Mediterranean Energy Policy of the Greek Cypriot Administration of Southern Cyprus

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 101, 143 - 168, 25.03.2021

Ferhat Kökyay

https://doi.org/10.36484/liberal.866714

Cited By: 1

Öz

The Cyprus problem, that fell out when the common state established by Turks and Cypriot Greeks in 1960 became unfunctional in 1963 due to the politics of Cypriot Greeks, has passed into a different stage recently because of the discovery of huge hydrocarbon reserves in Eastern Mediterranean. The energy politics of the Greek Cypriot Administration of Southern Cyprus (GCASC) has significance for the region, concerning not only Turkish Cypriots but also Turkey as well.
In this context, the study firstly examines the hydrocarbon legislation, which the GCASC has introduced and developed gradually after 1963. Secondly, GCASC’s efforts to determine the limits of their maritime jurisdiction and the licensing rounds that enable international corporations to enter the region are examined.Lastly, the GCASC’s reaction to the Turkey’s and TRNC’s counter steps addition to the EU and other nations’ approach is presented.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Cyprus, GCASC, Mediterranean, Energy Policy, Hydrocarbon

Güney Kıbrıs Rum Yönetimi’nin Akdeniz Enerji Politikası

Öz

1960 yılında kurulan Kıbrıslı Türklerin ve Rumların ortak devletinin 1963 yılında Rumlar tarafından işlemez hale getirilmesi ile gelişen Kıbrıs sorunu son yıllarda Doğu Akdeniz’de büyük miktarlara varan hidrokarbon kaynakların keşfi ile farklı bir sürece girmiştir. Kıbrıslı Türkleri olduğu kadar Türkiye’yi de doğrudan ilgilendiren bölgeye ilişkin GKRY’nin enerji politikaları önem arz etmektedir.
Bu çerçevede çalışmada öncelikle GKRY’nin 1963 sonrası adım adım oluşturmaya yöneldiği hidrokarbon mevzuatı incelenmiştir. İkinci olarak GKRY’nin deniz yetki alanlarını belirlemeye yönelik gayretleri ve uluslararası şirketlerin de bölgeye dahil olmasını sağlayan hidrokarbon ihaleleri analiz edilmiştir. Son olarak Rum yönetiminin Türkiye ve KKTC’nin geliştirdiği karşı adımlara reaksiyonu ve ilgili diğer ülkeler ile AB’nin yaklaşımı ortaya konmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kıbrıs, GKRY, Akdeniz, enerji politikası, hidrokarbon

