Liberal/Democratic Peace, Russia-Ukraine War and Global Corporations

Yıl 2023, , 257 - 280, 25.09.2023

Mehmet Özyürek

https://doi.org/10.36484/liberal.1323608

Öz

Liberal/Democratic Peace Theories (LDPT) constitute one of the significant pillars of liberalism as an International Relations theory. LDBT can be seen as the philosophical basis of today’s international law and organisations. LDBT scholars make three key assumptions. First, republican governments that have constitutional duties to citizens— or in modern interpretations, democratic governments—are less likely to combat. Second, in the world where international law and institutions are developed, governments seem as less eager to fight. Third, increased transnational relations premised on free trade can diminish the possibility of wars. This study focuses upon the role of free trade and transnational relations in the war between Russia and Ukraine. In addition, the study highlights the role of multinational corporations in a possible peace. The study also aims to investigate the role of multinational corporations in sanctioning authoritarian regimes like Russia in the international arena where international law and inter-governmental organisations are unlikely to stop the war.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Perpetual Peace, Globalisation, Multinational Corporations, Theories of International Relations, Democratic Peace

Liberal/Demokratik Barış, Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşı ve Küresel Şirketler

Öz

Bir Uluslararası İlişkiler kuramı olarak liberalizmin en önemli savlarını Liberal/Demokratik Barış Tezleri (LDBT) oluşturmaktadır. LDBT, bugünkü uluslararası hukuk ve küresel organizasyonların da felsefi temelini oluşturur. LDBT üzerine yazan teorisyenler, yönetenlerin halka karşı sorumluluğunun daha fazla olduğu cumhuriyetçi anayasalara sahip yönetimlerin -ya da LDBT’nin modern yorumlarında demokrasilerin- savaşmak konusunda daha az istekli olduğunu, uluslararası hukuk ve kurumların güçlendiği bir dünyada devletlerin savaşa eğiliminin azalacağını ve serbest ticaret ile ulus-ötesi ilişkilerin artmasıyla savaşların
son bulacağını varsayarlar. Bu çalışma spesifik olarak söz konusu üç önemli unsurdan biri olan serbest ticaret ve ulus-ötesi ilişkiler konusunun Rusya ve Ukrayna arasındaki çatışmada oynadığı role odaklanmaktadır. Çalışma Rusya-Ukrayna çatışmasını LDBT perspektifinden değerlendirirken Rusya’da faaliyet gösteren çok uluslu şirketlerin olası bir barış doğrultusunda oynayabilecekleri rolü irdeleme gayesindedir. Çalışmanın amacı ayrıca hükümetlerarası örgütlerin ve uluslararası hukukun savaşı önleyemediği bir uluslararası sistemde küreselleşmenin güçlendirdiği devlet dışı aktörlerden olan çok uluslu şirketlerin otoriter rejimleri müeyyidelendirmede olası etkisini normatif olarak değerlendirmek olacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ebedi Barış, Küreselleşme, Çok Uluslu Şirketler, Uluslararası İlişkiler Teorileri, Demokratik Barış.

