Bir “Cemaat” Terör Örgütüne Nasıl Dönüştü? Gülen Cemaati’nin Eski Grup Üyelerinin Anlatımına Dayalı Değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2017, Sayı: 87, 5 - 32, 01.09.2017

Yasemin Abayhan

Öz

15 Temmuz 2016 tarihinde Türkiye, etki alanı ve planlanan eylemin şiddeti göz önüne alındığında “işgal” denebilecek bir süreci atlattı. İşgal içerisinde yer alan bireylerin psikolojik durumlarının anlaşılabilmesi için Fethullahçı Terör Örgütü’nün (FETÖ) ne tür bir yapılanmaya sahip olduğunun araştırılması gerekmektedir. Bu araştırmanın amacı, belirli bir süre bu grup içerisinde yer almış bireylerin anlatımlarına dayalı bir şekilde grubun dinamiklerinin, yapısının, sembol kullanımlarının ve grubun devamlılığı açısından işlevsel olan davranışların irdelenmesidir. Bu terör örgütünün sosyal psikoloji literatüründe oldukça iyi bilinen grup sargınlığı, grup gururu, bilişsel çelişki olgularını kullanarak gruba üye devşirdiği düşünülmektedir. Dolayısıyla grubun yapısının ve çekiciliğinin anlaşılabilmesi açısından sosyal psikoloji perspektifi elzemdir

Anahtar Kelimeler

FETÖ, Grup Dinamikleri, Grup Sargınlığı, Kehanet Grupları, Bilişsel Çelişki

How a Religious Community Turned out to be a Terrorist Organisation: An Analysis of Gulenist Community Based on the Expressions of the Former Group Associates

Öz

On the date of July 15, 2016 considering the orbit and the severity of the planned action, Turkey has eluded a process which can be named as an “occupation”. For this process to be comprehended, what kind of structure Fethullah Terrorist Organization (FETO) has must be investigated. Purpose of this research is to examine the group dynamics, group structure, the usage of symbols and the functioning behaviours for the continuity of the group, based upon the expressions of the people who have been a part of this group for a while. It is thought that this terrorist organization recruits members by using the well known phenomenons of social psychology literature such as group cohesiveness, group pride and cognitive contradicition. Thereby, social psychology perspective is essential for the group structure and attraction to be understood

Anahtar Kelimeler

FETO, Group Dynamics, Group Cohesiveness, Prophecy Groups, Cognitive Contradiction