Kaynakça

• Baconi, Tareq (2017), Pipelines And Pipedreams How The Eu Can Support A Regional Gas Hub in the Eastern Mediterranean, London: European Council on Foreign Relations.
• Başeren, Sertaç Hami (2010), Doğu Akdeniz Deniz Yetki Alanları Uyuşmazlığı, İstanbul: Türk Deniz Araştırmaları Vakfı Yay.
• Commission of the European Communities (2001), 2001 Regular Report On Cyprus Progress Towards Accession, Brussels.
• Δημοσθένους, Ιωάννα (2013), “Ο ρόλος της Κύπρου στην νέα ενεργειακή πραγματικότητα στην Νοτιο-Ανατολική Μεσόγειο”, Αλεξάνδρα Προδρομίδου (ed.), Η ενίσχυση των σχέσεων σε θέματα Ασφάλειας μεταξύ των κρατών στην περιοχή της Νοτιοανατολικής Μεσογείου, Αθήνα: Ι.Ε.Κ.Ε.Θ., ss. 53-80.
• Doussis, Emmanuella (2004), “L'accord du 17 Février 2003 Entre Chypre et L'egypte Sur la Délimitation de Leurs Zones Économiques Exclusives : Bref Commentaire”, A.Pedone (ed.), Annuaire du Droit de la Mer 2004, Paris: İnstitut du Droit Économique de la Mer, ss 143-155.
• Dünya Enerji Konseyi Türk Milli Komitesi (2007), Petrol ve Doğal Gaz Çalışma Grubu Petrol Alt Çalışma Grubu Raporu, Ankara.
• Ediger, Volkan S.; Devlen, Balkan ve Bingöl Mcdonald, Deniz (2012), “Levant’ta Büyük Oyun: Doğu Akdeniz’in Enerji Jeopolitiği”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, s. 9 (33), İstanbul, ss. 73-92.
• Grigoriadis, Ioannis N. (2014), “Energy Discoveries in the Eastern Mediterranean: Conflict or Cooperation?”, Middle East Policy, s. XXI (3), Washington, DC, ss. 124-133, DOI: 10.1111/mepo.12087.
• Hasanoğlu, İbrahim (2015), “Doğu Akdeniz’de Rusya’nın Stratejik Müttefiki: Güney Kıbrıs Rum Yönetimi”, EkoAvrasya, s. 29, Ankara, ss. 54-57.
• Karagöl, Erdal Tanas ve Özdemir, Büşra Zeynep (2017), Türkiye’nin Enerji Ticaret Merkezi Olmasında Doğu Akdeniz’in Rolü, İstanbul: SETA Yay.
• Kısacık, Sina ve Erenel, Fahri (2019), “Doğu Akdeniz Güvenlik Algılamaları Bağlamında, Kalıcı Yapılandırılmış İşbirliği Savunma Anlaşması (The Permanent Structured Cooperation- Pesco) ve Enerji Güvenliği Meselelerinin Avrupa Birliği Türkiye İlişkilerine Olası Yansımalarını Anlamak”, Türkiye Siyaset Bilimi Dergisi, s. 2 (1), Yozgat, ss. 51-76.
• KKTC Bakanlar Kurulunun K(II)1195-2011 sayılı 22 Eylül 2011 tarihli kararı.
• Kökyay, Ferhat (2019), “Türk Dış Polı̇tı̇kasında Yenı̇ Bı̇r Açmaz: East-Med”, 6. Uluslararası Sosyal Beşeri ve İdari Bilimler Sempozyumu, 18-20 Nisan 2019, Elazığ: Asos Yay, ss. 214-215.
• Markou, Nikolaos (2016), Exploration Activities Offshore Cyprus, Ministry Of Energy, Commerce Industry And Tourism toplantısında yapılan sunum, Limassol.
• Özersay, Kudret (2004), “Annan Planı ve Federal Yasaları Çerçevesinde Doğu Akdeniz Yetki Alanları”, Ankara Ü. SBF Dergisi, s. 59 (3), Ankara, ss. 203-230.
• Örnek, Serdar ve Mızrak, Baransel (2016), “Bir Güvenlik Sorunu Olarak Kıbrıs’ın Enerji Kaynakları ve Uluslararası Aktörlerin Politikaları”, Bilge Strateji, s.8 (15), İstanbul, ss. 13-32.
• Παμπoριδης, Γιώργoς Π. (2012), Οι Υδρογονάνθρακες της Κυπριακής Δημοκρατίας, Λευκωσία: İMH.
• Tsakiris, Theodoros (2018), “The Importance of East Mediterranean Gas for EU Energy Security: The Role of Cyprus, Israel and Egypt”, Cyprus Review, s. 30 (1), Nicosia, ss. 25-50.
• T.C. Bakanlar Kurulu Kararları No: 2012/2802, 2012/2968, 2012/2973, Resmi Gazete, Sayı: 28276, Tarih: 27 Nisan 2012.
• T.C. Başbakanlık Kanunlar ve Kararlar Genel Müdürlüğünün 14/10/2011 Sayı: B.02.0.KKG.0.10/101-402/3166 sayılı yazısı.
• T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı (25 Mart 2016), “GKRY'nin Açtığı Üçüncü Uluslararası Hidrokarbon Arama İhalesi”, Basın açıklaması No: 74.
• T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı (21 Eylül 2011), “Türkiye – KKTC Kıta Sahanlığı Sınırlandırma Anlaşması İmzalanması”, Basın açıklaması No: 216.