Kaynakça

• Aleksashenko, S. (5 Aralık 2022). Al Jazeera. Erişim adresi: https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2022/12/5/does-russia-have-enough-money-for-war [Erişim tarihi: 2 Mart 2023].
• Alper, A. (11 Mart 2022). Exclusive: Russia’s attack on Ukraine halts half of world’s neon output for chips. Reuters. Erişim adresi: https://www.reuters.com/technology/exclusive-ukraine-halts-half-worlds-neon-output-chips-clouding-outlook-2022-03-11/ [Erişim tarihi: 2 Mart 2023].
• Arı, T (2004). Uluslararası İlişkiler Teorileri: Çatışma, Hegemonya, İş birliği. Alfa Yayınları.
• Barnett, M. (2006). Building a Republican Peace Stabilizing States after War. International Security, Vol. 30(4), 87–112.
• BBC News. (23 Ocak 2014). Beş soruda: Ukrayna’da neler oluyor? Erişim adresi: https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler/2014/01/140123_ukrayna_soru_cevap [Erişim tarihi: 2 Mart 2023].
• Birleşmiş Milletler Mülteciler Yüksek Komiserliği (UNHCR). (Mart 2023). Ukraine Refugee Situation. Erişim adresi: https://data.unhcr.org/en/situations/ukraine [Erişim tarihi: 2 Mart 2023].
• Brady, E. (23 Mart 22). Russia blames sanctions for putting 8.4 million jobs at risk. Newsweek. Erişim adresi: https://www.newsweek.com/russia-blames-sanctions-jobs-jeopardized-1691093 [Erişim tarihi: 2 Mart 2023].
• Browning, G. K. (2016). A history of modern political thought: the question of interpretation. Oxford University Press.
• Bundt, K.H. (16 Haziran 2022). A strong northern deterrence: Sweden and Finland want to join NATO. IPS. Erişim adresi: https://www.ips-journal.eu/topics/foreign-and-security-policy/a-strong-northern-deterrence-sweden-and-finland-want-to-join-nato-5996/ [Erişim tarihi: 2 Mart 2023].
• Burchill, S. (2005). Liberalism.Burchill, S., Linklater, A., Devetak, R., Donnelly, J., Paterson, M., Reus-Smit, C., ve True, J.(Ed.). Theories of International Relations. Palgrave Macmillan.
• Carr, E. H. (1946). The Twenty Years Crisis, 1919–1939. 2nd Edition. New York: Harper and Row.
• Cengiz, İ .F. (2020). Ukrayna. Tekin, A., Temel, Ö . & Cengiz, İ .F. (Eds.). Osmanlı Ardıl Devletlerin Siyasal Sistemleri. Adalet Yayınevi.
• Doyle, M. (1983). Kant, Liberal Legacies, and Foreign Affairs. Parts 1 and 2. Philosophy and Public Affairs, 12, 205-235;324-353.
• Doyle, M. W.(1986). Liberalism and World Politics. The American Political Science Review, Vol. 80(4), 1151-1169.
• DW. (22 Ocak 2022). Rusya-Ukrayna krizinin kronolojisi. Erişim adresi: https://www.dw.com/tr/rusya-ile-ukrayna-sava%C5%9F%C4%B1n-e%C5%9Fi%C4%9Fine-nas%C4%B1l-geldi/a-60522203 [Erişim tarihi: 2 Aralık 2022].
• Eralp, A. (2003). Uluslararası İlişkiler disiplininin oluşumu: idealizm-realizm tartışması. Eralp, A. (Ed.). Devlet, Sistem, Kimlik. İletişim Yayınları.
• European Council. (15 November 2022). Ukraine: EU launches Military Assistance Mission. Erişim adresi: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022/11/15/ukraine-eu-launches-military-assistance-mission/ [Erişim tarihi: 25 Mart 2023].
• Evenett, S. ve Pisani, N (24 Şubat 2023). A reality check on divestment from Russia. IPS. [Çevrimiçi kaynak]. https://www.ips-journal.eu/topics/economy-and-ecology/a-reality-check-on-divestment-from-russia-6531/ [Erişim tarihi: 6 Mart 2023].
• Filipov, D. (23 Mart 2017). Here are 10 critics of Vladimir Putin who died violently or in suspicious ways. The Washington Post. Erişim adresi: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/03/23/here-are-ten-critics-of-vladimir-putin-who-died-violently-or-in-suspicious-ways/ [Erişim tarihi: 6 Mart 2023].
• Fordham, B. O. ve Walker, T. C. (2005). Kantian Liberalism, Regime Type, and Military Resource Allocation: Do Democracies Spend Less? International Studies Quarterly, Oxford Blackwell Publishing, 49, 141–157.
