Başlangıçtan Günümüze Çin Dış Politikasının Dönüşümü: Büyük Ülke Diplomasisi

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 106, 141 - 168, 26.06.2022

Özlem Zerrin Keyvan

https://doi.org/10.36484/liberal.1033110

Öz

Xi Jinping’in 2012’de iktidara gelmesiyle, Çin dış politikasında büyük değişimler ortaya çıkmıştır. Xi, Deng Xiaoping›in düşük profilli kalma doktrinini, başarı için çabalayan daha iddialı diplomatik stratejisiyle değiştirmiştir. Ancak Çin, kapsayıcı barışçıl kalkınma stratejisinden asla vazgeçmemiştir. Aynı zamanda Xi Jinping yönetiminde Çin, dış politikanın markası olarak “Çin Karakterli Büyük Ülke Diplomasisini” formüle etmiştir. Xi ayrıca, Çin ulusunun büyük gençleşmesinin bir parçası olarak Çin rüyasını ve insanlık için ortak bir geleceğin parçası olarak Dünya rüyasını benimsemiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping ve Xi Jinping’in diplomatik stratejilerinin teori ve pratiğini araştırmak ve bunların dönemselleştirilmesine ve içeriğine ilişkin Çin görüşünü sistematize etmek olmuştur. Böylece bu çalışma Xi’nin büyük ülke diplomasisini stratejik ortaklıklar, kapsayıcı bir kalkınma modeli olarak Kuşak ve Yol girişimi ve deniz milliyetçiliği ışığında incelemektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Büyük Ülke Diplomasisi, Çin Rüyası, Düşük Profil Stratejisi, Başarı İçin Çabalama, Kuşak ve Yol Girişimi

The Transformation of Chinese Foreign Policy From The Beginning to The Present: Major Country Diplomacy

Öz

Since the ascension of Xi Jinping to power in 2012, massive shifts in Chinese foreign policy have emerged. Xi has replaced Deng Xiaoping’s doctrine of keeping of a low profile with his more assertive diplomatic strategy striving for achievement. However, China has never abandoned its inclusive strategy of peaceful development. At the same time, under Xi Jinping, China has formulated “Major Country Diplomacy with Chinese Characteristics” as his brand of foreign policy. Xi has also adopted the Chinese dream as part of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and the world dream as part of a shared future for humankind. The objective of this study is to explore on the theory and practice of the diplomatic strategies of Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping, and Xi Jinping and systematize the Chinese view of their periodization and content. Thus, this study examines Xi’s major country diplomacy in the light of strategic partnerships, maritime nationalism, and the Belt and Road initiative as an inclusive development model. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Major Country Diplomacy, China Dream, Low Profile Strategy, Striving For Achievement, Belt and Road Initiative