• Yaycı, Cahit (2011), “Doğu Akdeniz’de Deniz Yetki Alanlarının Sınırlandırılmasında Libya’nın Rolü ve Etkisi”, Güvenlik Stratejileri, s. 7 (14), İstanbul, ss. 17-41.
• United Nations, Law of the Sea Bulletin No 52, 2003.
• United Nations, Law of the Sea Bulletin No 54, 2004.
• United Nations, Law of the Sea Bulletin No 57, 2005.
• United Nations, Law of the Sea Bulletin No 59, 2005.
• United Nations, Law of the Sea Bulletin No 73, 2010.
• United Nations, Law of the Sea Bulletin No 74, 2011.
• United Nations, Law of the Sea Bulletin No 75, 2011.
• From the Permanent Representative of Cyprus to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary General: Letter dated 15 June 2012 A/66/851
• From the Permanent Representative of Cyprus to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary General: Letter dated 29 October 2013 A/68/555
• From the Permanent Representative of Cyprus to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary General: Letter dated 17 October 2013 A/68/537
• From the Permanent Representative of Cyprus to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary General: Letter dated 5 December 2013 A/68/644
• From the Permanent Representative of Cyprus to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary General: Letter dated 12 November 2013 A/68/593
• From the Permanent Representative of Cyprus to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary General: Letter dated 13 February 2014 A/68/759
• From the Permanent Representative of Cyprus to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary General: Letter dated 19 May 2014 A/68/883
• From the Permanent Representative of Cyprus to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary General: Letter dated 6 October 2014 A/69/425
• From the Permanent Representative of Cyprus to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary General: Letter dated 13 November 2014 A/69/582
• From the Permanent Representative of Cyprus to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary General: Letter dated 5 August 2016 A/70/1008
• From the Permanent Representative of Cyprus to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary General: Letter dated 29 February 2016 A/70/767
• From the Permanent Representative of Cyprus to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary General: Letter dated 4 May 2017 A/71/900
• From the Permanent Representative of Cyprus to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary General: Letter dated 12 December 2018 A/73/651
• From the Permanent Representative of Cyprus to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary General: Letter dated 19 February 2019 A/73/753
• Note Verbal dated 04 May 2019 Ref: 06.23.001 of Republic of Cyprus Ministry of Foring Affair to the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
• From the Permanent Representative of Turkey to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General: Letter dated 25 April 2014 A/68/857
• From the Permanent Representative of Turkey to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General: Letter dated 17 March 2016 A/70/788
• From the Permanent Representative of Turkey to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General: Letter dated 15 June 2016 A/70/945
• From the Permanent Representative of Turkey to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General: Letter dated 8 April 2019 A/73/827
• Υπηρεσία Υδρογονανθράκων (t.y.), Άδειες που έχουν Χορηγηθεί http://www.mcit.gov.cy/mcit/hydrocarbon.nsf/page16_gr/page16_gr?OpenDocument (E.T. 05 Mart 2020).