• Franceshet, A. (2000). Popular Sovereignty or Cosmopolitan Democracy? Liberalism, Kant and International Reform. European Journal of International Relations, Vol.6(2), 277-302.
• Fukuyama, F (1992). The End of History and the Last Man. (1992). Free Press.
• Fukuyama, F. (4 Mart 2022). Putin’s war on the liberal order. Financial Times. Erişim adresi: https://www.ft.com/content/d0331b51-5d0e-4132-9f97-c3f41c7d75b3 [Erişim tarihi: 12 Mart 2023].
• Gillers, H. (2 Mart 2022). Divesting From Russia Proves Complicated for Pension Funds The Wall Street Journal. Erişim adresi: https://www.wsj.com/articles/divesting-from-russia-proves-complicated-for-pension-funds-11646193559 [Erişim tarihi: 1 Mart 2023].
• Grozovski, B. (18 Ocak 2023). Putin’s War Costs: Shifting the Burden to the Population. Wilson Center. Erişim adresi: https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/putins-war-costs-shifting-burden-population [Erişim tarihi: 7 Mart 2023].
• Habermas, J. (1997). Kant’s Idea of Perpetual Peace: With the Benefit of 200 Years’ Hindsight. Bohman, J., ve Lutz-Bachmann, M. (Eds.). (1997). Perpetual peace: essays on Kant’s cosmopolitan ideal. MIT Press.
• Hale, E. (23 Şubat 2023). Will Russia’s struggle in Ukraine help Taiwan — or hurt it? Al Jazeera. Erişim adresi: https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/2/23/will-russias-ukraine-struggle-help-taiwan-or-hurt [Erişim tarihi: 25 Ağustos 2023].
• Hennigfeld, J., Pohl, M., ve Tolhurst, N. (Ed.). (2006). The ICCA handbook on corporate social responsibility. John Wiley & Sons.
• Hermann, M.G. ve Kegley, C.W.Jr. (2001). Democracies and Intervention: Is there a Danger Zone in the Democratic Peace? Journal of Peace Research, 38(2), 237–245.
• Heywood, A. (2011). Global politics. Palgrave Macmillan.
• Heywood, A. (2019). Politics. Macmillan International Higher Education/Red Globe Press.
• Hobbes, T. (2017). Leviathan. Christopher Brooke (Ed.). Penguin Classics
• Huntington, S.P. (2005). Medeniyetler Çatışması ve Dünya Düzenin Yeniden Kurulması. (Çev.). Mehmet Turhan, M & Soydemir, Y.Z.C. Okyanus Yayınları.
• Insider. (16 Mart 2023). How Indonesia is using diplomacy to call for the end of Russia’s war in Ukraine. Erişim adresi: https://www.businessinsider.com/sc/indonesia-is-using-diplomacy-to-call-for-the-end-of-the-war-in-ukraine-2023 [Erişim tarihi: 4 Mart 2023].
• IMF. (5 Mart 2022). IMF Staff Statement on the Economic Impact of War in Ukraine. Erişim adresi: https://www.imf.org/en/ News/Articles/2022/03/05/pr2261-imf-staff-statement-on-the-economic-impact-of-war-in-ukraine [Erişim tarihi: 4 Mart 2023].
• Kagan, D. (2009). Thucydides:The Reinvention of History. Penguin Books.
• Kant, I. (1983). Perpetual Peace, a Philosophical Sketch. Perpetual Peace and Other Essays. Humphrey, T. (Çev.). Hackett Publishing Company.
• Kauppi M. V. ve Viotti P. R. (2020). International relations theory. 6th Edition. Rowman and Lıttlefıeld.
• Kirby, J. (21 Mart 2023). The Wagner Group, Russia’s maybe-private army in Ukraine, explained. Vox. Erişim adresi: https://www.vox.com/world- politics/2023/3/21/23622615/ukraine-war-bakhmut-wagner-group-russia [Erişim tarihi: 4 Mart 2023].
• Knox, B. M. W. (1973). Thucydides and the Peloponnesian War: Politics and Power. Naval War College Review, 25(3), 3–15.
• Kolhatkar, S. (21 Mart 2022). The Consequences of the Unprecedented Rush of Companies Leaving Russia. The New Yorker. Erişim adresi: https://www.newyorker.com/business/currency/the-consequences-of-the-unprecedented-rush-of-companies-leaving-russia [Erişim tarihi: 2 Mart 2023].
• Lasocki, J. (24 Şubat 2023). The Cost of War to Ukraine. The Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies (RUSI). Erişim adresi: https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/cost-war-ukraine [Erişim tarihi: 2 Mart 2023].
