BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Ahlâkî Evrenselcilik ve Kültürel Farklılık

Yıl 2009, Sayı: 55, 7 - 22, 01.06.2009

Öz

Avrupalıların 16. Yüzyıl’da yeni dünyanın halklarıyla karşılaşmasından bu yana kültürel çeşitlilik üstüne düşünce Batı siyaset teorisinin önemli bir unsuru olmuştur (Pagden 1994). Özellikle Kuzey ve Güney Amerika’daki İspanyol keşifleri, başta ilahiyatçılar arasında olmak üzere, Atlantiğin öte yakasındaki halkların insan olup olmadıkları üzerinde felsefî tartışmalara yol açmıştır. Karayipler’deki ve Amerika kıtasındakiler kadar Doğu’daki ve Afrika’daki halkların da egzotik inanç ve pratiklerini ayrıntılı olarak anlatan seyyahların raporlarının ortaya çıkmasıyla birlikte beşerî âdetlerin çeşitliliğinin yol açtığı büyülenme artmıştır. İnsan tecrübesinin çeşitliliği filozoflar için ahlâkın evrensel standartlarının var olup olmadığı –veya, ahlâkın bir örf ve âdet meselesinden ibaret olup olmadığı– sorusunu tahrik etmiştir. Bu sorular sırf felsefî ilgiyi çekmemiştir. Aksine bunlar, oralara seyahat eden Avrupalıların, özellikle de prenslerin veya kilisenin temsilcileri olarak geldikleri zaman, uzak diyarların halklarına nasıl davranmaları gerektiği sorunuyla doğrudan doğruya ilgili olmuştur