Kaynakça

• ADORNO, Theodor W., FRENKEL-BRUNSWIK, Else, LEVINSON, Daniel J., ve SANFORD, R. Nevvit, The Authoritarian Personality, Harper and Row, New York 1950.
• ALPAY, Esat, Self-concept and Self-esteem, Educational Psychology Interactive: Readings in Educational Psychology, Valdosta State University, GA 2000.
• ARONSON, Elliot, WILSON, Timothy D., ve AKERT, Robin M., Sosyal Psikoloji, çev. Okhan Gündüz, İstanbul 2010.
• BREHM, Jack W., A Theory of Psychological Reactance, Academic Press, 1966.
• BROWN, Rupert, Group Processes: Dynamics Within and Between Groups, Blackwell, Oxford 1988.
• CIALDINI, Robert B., Influence: Science and Practice, Allyn & Bacon, Boston 2000.
• CIALDINI, Robert B., GOLDSTEIN, Noah J., (2004). “Social Influence: Compliance and Confor- mity”, Annual Review of Psychology, Palo Alto, 2004, sayı: 55, ss. 591-621.
• COOLEY, Charles Horton, Human Nature and the Social Order, Scribner, New York 1902.
• COTA, Albert, EVANS, Charles R., DION, Kenneth L., KILIK, Lindy ve LONGMAN, R. Stewart, “The Structure of Group Cohesion”, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1995, sayı: 21, ss. 572-580.
• DE WAAL, Frans B.M., Good natured: The origins of right and wrong in humans and other ani- mals, Harvard University Press, Cambridge 1996.
• DION, Kenneth L., “Group Cohesion: From “Fields of Forces” to Multidimensional Construct”, Group Dynamics, Luedenscheid 2000, ss. 7-26.
• DÜNYA SAĞLIK ÖRGÜTÜ (WHO), 2016.
• EKER, Doğan ve ARKAR, Haluk, “Çok Boyutlu Algılanan Sosyal Destek Ölçeği’nin Faktör Yapı- sı, Geçerlik ve Güvenirliği”, Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, Ankara 1995, ss. 45-55.
• FESTINGER, Leon, RIECKEN, Henry W., ve SCHACHTER, Stanley, When Prophecy Fails, Uni- versity of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis 1955.
• FESTINGER, Leon, A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance, Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA 1957.
• HANEY, Craig, BANKS, Curtis ve ZIMBARDO, Philip, “A Study of Prisoners and Guards in a Simulated Person”, Naval Research Reviews, Washington, D.C. 1973, ss.1-17.
• HIRSCHMANN, Kai, Terrorismus, Hamburg 2003.
• HOGG, Micheal A., The Social Psychology of Group Cohesiveness: From Attraction to Social Identity, Harvester-Wheatsheaf, Londra 1992.
• HOGG, Micheal A., “Group Cohesiveness: A Critical Review and Some New Directions”, Euro- pean Review of Social Psychology, Oxfordshire 1993, ss. 85-111.
• JANIS, Irving L., Victims of Groupthink, Houghton Mifflin, New York, 1972.
• JOST, John T. ve KAY, Aaron C., “Exposure to benevolent sexism and complementary stereo- types: Consequences for specific and diffuse forms of system justification”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, New York 2005, sayı: 88, ss. 498-509.
• LEWIN, Kurt, Resolving Social Conflicts: Selected Papers in Group Dynamics, Harper, New York 1948.
• LEACH, Colin Wayne, ELLEMERS, Naomi ve BARRETO, Manuela, “Group Virtue: The Im- portance of Morality (vs. Competence and Sociability) in The Positive Evaluation of in-Groups”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, New York 2007, sayı: 93 (2), ss. 234-249.
• LE BON, Gustave, Kitleler Psikolojisi, çev. Hasan Can, Ankara 2014.
• MARCIA, James E., “Development and validation of ego-identity status”, Journal of Persona- lity and Social Psychology, New York 1966, sayı: 3, ss. 551-558.
• MILGRAM, Stanley, “Behavioral study of obedience”, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psycho- logy, Albany 1963, sayı: 67, ss. 371-378.
• MORLING, Beth, KITAYAMA, Shinobu ve MIYAMOTO, Yuri, “American and Japanese women use different coping strategies during normal pregnancy”, Personality and Social Psy- chology Bulletin, Washington 2003, sayı:29, ss. 1533–1546.
• PARSONS, Talcott ve BALES, Robert F., Family Socialization and Interaction Process, Routle- dge, Londra 1956.
• PHALET, Karen ve POPPE, Edwin, “Competence and morality dimensions of national and ethnic stereotypes: A study in six eastern-European countries”, European Journal of Social Psychology, 1997, sayı: 27, ss. 703-723.
• PICKETT, Cynthia L., SILVER, Micheal D., ve BREWER, Marilyn, “The Impact of Assimilation and Differentiation Needs on Perceived Group Importance and Judgments of Ingroup Size”, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2002, sayı: 28, ss. 546-558.
• SAGI, Philip, OLMSTED, Donald, & ATELSEK, Frank, “Predicting Maintenance Of Member- ship in Small Groups”, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, Luedenscheid 1955, sayı: 51, ss. 308-311.
• SCHWARTZ, Shalom H. ve BARDI, Anat, “Value hierarchies across cultures: Taking a simi- larities perspective”, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 2001, sayı: 32, ss. 268-290.
• STEPHAN, Walter G., YBARRA, Oscar ve BACHMAN, Guy, “Prejudice Toward Immigrants”, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, Oxford 1999, ss. 2221-2237.
• TAYLOR, Shelley E., SHERMAN, David K., KIM, Heejung S., JARCHO, Johanna, TAKAGI, Kaori ve DUNAGAN, Melissa S., “Culture and social support: Who seeks it and why?”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, New York 2004, sayı: 87, ss. 354–362.
• WALDMANN, Peter, Terrorismus: Provokation der Macht, Gerling Akademie, Münih 1998.