• Lawrence, P.K. (1989). Democracy and The Liberal State. Dartmouth Publishing Company.
• Maoz, Z. ve Russett, B. (1993). Normative and structural causes of democratic peace, 1946–1986. American Political Science Review, 87.3, 624-638.
• Masters, J. (14 Şubat 2023). Ukraine: Conflict at the Crossroads of Europe and Russia. Council on Foreign Relations. Erişim adresi: https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/ukraine-conflict-crossroads-europe-and-russia [Erişim tarihi: 2 Mart 2023].
• Matveeva, A. (24 Kasım 2022). Russia’s war has exposed the limits of liberal peace. Open Democracy Erişim adresi: https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/eurasia-russia-ukraine-conflicts-borders-balkans-turbulent-liberal-peace/ [Erişim tarihi: 4 Mart 2023].
• Matten, D. (18 Mayıs 2022). Companies leaving Russia are caving to public pressure, not actually making a difference. The Conversation. Erişim adresi: https://theconversation.com/companies-leaving-russia-are-caving-to-public-pressure-not-actually-making-a-difference-182746 [Erişim tarihi: 24 Mart 2023].
• Milner, H. V. (2012). International Relations. Goodin, R. E., Pettit, P., & Pogge, T. W. (Eds.). A companion to contemporary political philosophy. John Wiley & Sons.
• Nadon, C. (2014). The secular basis of the separation of Church and State: Hobbes, Locke, Montesquieu, and Tocqueville. Perspectives on Political Science, 43(1), 21-30.
• Noyes, A. (1912). International arbitration and finance. The Journal of International Economy, 20(3), 254–266.
• OECD. (2022a). The supply of critical raw materials endangered by Russia’s war on Ukraine. Erişim adresi: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/e01ac7be-en.pdf?expires=1679237830&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=0AC8209D941899D85F5927172A802737 [Erişim tarihi: 2 Mart 2023].
• OECD. (2022b). OECD Economic Outlook, Interim Report September 2022: Paying the Price of War, OECD Publishing. Erişim adresi: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/ae8c39ec-en/index.html?itemId=/content/publication/ae8c39ec-en [Erişim tarihi: 4 Mart 2023].
• Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). (21 Şubat 2023). Türk deplores human cost of Russia’s war against Ukraine as verified civilian casualties for last year pass 21,000. Press Releases Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. Erişim adresi: https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/02/turk-deplores-human-cost-russias-war-against-ukraine-verified-civilian [Erişim tarihi: 2 Mart 2023].
• Prokopenko, A. (19 Aralık 2022). The Cost of War: Russian Economy Faces a Decade of Regress. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Erişim adresi: https://carnegieendowment.org/politika/88664 [Erişim tarihi: 2 Mart 2023].
• Ravelo, J. L. (23 Şubat 2023). WHO warns of worsening health situation in Ukraine. Devex. Erişim adresi: https://www.devex.com/news/who-warns-of-worsening-health-situation-in-ukraine-104991#:~:text=We%20estimate%20that%20about%2010,field%20of%20rehabilitation%20and%20prosthesis. [Erişim tarihi: 2 Mart 2023].
• Russett, B. ve J. Oneal (2001). Triangulating Peace. New York: W.W. Norton.
• Russett, B., Oneal, J. R. ve Davis, D. R. (1998). The third leg of the Kantian tripod for peace: International organizations and militarized disputes, 1950–85. International Organization, 52(3), 441-467.
• Seliger, M. (1963). Locke’s theory of revolutionary action. Western Political Quarterly, 16(3), 548-568.
• Shaw, L. (7 Mart 2022). Netflix Just Pulled Out of Russia. So Will Everyone Else. Bloomberg. Erişim adresi: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/newsletters/2022-03-07/netflix-just-pulled-out-of-russia-so-will-everyone- else#:~:text=New%20customers%20can%20no%20longer,to%20create%20a%20localized%20version. [Erişim tarihi: 2 Mart 2023].