Kaynakça

  • Ackerly, B. A. (2000), Political Theory and Feminist Social Criticism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
  • Barry, B. (2001), Culture and Equality: An Egalitarian Critique of Multiculturalism (Oxford: Polity).
  • Beetz, C. (1979), Political Theory and International Relations (Princeton, NJ: Prin- ceton University Press).
  • Benhabib, S. (2002), The Claims of Culture: Equality and Diversity in the Global Era
  • (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press). Buchanan, A. (2004), Justice, Legitimacy and Self-Determination: Moral Foundati- ons for International Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
  • Casal, P. (2003), “Is Multiculturalism Bad for Animals?”, Journal of Political Philo- sophy, 11 (1): 1-22.
  • Fitzmaurıce, D. (1993), “Autonomy as a Good: Liberalism, Autonomy and Tolareta- ion”, Journal of Political Philosophy, 1 (1): 1-16.
  • Friedman, M. (2003), Autonomy, Gender, Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
  • Hanke, L. (1994), All Mankind is One: A Study of Disputation Between bartolome
  • De Las Casas and Juan Gines De Sepulveda in 1550 on the Intellectual and Religious (De Kalb: Northern Illinois University Press).
  • Ivison, Duncan (2006), “Historical Injustice”, Dryzek, J. S. & Honig, B. & Phillips, A. (eds.)
  • The Oxford Handbook of Political Theory (Oxford University Press), 507-525. Jones, C. (1999), Global Justice: Defending Cosmopolitanism (Oxford: Oxford Uni- versity Press).
  • Keal, P. (2003), European Conquest and the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: The Mo- ral Backwardness of International Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
  • Kukathas, C. (1992a), “Are There Any Cultural Rights?”, Political Theory, 20 (1): 39.
  • (1992b), “Cultural Rights Again: A Rejoinder to Kymlicka”, Political Theory, (3): 674-80.
  • (2001), “Is Feminism Bad for Multiculturalism?”, Public Affairs Quarterly, 5 (2): 83-98.
  • (2002), “The Life of Brain, or, Now for Something Completely Difference
  • Blind”, in Multiculturalism Reconsidered: Essays on Brian Barry’s “Culture and Equality”, ed. P. Kelly (Oxford: Polity). (2003a), “Responsibility for Past Injustice”, Philosophy, Politics and Econo- mics, 2 (2): 165-88.
  • (2003b), The Liberal Archipelago (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
  • (2006), “The Mirage of Global Justice”, Social Philosophy and Policy, 23 (1): 25.
  • Kymlicka, W. (1989), Liberalism, Community, and Culture (Oxford: Oxford Univer- sity Press).
  • (1995), Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights (Ox- ford: Oxford University Press).
  • (2001), Politics in the Vernacular: Nationalism, Multiculturalism, and Citi- zenship (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
  • Levy, J. (2004), “Liberal Jacobinism”, Ethics, 114 (2): 318-36.
  • MacIntyre, A. (2002), “Is Patriotism a Virtue?”, in Patriotism, ed. Igor Primoratz
  • Amherst, NY: Humanity Books) Miller, D. (1995), On Nationality (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
  • (1999), Principles of Social Justice (Mass: Harvard University Press).
  • (2001), Citizenship and National Identity (Cambridge: Polity).
  • Mollendorf, D. (2002), Cosmopolitan Justice (Boulder, Colo.: Westview).
  • Nussbaum, M. (1992), “Human Functioning and Social Justice: In Defense of Aris- totelian Essentialism”, Political Theory, 20 (2): 202-46.
  • (1993), Non-Relative Virtues: An Aristotelian Approach”, pp. 324-35 in The Quality of Life, ed. M. Nussbaum and A. Sen, Oxford: Clarendon Press).
  • (1995), “Human Capabilities, Female Human Beings”, pp. 61-104 in Wo- men, Culture, and Development: A Study of Human Capabilities. Ed. M. Nussba- um and J. Glover, (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
  • (1999), “A Plea for Difficulty”, pp. 105-14, in Is Multiculturalism Bad for
  • Women?, ed. J. Cohen, M. Howard, and M. C. Nussbaum, (Princeton: Princeton University Press). Okin, S. (1998), “Feminism and Multiculturalism: Some Tensions”, Ethics, 108: 661
  • (1999), “Is Multiculturalism Bad for Women?”, pp. 9-24 in Is Multicultura- lism Bad for Women? Ed. J. Cohen, M. Howard, and M. C. Nussbaum, (Prince- ton: Princeton University Press).
  • (2002), “Mistresses of Their Own Destiny: Group Rights, Gender, and Rea- listic Rights of Exit”, Ethics, 112: 205-30.
  • (2005), “Multiculturalism and Feminism: No Simple Question, No Simple
  • Answer”, pp. 67-89 in Minorities within Minorities: Equality, Rights and Diver- sity, ed. A. Eisenberg and J. Spinner-Hâlev (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Pagden, A. (1994), European Encunters with the New World: From Renaissance to
  • Romanticism (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press). Pogge, T. (1989), Realizing Rawls (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press).
  • (2002), World Poverty and Human Rights: Cosmopolitan Responsibilities and Reforms (Cambridge: Polity).
  • Rawls, J. (1971), A Theory of Justice (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
  • (1999), The Law of Peoples, with “The Idea of Public Reason Revisited”
  • (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press). Raz, J. (1985), The Morality of Freedom (Oxford: Clarendon Press).
  • Shachar, A. (2001), Multicultural Jurisdictions: Culturel Differences and Women’s
  • Rights (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Taylor, C. (1994), “The Politics of Recognition”, in Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of Recognition, ed. A. Gutmann (Princetın, NJ: Princeton University Press).
  • Todorov, T. (1992), The Conquest of America: the Question of the Other, trans. R.
  • Howard (New York: HarperCollins) Valadez, J. (2001), Deliberative Democracy, Political Legitimacy, and Self
  • Determination in Multicultural Societies (Bouldert, Colo.: Westview) Vitorıa, F. DE, (1991), Political Writings (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
  • Waldron, J. (1992), “Superseding Historical Injustice”, Ethics, 103 (1): 4-28.
  • (1997), “The Cosmopolitan Alternative”, pp. 93-119 in The Rights of Mino- rity Cultures, ed. W. Kymlicka (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
  • Walzer, M. (1981), “Philosophy and Democracy”, Political Theory, 9 (3): 379-99.
  • (1983), Spheres of Justice: A Defense of Pluralism and Equality (Oxford: Blackwell).
  • (1987), Interpretation and Social Criticism (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Uni- versity Press).
  • (1994), Thick and Thin: Moral Argument at Home and Abroad (Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press).
  • (1996), “Spheres of Affection”, pp. 125-7 in For Love of Country: Debating the Limits of Patriotism , ed. J. Cohen (Boston: Beacon Press).
  • (1997a), On Toleration (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press).
  • (1997b), “Response to Kukathas”, pp. 105-11 in Ethnicity and Group Rights, ed. W. Kymlicka and I. Schapiro, NOMOS XXXIX (New York: New York Univer- sity Press).
  • Watner, C. (1987), “All Minkind is One: The Libertarian Tradition in Sixteenth Cen- tury Spain”, Journal of Libertarian Studies, VIII (2): 293-309.
  • Young, I. (1990), Justice and Politics of Difference (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Uni- versity Press).
Toplam 59 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Chandran Kukathas Bu kişi benim

Mustafa Erdoğan Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2009
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2009 Sayı: 55

Kaynak Göster

APA Kukathas, C., & Erdoğan, M. (2009). Ahlâkî Evrenselcilik ve Kültürel Farklılık. Liberal Düşünce Dergisi(55), 7-22.