Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Alkole Başlama Nedenleri ve Kullanma Oranları

Öz

Bu araştırmada, Üniversite eğitimi alan gençlerin alkol kullanım oranları ve alkole başlamalarını ve kullanımlarını etkileyen sosyo-demografik özelliklerin tespiti amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma, genel tarama modelinde ilişkisel tarama deseninde nicel bir çalışmadır. Türkiye genelinde farklı bölgelerden seçilen yedi devlet üniversitesi ve iki vakıf üniversitesine devam eden 489 kadın ve 257 erkek öğrenci olmak üzere toplam 746 öğrenciden “Gençlik sağlığı durum tespit anketi ve demografik form” kullanılarak veriler toplanmıştır. Veriler SPSS 25.0 programı ile yüzdelik ve frekans analizi yöntemleriyle analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen çıkan sonuçlara göre alkol kullanımının ergenlikte başladığı, üniversite yıllarında alkole başlama oranının daha düşük olduğu, kadın öğrencilerin alkol kullanım oranının erkek öğrencilerden daha düşük olduğu, fakülte öğrencilerine kıyasla meslek yüksek okulunda okuyan öğrencilerinin alkol kullanım oranlarının daha düşük olduğu ve devlet üniversitelerinde vakıf üniversitelerine kıyasla alkol kullanım oranının daha yüksek olduğu, alkol kullanma nedenlerinde zevk alma ve arkadaş çevresinin etkisinin öne çıktığı görülmüştür. En az alkol tüketen öğrenci grubu sosyoekonomik düzeyi en düşük olan grup iken, spor ile ilgilenen öğrencilerin alkol kullanım oranının spor ile ilgilenmeyen öğrenciler ile eşit olduğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca bir hobi ile ilgilenen öğrencilerin, bir hobisi olmayan öğrencilere kıyasla alkol kullanım oranlarının daha yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ergenlik döneminde öğrencilere, alkolün vücuda verdiği zararların kavramsal boyutta verilmesi önerilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Alkol
• alkol kullanımı
• üniversite öğrencilerinde alkol kullanımı.

The Investigation of the underlying reasons and the rates of the alcohol usage amongst university students

Öz

Aim: In this study, it was aimed to determine the rates of alcohol use and the socio-demographic characteristics affecting the initiation and use of alcohol among university students. Method: The research is a quantitative study in relational screening design in the general screening model. Data were collected from a total of 746 students (489 female and 257 male students) attending 7 state universities and 2 foundation universities selected from different regions across Turkey using the Youth Health Status Questionnaire and demographic form. The data were analyzed by percentage and frequency analysis methods with SPSS 25.0 program. Findings: Considering the limitations of the study, the results showed that alcohol use starts in adolescence, the rate of alcohol initiation during university years is lower, the rate of alcohol use of female students is lower than that of male students, the rate of alcohol use of students studying at vocational schools is lower than that of faculty students, the rate of alcohol use is higher in state universities compared to foundation universities, the reasons for alcohol use are pleasure and the influence of friends. While it was found that the students of the Department of Classroom Teaching and the Department of Architecture used alcohol more than the students of other departments, when the whole sample was taken into consideration, it was seen that 1st grade students used alcohol proportionally more than all grades. While the group of students who consumed the least alcohol was the group with the lowest socioeconomic level, it was observed that the rate of alcohol use of students interested in sports was equal to that of students who were not interested in sports. It was also found that students who were interested in a hobby had higher rates of alcohol use compared to students who did not have a hobby, and there was no significant relationship between students' hobbies and alcohol use rates. Conclusion: It is recommended that students should be taught the conceptual dimension of the harm of alcohol to the body during adolescence.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Alcohol
• alcohol use
• alcohol use in university students.

Kaynakça

1. 1. Akers, R. L. (1998). Social learning and social structure: A general theory of crime and deviance. Northeastern University Press.
2. 2. Alpar, C. (2016). Spor sağlık ve eğitim bilimlerinden örneklerle uygulamalı istatistik ve geçerlik güvenirlik, Ankara, Detay yayıncılık.
3. 3. Brehm, J. W. (1966). A theory of psychological reactance. Academic Press.
4. 4. Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak, E. K., Akgün, Ö. E. K. S., & Demirel, F. (2012). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri, Ankara, Pegem akademi
5. 5. Czenczek-Lewandowska, E., Wyszyńska, J., Leszczak, J., Baran, J., Weres, A., Mazur, A., & Lewandowski, B. (2021). Health behaviours of young adults during the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic–a longitudinal study. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1038. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191711086
6. 6. Davoren, M. P., Cronin, M., Perry, I. J., Demant, J., Shiely, F., & O’Connor, K. (2016). A typology of alcohol consumption among young people–A narrative synthesis. Addiction Research & Theory, 24(4), 261-273. https://doi.org/10.3109/16066359.2015.1121244
7. 7. De Vaus, D. A. (1990). Surveys in social research (4th ed.). U.K.: UCL Press.p.66-67Durkheim, E. (1951). Suicide: A study in sociology (J. A. Spaulding & G. Simpson, Trans.). Free Press. (Original work published 1897). https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203994320
8. 8. Elliott, D. S., Huizinga, D., & Menard, S. (2012). Multiple Problem Youth: Delinquency, Substance Use, And Mental Health Problems. Springer Science & Business Media