Kaynakça

• Bautista, Lowell (2018). The South China Sea Arbitral Award: Evolving Post-Arbitration Strategies, Implications and Challenges, Asian Politics&Policy, 10(2), 178-189.
• BBC (2018). British Navy's HMS Albion warned over South China Sea 'Provocation'. Erişim tarihi: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-45433153
• Chubb, A. (2019). Xi Jinping and China’s Maritime Policy. Brookings. Erişim tarihi: https://www.brookings.edu/articles/xi-jinping-and-chinas-maritime-policy/
• CPCnews (2014). Zhōngyāng wàishì gōngzuò huìyì zàijīng jǔxíng xíjìnpíng fābiǎo zhòngyào jiǎnghuà (Pekin'de Düzenlenen Merkezi Dış İlişkiler Çalışma Konferansında Xi Jinping Önemli Bir Konuşma Yaptı), Erişim tarihi: http://cpc.people.com.cn/n/2014/1130/c64094-26119225.html Deng X. (2008). Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping (1982-1992). Beijing, China: Renmin Chubanshe.
• Dorsey, J. (2019). China and the Middle East: Venturing into the Maelstrom. Palgrave Macmillan.
• Eisenman J. ve Heginbotham, E. (2019). Building a More “Democratic” and “Multipolar” World: China’s Strategic Engagement with Developing Countries, The China Review, 19( 4), 55–83.
• Fang, S. ve Xiaojun L. (2020). “Historical Ownership and Territorial Disputes.” The Journal of Politics, 82 (1), 1–5
• Feng, W. (2018). Xīn shídài zhōngguó tèsè dàguó wàijiāo, kēxué nèihán, zhànlüè bùjú yǔ shíjiàn yāoqiú (Yeni Çağda Çin Karakterli Büyük Ülke Diplomasisi, Bilimsel Çağrışım, Stratejik Düzen ve Pratik Gereklilikler), Guójì zhǎnwàng (Uluslararası Bakış), 13-28.
• Ferchen, M. (2018). ‘China, Venezuela, and the Illusion of Debt-Trap Diplomacy’. AsiaGlobal Online, https://www.asiaglobalonline.hku.hk/china-venezuela-debt-trap-diplomacy/
• Fu, Y. (2016). The US World Order is a suit that no longer fits. Erişim tarihi: https://www.ft.com/content/c09cbcb6-b3cb-11e5-b147-e5e5bba42e51
• Fu, M. (2019). ‘Yidai Yilu’ Jianshe de Chixuxing Wenti (‘Kuşak ve Yol’ İnşaatının Sürdürülebilirliği), Beijing: Shishi Chubanshe.
• Garver, J. W. (2016). China’s Quest: The History of the Foreign Relations of the People’s Republic of China. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Gill, B. (2001). “Discussion of ‘China: A Responsible Great Power’”. Journal of Contemporary China, 10(26), 27-32.
• Haas, B. (2018). Washington's Sharksucker': Chinese media fires at Britain over South China Sea,Erişim tarihi: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/07/washingtons-sharksucker-chinese-media-fires-at-britain-over-south-china-sea
• Han, Q. (2014). Quánqiú huà bèijǐng xià “zhōngguó huàyǔ tǐxì jiànshè yǔ “zhōngguó huàyǔ quán (Küreselleşme Bağlamında Çin Söylem Sistemi ve Çin Söylem Haklarının İnşası). Zhōnggòng zhōngyāng dǎngxiào xuébào (Çin Komünist Partisi Merkez Parti Okulu Dergisi), (5), 47-50.
• He, Y. (2016). China's Major-Country Diplomacy Progresses on all fronts, Erişim tarihi: http://www.china.org.cn/china/NPC_CPPCC_2016/2016-03/06/content_37950893.htm
• Hong, Y. (2017). ‘Motivation behind China’s “One Belt, One Road Initiatives and Establishment of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank”’. Journal of Contemporary China, 26(105), 353-368
• Hu, J. (2005). "Building a Harmonious World of Lasting Peace and Common Prosperity." Erişim tarihi: https://www.un.org/webcast/summit2005/statements15/china050915eng.pdf
• Hu, K. (2019a). Zhōngguó tèsè dàguó wàijiāo huàyǔ de gòujiàn yánjiū: Nèihán yǔ yìyì (Çin Karakterli Büyük Devlet Diplomatik Söyleminin İnşası Üzerine Araştırma: Çağrışım ve Önemi)
• Hu R. (2019b). Xi Jinping xin shidai guoji huayuquan jianshe de jiegou fenxi (Xi Jinping'in Yeni Dönemde Uluslararası Söylem Gücü İnşasının Yapısal Analizi). Journal of Anhui Normal University 47(1), 8–15.
• Hu, W. 2019. Xi Jinping’s ‘Major Country Diplomacy’: The Role of Leadership in Foreign Policy Transformation. Journal of Contemporary China, 28 (115), 1–14.
• Hughes, C. R. (2011). Reclassifying Chinese Nationalism: The geopolitik Turn. Journal of Contemporary China, 20 (71), 601-620.