• Anadolu Ajansı (2019), Doğu Akdeniz Gaz Forumu bakanlar düzeyinde toplandı, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/-dogu-akdeniz-gaz-forumu-bakanlarduzeyinde-toplandi /1541691 (E.T. (28 Kasım 2020).
• BBC (2019), AB: Doğu Akdeniz sondaj çalışmaları nedeniyle Türkiye'ye yaptırımların çerçevesi belirlendi, https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-50378376 (E.T. 05 Mart 2020).
• BP (2019), BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2019, https://www.bp.com/ content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2019-full-report.pdf (E.T. 05 Mart 2020).
• Commission of the European Communities (2000), Regular report from the Commission on Cyprus' progress towards accession 2000. COM (2000) 702 final, http://aei.pitt.edu/44552/1/cyprus_2000.pdf (E.T. 25 Temmuz 2019).
• Chossudovsky, Michel (2009), War and Natural Gas: The Israeli Invasion and Gaza’s Offshore Gas Fields, https://www.globalresearch.ca/war-and-natural-gas-the-israeli-invasion-and-gaza-s-offshore-gas-fields/11680 (E.T. 05 Mart 2020).
• Cyprus News Agency (2017), Kıbrıs, Yunanistan, İsrail ve İtalya çalışma grubu EastMed boru hattını destekliyor, http://www.cna.org.cy/WebNewstr.aspx?a=a183656ef4174448ad49d6eced14db02 (E.T. 05 Aralık 2020).
• Delek Group (2017), Our Operations, https://www.delek-group.com/our-operations/east-med/ (E.T. 07 Kasım 2020)
• Delek Driling (t.y.), Aphrodite Gas Field, https://www.delekdrilling.com/project/aphrodite-gas-field (E.T. 04 Kasım 2020).
• DW (2003), Doğalgaz Doğu Akdeniz’de dengeleri değiştirdi, https://www.dw. com/tr/do%C4%9Falgaz-do%C4%9Fu-akdenizde-dengeleri-de%C4%9Fi%C5%9Ftirdi/a-16747467. (E.T. 08 Aralık 2020).
• DW (2020), EastMed: Belirsizliklerle dolu boru hattı projesi, https://www.dw.com/ tr/eastmed-belirsizliklerle-dolu-boru-hatt%C4%B1-projesi/a-51883677 (E.T. 08 Mart 2020).
• EC (2019a), Commission Staff Working Document Turkey 2019 Report, https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/sites/near/files/20190529-turkey-report.pdf (E.T. 05 Aralık 2020).
• EC (2019b), EU energy in figures, Statistical pocketbook 2019, https://op.europa.eu/ en/publication-detail/-/publication/e0544b72-db53-11e9-9c4e-01aa75ed71a1 (E.T. 18 Nisan 2020).
• ENI (2017), Eni begins producing from Zohr, the largest ever discovery of gas in the Mediterranean Sea, https://www.eni.com/en-IT/media/press-release/2017/12/eni-begins-producing-from-zohr-the-largest-ever-discovery-of-gas-in-the-mediterranean-sea.html (E.T. 04 Mart 2020).
• ENI (2018), Eni announces a gas discovery offshore Cyprus, https://www.eni.com/ en-IT/media/press-release/2018/02/eni-announces-a-gas-discovery-offshore-cyprus. html, (E.T. 04 Ekim 2020).
• Euronews (2020), Doğu Akdeniz krizi: Kıbrıs, Yunanistan, ABD ve İsrail'den enerji işbirliğini genişletme kararı, https://tr.euronews.com/2019/08/07/dogu-akdeniz-krizi-kibris-yunanistan-abd-ve-israil-den-enerji-isbirligini-genisletme-karar (E.T. 08 Mart 2020).
• European Commission Eurostat (2020), Database, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/ web/energy/data/database (E.T. 16 Nisan 2019).
• European Commission Eurostat (2019), Energy production and imports, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Energy_production_and_imports#The_EU_and_its_Member_States_are_all_net_importers_of_energy (E.T. 06 Ekim 2020).
• European Commission (2017), Second Report on the State of the Energy Union, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/publications/2nd-report-state-energy-union_en (E.T. 05 Eylül 2020).
• European Union External Action (2016), Joint Statement: U.S.-EU Energy Council, https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/2817/joint-statement-us-eu-energy-council_en (E.T. 05 Mart 2020).
