Ahlâkî Evrenselcilik ve Kültürel Farklılık

Yıl 2009, Sayı: 55, 7 - 22, 01.06.2009

Chandran Kukathas Mustafa Erdoğan

Öz

Avrupalıların 16. Yüzyıl’da yeni dünyanın halklarıyla karşılaşmasından bu yana kültürel çeşitlilik üstüne düşünce Batı siyaset teorisinin önemli bir unsuru olmuştur (Pagden 1994). Özellikle Kuzey ve Güney Amerika’daki İspanyol keşifleri, başta ilahiyatçılar arasında olmak üzere, Atlantiğin öte yakasındaki halkların insan olup olmadıkları üzerinde felsefî tartışmalara yol açmıştır. Karayipler’deki ve Amerika kıtasındakiler kadar Doğu’daki ve Afrika’daki halkların da egzotik inanç ve pratiklerini ayrıntılı olarak anlatan seyyahların raporlarının ortaya çıkmasıyla birlikte beşerî âdetlerin çeşitliliğinin yol açtığı büyülenme artmıştır. İnsan tecrübesinin çeşitliliği filozoflar için ahlâkın evrensel standartlarının var olup olmadığı –veya, ahlâkın bir örf ve âdet meselesinden ibaret olup olmadığı– sorusunu tahrik etmiştir. Bu sorular sırf felsefî ilgiyi çekmemiştir. Aksine bunlar, oralara seyahat eden Avrupalıların, özellikle de prenslerin veya kilisenin temsilcileri olarak geldikleri zaman, uzak diyarların halklarına nasıl davranmaları gerektiği sorunuyla doğrudan doğruya ilgili olmuştur

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