprodüksiyon ve Suni Tohumlama. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Yayınları, İstanbul, 84: 139-145. 36. Jainudeen MR, Hafez ESE (2000): Reproductive cyles, cattle and water buffalo. p: 159-171 In: Reproduction and Farm Animals, Edit.; B Hafez, ESE Hafez, 7th Publishing, A Wolters Kluver Company, ISBN: 0-683-30577-8, Philadelphia, ABD. 37. Janssens JP, Russo J, Russo I, Michiels L, Donders G, Verjans M, Riphagen I, Den Bossche TV, Deleu M, Sieprath P (2007): Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and prevention of breast cancer. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 269(1): 93-98. 38. Karaca F, Dogruer G, Sarıbay MK, Ergun Y, Ates CT (2016): The effect of the reduced dose of GnRH on conception, ovulation and ovarian structures in ovsynch program of lactating dairy cows. Animal Review, 3(3): 66-72. 39. Kastelic JP (1994): Non infectious embriyonic loss in cattle. Veterinary Medicine, 6: 584-589. 40. Kawarsky JS, Basrur PK, Stubbıngs RB, Hansen PJ, King WA (1996): Chromosomal abnormalities in bovine embryos and their influence on development. Biology of Reproduction, 54: 53-59. 41. Kharche SD, Srivastava SK (2007): Dose dependent effect of GnRH analogue on pregnancy rate of repeat breeder crossbred cows. Animal Reproduction Science, 99(1): 196-201. 42. Kimura M, Nakoo T, Moriyoshi M, Kawata K (1987): Luteal Phase deficiency as apossible cause of repeat breeding in dairy cows. British Veterinary Journal, 143(6): 560-566. 43. King WA (1990): Chromosome abnormalities and pregnancy failure in domestic animals. Advances in Veterinary Science and Comparative Medicine, 34: 229-250. 44. Lucy MC, Savio JD, Badinga L, De La Sota RL, Thatcher WW (1992): Factors that affect ovarian follicular dynamics in cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 70: 3615-3626. 45. Mann GE, Lamming GE, Fray MD (1995): Plasma oestradiol and progesterone during early pregnancy in the cow and the effects of treatment with Buserelin. Animal Reproduction Science, 37(2): 121-131. 46. Martinez MF, Adams GP, Bergfelt DR, Kastelic JP, Mapletoft RJ (1999): Effect of LH or GnRH on the dominant follicle of the first follicular wave in beef heifers. Animal Reproduction Science, 57: 23-33. 47. Mee MO, Stevenson JS, Alexander BM, Sasser RG (1993): Administration of GnRH at estrus influences pregnancy rates, serum concentrations of LH, FSH, estradiol-17 beta, pregnancyspecific protein B, and progesterone, proportion of luteal cell types, and in vitro production of progesterone in dairy cows. Journal of Animal Science, 71(1): 185-198. 48. Mwaanga ES, Janowski T (2000): Anoestrus in Dairy Cows: Causes, Prevalance and Clinical Forms. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 35: 193-200. 49. Peter AT (1997). Infertility due to abnormalities of the ovaries. p: 349-353. In: Current Therapy in Large Animal Theriogenology. 1th Ed., Saunders Company, Philadelphia, ABD. 50. Peters AR, Ball PJH (1994): The postpartum period. p: 145-460. In: Reproduction in Cattle. 2nd Ed., Blackwell Science, London, England. 51. Peters AR (2005). Veterinary clinical application of GnRH – questions of efficacy. Animal Reproduction Science, 88: 155-167. 52. 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Toplam 1 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Hayvansal Üretim (Diğer) |
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 12 Haziran 2018 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2018 Cilt: 58 Sayı: 1 |