• Shehadi, S. (2022a). Opinion: Companies leaving Russia will not have a huge economic impact. Investment Monitor. Erişim adresi: https://www.investmentmonitor.ai/special-focus/ukraine-crisis/russia-economy-departing-companies-invasion/ [Erişim tarihi: 4 Mart 2023].
• Shehadi, S. (2022b). Chinese companies have not left Russia (except for a few banks). Investment Monitor. Erişim adresi: https://www.investmentmonitor.ai/special-focus/ukraine-crisis/chinese-companies-russia-ukraine-boycott-banks/ [Erişim tarihi: 12 Mart 2023].
• Simon, S. (5 Mart 2022). Russian law bans journalists from calling Ukraine conflict a ‘war’ or an ‘invasion’. NPR. Erişim adresi: https://www.npr.org/2022/03/05/1084729579/russian-law-bans-journalists-from-calling-ukraine-conflict-a-war-or-an-invasion [Erişim tarihi: 2 Mart 2023].
• Smith, A. (2006). Milletlerin Zenginliği. Derin, H. (Çev.). Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
• Sommer, J. (2022). Russia’s War Prompts a Pitch for ‘Socially Responsible’ Military Stocks, New York Times. Erişim adresi: https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/04/business/military-stocks-russia ukraine.html [Erişim tarihi: 25 Ağustos 2023].
• Sonnenfeld, J., Tian, S., Zaslavsky, S., Bhansali, Y., & Vakil, R. (2022). It pays for companies to leave Russia. SSRN 4112885. Erişim adresi: http://www.shareholderforum.com/access/Library/20220518_Yale-Sonnenfeld.pdf [Erişim tarihi: 7 Mart 2023].
• Stauffer, D. (2010). “Of Religion” in Hobbes’s Leviathan. The Journal of Politics, 72(3), 868–879. Erişim adresi: https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022381610000228 [Erişim tarihi: 2 Mart 2023].
• Sullivan, A. (3 Şubat 2022). Companies leave Russia amid Ukraine outrage. Deutsche Welle. Erişim adresi: https://www.dw.com/en/from-russia-with-haste-mass-exodus-of-companies-over-ukraine-invasion/a-60978353 [Erişim tarihi: 7 Mart 2023].
• Tovar, M., Brookes, A., Hokholt, E., Minakova, M., Gibson, O. ve Kocsis, G. (19 Mart 2023). Private military contractors on the Ukraine-Russia war: a mapping of their involvement. London Politica. Erişim adresi: https://londonpolitica.com/intelligence-department-articles/politicalriskexplained-2 [Erişim tarihi: 25 Ağustos 2023].
• Trebesch, C., Antezza, A., Bushnell, K., Frank, A., Frank, P., Franz, L., Kharitonov, I., Kumar, B., Rebinskaya, E. ve Schramm, S. (Şubat 2023). The Ukraine Support Tracker: Which countries help Ukraine and how? Kiel Institute for the World Economy. Working Paper No. 2218. Erişim adresi: https://www.ifw-kiel.de/fileadmin/Dateiverwaltung/IfW-Publications/-ifw/Kiel_Working_Paper/2022/KWP_2218_Which_countries_help_Ukraine_and_how_/KWP_2218_Trebesch_et_al_Ukraine_Support_Tracker.pdf [Erişim tarihi: 7 Mart 2023].
• Verney, P. (23 Mart 2022). Are Russian divestments ethical or financial. The investment community needs to be honest. Responsible Investor. Erişim adresi: https://www.responsible-investor.com/are-russian-divestments-ethical-or-financial-the-investment-community-needs-to-be-honest/ [Erişim tarihi: 2 Mart 2023].
• Walt, S.M. (19 Ocak 2022). Foreign Policy Liberal Illusions Caused the Ukraine Crisis. Erişim adresi: https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/01/19/ukraine-russia-nato-crisis-liberal-illusions/ [Erişim tarihi: 2 Mart 2023].
• Williams, H. ve Booth, K. (1999). Clark, I & Neumann, I. B. (Eds.) Classical Theories of International Relations. Macmillan Press.
• Wiseman, P ve Mchugh, D. (15 Şubat 2023). War in Ukraine at 1 year: Pain, Resilience in Global Economy. Erişim adresi: https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-war-economic-impact-ef6e4c4443743ccbf7740892fb0b4f3b [Erişim tarihi: 2 Mart 2023].