• Hughes, A. C. (2019). ‘Understanding and Minimizing Environmental Impacts of the Belt and Road Initiative’. Conservation Biology, 33(4), 883-894.
• International Crisis Group. (2015). Stirring up the South China Sea (III): A fleeting opportunity for calm. Asia Report No. 267. Brussels: International Crisis Group.
• Khan W. S. (2018). Haunted by Chaos : China's Grand Strategy from Mao Zedong to Xi Jinping. Harvard University Press
• Kynge, J. (2018). ‘China’s Belt and Road difficulties are proliferating across the world’, Financial Times, Erişim tarihi: https://www.ft.com/content/fa3ca8ce-835c-11e8-a29d-73e3d454535d.
• Lagarde, C. (2017). Belt and Road Initiative: Proven Policies and New Economic Links. Erişim tarihi: https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2017/05/14/sp051417-belt-and-road-initiative-proven-policies-and-new-economic-links
• Li, Y. (2015). Zhōngguó guójì zhànlüè zhōng de guānjiàn xìng xiǎoguó (Çin'in uluslararası stratejisinde stratejik küçük ülkeler). Xiàndài guójì guānxì (Modern uluslararası ilişkiler), 2, 21-23.
• Lintner, B. (2019). China-Laos friendship blossoming. Asia Times. Erişim tarihi: https://asiatimes.com/2019/04/china-laos-friendship-blossoming/
• Liu, W. (2017). Inclusive globalization: New Philosophy of China’s Belt and Road Initiative. Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32(4), 331–339.
• Liu, Z. (2015). Uphold win-win cooperation and promote peace and stability in the Asia-Pacific. Erişim tarihi: http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjbxw/t1306891.shtml
• Luo, J. (2017). Zhōngguó de Jiùshìzhǔ Xīntài Yàobùdé (Çin'in kurtarıcı zihniyeti istenmiyor).Erişim tarihi: https://www.hkcd.com/content/2017-05/25/content_1049740.html
• Miller, T. (2017). China’s Asian Dream: Quiet Empire Building along the New Silk Road. London: Zed Books.
• Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (2018). ‘Xi Jinping Urges Breaking New Ground in Major Country Diplomacy with Chinese Characteristics’. Erişim tarihi: http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/wshd_ 665389/t1571296.shtml.
• Morawetz, D. (1979). Walking on Two Legs? Reflections on a China Visit. World Development, 7(8-9), 877–891.
• Murphy, Ann Marie (2021).China’s Grand Strategy towars Southeast Asia: Assessing the Response and Efficacy, Denon, D. B. H. (Ed.), China's Grand Strategy: A Roadmap to Global Power? içinde (s.121-145)
• Nathan, A. ve Scobell, A. (2012). China’s Search for Security. New York: Columbia University Press.
• Pan, J. (2009). Toward a New Framework for Peaceful Settlement of China's Territorial and Boundary Disputes. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
• Pardo, R. P. (2018). ‘Europe’s Financial Security and Chinese Economic State-craft: The Case of the Belt and Road Initiative’. Asia Europe Journal, 16(3), 237-250.
• People’s Daily (2013). Xíjìnpíng zài mòsīkē guójì guānxì xuéyuàn de yǎnjiǎng (Xi Jinping'in Moskova Uluslararası İlişkiler Enstitüsü'ndeki konuşması) http://politics.people.com.cn/n/2013/0324/c1024-20892661.html
• People’s Daily (2018). Xíjìnpíng: Tuīdòng gòng jiàn ‘yīdài yīlù’ zǒu shēn zǒu shí zàofú rénmín (Xi Jinping: Karşılıklı olarak “Tek Kuşak, Tek Yol” inşasını teşvik edin), http://politics.people.com.cn/n1/2018/0827/c1024-30254173.html
• Pearson, J ve Vu, K. (2019). Vietnam mulls legal action over South China Sea dispute. Erişim tarihi: https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-vietnam-southchinasea-idUKKBN1XG1D4
• Poh, A. ve Mingjiang, L. (2017). “A China in Transition: The Rhetoric and Substance of Chinese Foreign Policy under Xi Jinping”. Asian Security 13(29), 84-97
• Saunders, P. (2016). China’s Role in Asia: Attractive or Assertive. D. Shambaugh (Ed.). The China Reader: Rising Power içinde (s.368-383). Oxford University Press.
• Shrink, S. L. (2018). “China in Xi’s “New Era”: The Return to Personalastic Rule”. Journal of Democracy, 29(2), 22-36.