• ExxonMobil (2019), ExxonMobil makes natural gas discovery offshore Cyprus, https://corporate.exxonmobil.com/News/Newsroom/News-releases/2019/0228_Exxon Mobil-makes-natural-gas-discovery-offshore-Cyprus (E.T. 04 Mart 2020).
• Hydrocarbons Service, Ministry of Energy, Commerce and Industry (t.y.), Licensing Rounds, http://www.mcit.gov.cy/mcit/hydrocarbon.nsf/page18_en/page18_en?OpenDocument (E.T. 28 Kasım 2020).
• IGI Poseidon (t.y.), Eastmed, http://www.igi-poseidon.com/en/eastmed (E.T. 05 Ekim 2020).
• Noble Energy (2003), Noble Energy, Inc. Announces Startup of Natural Gas Production From the Giant Mari-B Field Offshore Israel, http://investors.nblenergy.com/news-releases/news-release-details/noble-energy-inc-announces-startup-natural-gas-production-giant (E.T. 02 Ekim 2020).
• NTV (2019), İsrail, doğalgaz boru hattı inşası için Türkiye ile müzakerelere hazır iddiası, https://www.ntv.com.tr/dunya/israil-dogalgaz-boru-hatti-insasi-icin-turkiye-ile-muzakerelere-hazir-iddiasi,y5rA0_-zWU2k_I_64zd2BA (E.T. 08 Ekim 2020).
• Oilprice (2017), Oil Majors See Huge Opportunity In Eastern Mediterranean, https://oilprice.com/Energy/Energy-General/Oil-Majors-See-Huge-Opportunity-InEastern-Mediterranean.html (E.T. 2 Aralık 2020).
• “Ο περί Πετρελαιοειδών (Παραγωγή) Νόμος του 1974 (Ν. 25/1974) Ε.Ε. Παρ.Ι. Αρ.1106” (1974), http://www.cylaw.org/nomoi/arith/1974_1_025.pdf (E.T. 07 Ağustos 2020).
• “Ο περί Υδρογονανθράκων (Αναζήτηση, Έρευνα και Εκμετάλλευση) Νόμος του 2004 (Ν. 99(I)/2004) Ε.Ε., Παρ.Ι(I) Αρ.3849” (2004), http://www.cylaw.org/nomoi/arith/2004_1_099.pdf (E.T. 7 Aralık 2020.
• “Ο περί Υδρογονανθράκων (Αναζήτηση, Έρευνα και Εκμετάλλευση) Νόμος του 2007 (Ν. 4(I)/2007) Ε.Ε., Παρ.Ι(I) Αρ.4109” (2007), http://www.cylaw.org/nomoi/arith/2007_1_004.pdf (E.T. 7 Aralık 2020).
• PİO Ministry of Interior Republic of Cyprus (2020), Declaration of the Third Ministerial Meeting of the East Mediterranean Gas Forum (EMGF), https://www.pio.gov.cy/assets/pdf/ newsroom/2020/01/Third%20EMGF%20declaration%2015-1-2020.pdf (E.T. (19 Nisan 2020).
• T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı (2019), Doğu Akdeniz'de Türkiye'yi ve Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti’ni yok sayan hiçbir proje hayata geçirilemez, https://www.tccb.gov.tr/ haberler/410/108302/-dogu-akdeniz-de-turkiye-yi-ve-kuzey-kibris-turk-cumhuriyeti-ni-yok-sayan-hicbir-proje-hayata-gecirilemez- (E.T. 28 Kasım 2020).
• The Arab Weekly (2019), Eastern Med countries agree to move ahead with gas forum, https://thearabweekly.com/eastern-med-countries-agree-move-ahead-gasforum (E.T. 08 Ekim 2020).
• The Ministry of Energy (t.y.), Export, http://www.energy-sea.gov.il/EnglishSite/Pages/Gas %20Markets/Israels-Export-Options.aspx (E.T. 18 Nisan 2020).
• UfM (t.y.), The UfM Energy Platforms, https://ufmsecretariat.org/ufm-energy-platforms/ (E.T. 05 Ekim 2020).
• United Nations (1964), The Territorial Sea Law No. 45 of 1964, https://www.un.org/Depts /los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/STATEFILES/CYP.htm (E.T. 07 Ağustos 2020).
• United Nations (1974), Continental Shelf Law No. 8 of 5 April 1974, https://www.un.org/ Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/CYP_1974_Law.pdf (E.T. 08 Temmuz 2020).
• USGS (2010), Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Nile Delta Basin Province, Eastern Mediterranean, https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3027/pdf/FS10-3027.pdf (E.T. 22 Ekim 2020).
• Υπουργείο Ενέργειας, Εμπορίου και Βιομηχανίας (t.y.), Νόμοι – Κανονισμοί, http://www.mcit.gov.cy/mcit/hydrocarbon.nsf/page09_gr/page09_gr?OpenDocument (E.T. 24 Aralık 2020).