• Singh H. ve Pradhan R. P.(2019). Taiwan, Hong Kong & Macau in China’s infrastructure-Diplomacy and the China Dream: Will the Dominions Fall?, Maritime Affairs: Journal of the National Maritime Foundation of India, 15(1), 15-26
• Sorensen, C. (2013). ‘Is China Becoming More Aggressive? A Neoclassical Realist Analysis.’ Asian Perspective, 37 (3), 363-385.
• Sun, J. (2017a). Chuántǒng wénhuàyǔ shíbā dà yǐlái zhōngguó wàijiāo huà yǔ tǐxì gòujiàn (Çin Komünist Partisi 18. Ulusal Kongresinden Beri Geleneksel Kültür ve Çin Diplomatik Söylem Sisteminin İnşası), Wàijiāo pínglùn: Wàijiāo xuéyuàn xuébào (Diplomatik İnceleme: Çin Dış İlişkiler Üniversitesi Dergisi), 4,1-31
• Sun, M. (2017b). Xíjìnpíng “yīdài yīlù” gòuxiǎng jí shíjiàn de huàyǔ yánjiū (Xi Jinping'in "Bir Kuşak Bir Yol" Kavramı ve Pratiğinin Söylem Çalışması), Chóngqìng: Xīnán dàxué (Chongqing: Güneybatı Üniversitesi)
• Xinhua (2017a). Full text of Xi Jinping's report at 19th CPC National Congress, Erişim tarihi: http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/special/2017-11/03/c_136725942.htm
• Xinhua (2017b). Full Text of Resolution on Amendment to CPC Constitution, Erişim tarihi: http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-10/24/c_136702726.htm
• Xinhua (2017c). Full text of President Xi's speech at opening of Belt and Road Forum, Erişim tarihi: http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-05/14/c_136282982.htm
• Xi J. (2014a) “Xíjìnpíng tán zhìguó lǐ zhèng” (Devlet Yönetimi Üzerine Xi Jinping), Wàiwén Chūbǎn Shè (Yabancı Diller Yayınevi).
• Xi, J. (2014b). Xíjìnpíng: Dàguó wàijiāo yào yǒu zhòng guó qìpài (Xi Jinping: Büyük Ülke Diplomasisi Çin Tarzı Olmalı), Erişim tarihi: https://m.sohu.com/n/406506629/?pvid=000115_3w_a Xi J. (2015). Full text of Chinese President's speech at Boao Forum for Asia, Erişim tarihi: http://www.china.org.cn/business/2015-03/29/content_35185720.htm
• Xi J. (2017). Gòngtóng gòujiàn rénlèi mìngyùn gòngtóngtǐ——zài liánhéguó rìnèiwǎ zǒngbù de yǎnjiǎng (Birlikte insanlık için ortak bir geleceğe sahip bir topluluk inşa etmek - Cenevre'deki Birleşmiş Milletler merkezinde bir konuşma), Erişim tarihi: http://politics.people.com.cn/n1/2017/0119/c1001-29033860.html
• Xi, J. (2018). The Governance of China II. Beijing: Waiwen Chubanshe
• Xi, J. (2019). Zài “gào táiwān tóngbāo shū” fābiǎo 40 zhōunián jìniàn huì shàng de jiǎnghuà. (Tayvan'daki yurttaşlara mesajın yayınlanmasının 40. yıldönümü münasebetiyle toplantıda konuşma) Xinhua News. http://www.xinhuanet.com/tw/2019-01/02/c_1210028622.htm.
• Xi J. (2020).The Governance of China III, Foreign Languages Press.
• Xu, J. (1998). Juéqǐ jùrén de wàijiāo fānglüè (Yükselen Devin Diplomatik Stratejisi), Beijing: World Affairs Press.
• Xu, J. ve Du, Z. (2015). The Dominant Thinking Sets in Chinese Foreign Policy Research: A Criticism. The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 8(3), 251–279.
• Xu, J. (2018). Xīn shídài zhōngguó tèsè dàguó wàijiāo lǐniàn yǔ yuánzé wèntí chūtàn (Yeni Çağda Çin Karakterli Büyük Ülke Diplomasisinin Fikir ve İlkelerine İlişkin Bir Ön İnceleme).Contemporary International Relations, 3, 1–7.
• Xue, L. (2016). Yidai yilu’ yu ‘ouya shijie’ de daolai’ (Kuşak ve Yol ve Avrasya Yüzyılının Doğuşu), Beijing: Zhongguo Shehuikuoxue Chubanshe.
• Wang, J. (2018). Xi Jinping’s ‘Major Country Diplomacy:’A Paradigm Shift?. Journal of Contemporary China, 28(115), 1-16.
• Wang, J. ve Chen D. (2012). China’s New Grand Strategy in Call: Selective Leadership. International Conference on China’s Grand Strategy and Diplomatic Transformation. University of Macau, Macau Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China.
• Wang, Y. (2013a). Exploring the Path of Major-Country Diplomacy with Chinese Characteristics. Remarks by Foreign Minister Wang Yi at the Luncheon of the Second World Peace Forum, Erişim tarihi: https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/ wjb_663304/wjbz_663308/2461_663310/t1053908.shtml
• Wang Y. (2012). Zhōngguó wàijiāo rúhé zhēngqǔ guójì huàyǔ quán (Çin Diplomasisi Uluslararası Söylem için Nasıl Çalışıyor?). Rénmín lùntán·xuéshù qiányán (Halk Forumu·Akademik Sınır),12,60-63.
• Wang, Y. (2017). Creative Involvement The Evolution of China’s Global Role. Routledge.
• Wu, J. ve Zhang, Y. (2013) Xi Proposes a ‘New Silk Road’ with Central Asia. China Daily, Erişim tarihi: http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2013xivisitcenterasia/2013-09/08/content_16952228.htm.
• Votta De, N. (2016). China’s Influence in Sri Lanka: Negotiating Development, Authoritarianism and Regional Transformation, Evelyn Goh (Ed.), Rising China's Influence in Developing Asia içinde (s.129-154). Oxford University Press.
• Yan, X. (2014). From Keeping a Low Profile to Striving for Achievement, Chinese Journal of International Politics, 7(2), 153–84.
• Yang, J. (2015). Xīn shíqí zhōngguó wàijiāo sīxiǎng, zhànlüè hé shíjiàn de tànsuǒ chuàngxīn (Çin'in yeni dönemde diplomatik düşünce, strateji ve pratiğinin keşfi ve yeniliği), Guójì Wèntí Yánjiū (Uluslararası Sorunlar Araştırması), 1
• Yang, X. (2006). The Rise of China and its Power Status. The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 1(1), 5–33.
• Ye, X. (2019). Rediscovering the Transition in China’s National Interest: A Neoclassical Realist Approach. Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, 48(1),76-105.
• You, J. (2014). The PLA and Diplomacy: Unraveling Myths about the Military role in Foreign Policy-Making’. Journal of Contemporary China, 23(86), 236-254.
• Yun. Z (2018). Sino-Japanese Relations in a Trilateral Context: Origins of Misperception. Palgrave Macmillan.
• Tangyuenyong P. (2018). Decoding the Diplomatic Discourse of Contemporary China: Meaning Construction and Role in World Politics, International Journal of East Asian Studies, 21(2),19-34.
• Tsai, K. S. (2015). The China Dream: Tigers, Flies, and Other Challenges to Economic Reform. L., Chih-shian, D., Arthur S. (Ed.), China Dreams (China's New Leadership and Future Impacts) içinde (s.171-196).
• Zhang, M. (2021). China’s Development of Public Goods in the South China Sea Islands, J. A. Berlie (Ed.), China’s Globalization and the Belt and Road Initiative içinde (s.101-122), Palgrave Macmillan.
• Zhang, Y. (2016). China and Its neighbourhood: Transformation, Challenges and Grand Strategy, International Affairs, 92 (4),835–48.
• Zhao, K. (2015). “The Motivation behind China's Public Diplomacy.” The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 8 (2),167–96.
• Zhao, S. (2017). "American Reflections on the Engagement with China and Responses to President Xi’s New Model of Major Power Relations." Journal of Contemporary China 26 (106), 489-503.
• Zhao, S. (2018). “A Revisionist Stakeholder: China and the Post-World War II World Order.” Journal of Contemporary China. 27(113), 643–58.
• Zhao, S. (2019). ‘China’s Belt-Road Initiative as the Signature of President Xi Jinping Diplomacy: Easier Said Than Done’. The Journal of Contemporary China, 1–17.
• Zheng, Y. (2009). Zhōngguó xū quèlì dúlì wàijiāo huàyǔ (Çin bağımsız bir diplomatik söylem kurmalı), Liánhé zǎobào (Birleşik Günlük Haber), 2 -17.
• Zhou, F (2017). Fènfā yǒu wéi de shōuyì yǔ chéngběn (Başarı için Çabalamanın Yararları ve Maliyetleri). Zhanlue Juece Yanjiu (Strateji ve Karar Verme Dergisi), 3, 56–68.
• Zhu, C. Wu.. (2013). Dongya jichusheshi hulianhutong rongzi: wenti yu duice (Doğu Asya Altyapı Bağlantı Finansmanı: Sorunlar ve Politika Önerileri), Guoji Jingji Hezuo (Uluslararası Ekonomik İşbirliği), 10, 24–29.
• Qin, Y., Zhu, L., Wang, Y., Wei, L., Gao, F., Sun, J., Gao, S., Jing, X., & Yu, H. (2009). Guoji Tixi Yu Zhongguo Waijiao (Uluslararası Sistem ve Çin diplomasisi), Beijing: World Affairs Press.
• Wenjuan N. (2016). Xi Jinping's Foreign Policy Dilemma: One Belt, One Road or the South China Sea?. Contemporary Southeast Asia , 38( 3), 422-444