9. 9. Ezzati, M., & Riboli, E. (2013). Behavioral and dietary risk factors for noncommunicable diseases. New England Journal of Medicine, 369(10), 954-964. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1203528
10. 10. Ford, J. A. (2007). Substance use among college athletes: A comparison based on sport/team affiliation. Journal of American College Health, 55(6), 367–373. https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.55.6.367-373
11. 11. Gilpin, N.W& Koob, G.F. (2008) Neurobiology of alcohol dependence: Focus on motivational mechanisms. Alcohol Res. Health, 31, 185. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2770186/
12. 12. Griswold, M. G., Fullman, N., Hawley, C., Arian, N., Zimsen, S. R., Tymeson, H. D., ... & Farioli, A. (2018). Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet, 392(10152), 1015-1035. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)31310-2/fulltext?dom=prime&src=syn
13. 13. Hingson, R.W., Zha, W. & White, A.M. (2017). Drinking beyond the binge threshold: Predictors, consequences, and changes in the U.S. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 52(6):717–727, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2017.02.014
14. 14. Immonen, S., Valvanne, J., & Pitkälä, K. H. (2011). Older adults' own reasoning for their alcohol consumption. International journal of geriatric psychiatry, 26(11), 1169-1176. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.2657
15. 15. Janssen, I. & LeBlanc, A.G. (2010). Systematic review of the health benefits of physical activity and fitness in school-aged children and youth. International Journal Of Behavioral Nutrition And Physical Activity 7, 40 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-7-40
16. 16. Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., & Bachman, J. G. (2002). Demographic subgroup trends for various licit and illicit drugs, 1975-2001. https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/137869/occ57.pdf?sequence=1
17. 17. Kalivas, P. W., & Volkow, N. D. (2005). The neural basis of addiction: A pathology of motivation and choice. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(8), 1403–1413. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.8.1403
18. 18. Karasar, N. (2005). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemi (17. Baskı). Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım, 81-83.)
19. 19. Koob GF, Le Moal M (1997). Drug abuse: hedonic homeostatic dysregulation. Science , 278: 52–58. doi: 10.1126/science.278.5335.52
20. 20. Koob, G. F. (2009). Neurobiology of addiction. In L. M. Cohen, F. L. Collins, Jr., A. M. Young, D. E. McChargue, T. R. Leffingwell, & K. L. Cook (Eds.), Pharmacology and treatment of substance abuse: Evidence- and outcome-based perspectives (pp. 85–108). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
21. 21. Koob, G., Volkow, N. (2010). Neurocircuitry of Addiction. Neuropsychopharmacol 35, 217–238 https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2009.110
22. 22. Kuntsche, E., Knibbe, R., Gmel, G., & Engels, R. (2005). Why do young people drink? A review of drinking motives. Clinical Psychology Review, 25(7), 841–861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2005.06.002
23. 23. Mathurin, P., & Bataller, R. (2015). Trends in the management and burden of alcoholic liver disease. Journal of hepatology, 62(1), S38-S46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2015.03.006
24. 24. Miech, R. A., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Wright, B. R. E., & Silva, P. A. (2011). Low socioeconomic status and mental disorders: A longitudinal study of selection and causation during young adulthood. American Journal of Sociology, 110(4), 1071–1101. https://doi.org/10.1086/428701
25. 25. Miller, K. E., Melnick, M. J., Barnes, G. M., Farrell, M. P., & Sabo, D. F. (2002). Athletic involvement and adolescent delinquency. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 31(5), 431–446. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015686807568
26. 26. McGue, M., & Iacono, W. G. (2005). The association of early adolescent problem behavior with adult psychopathology. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(6), 1118-1124. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.6.1118
27. 27. Miron, A. M., & Brehm, J. W. (2006). Reactance theory - 40 years later. Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie, 37(1), 9–18. https://doi.org/10.1024/0044-3514.37.1.9
28. 28. OECD Health Data 2021, https://www.oecd.org/els/health-systems/health-data.htm
29. 29. Patrick, M. E., Graupensperger, S., Dworkin, E. R., Duckworth, J. C., Abdallah, D. A., & Lee, C. M. (2021). Intoxicated driving and riding with impaired drivers: Comparing days with alcohol, marijuana, and simultaneous use. Drug and alcohol dependence, 225, 108753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108753
30. 30. Perkins, H. W. (2002). Surveying the damage: A review of research on consequences of alcohol misuse in college populations. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, Supplement, 14, 91–100. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsas.2002.s14.91
31. 31. Rada, C., Ispas, A.T. (2016). Alcohol consumption and accentuated personality traits among young adults in Romania: a cross-sectional study. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 11, 36 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13011-016-0080-3
32. 32. Savic, M., Room, R., Mugavin, J., Pennay, A., & Livingston, M. (2016). Defining “drinking culture”: A critical review of its meaning and connotation in social research on alcohol problems. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 23(4), 270-282. https://doi.org/10.3109/09687637.2016.1153602
33. 33. Şencan, H. (2005). Güvenilirlik ve Geçerlilik, Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık
34. 34. Tavşancıl, E. (2014). Tutumların Ölçülmesi ve Spss ile Veri Analizi. 5. Baskı, Nobel Yayıncılık, Ankara
35. 35. T.C. Kalkınma Bakanlığı (2018). 11. Kalkınma Planı, Sağlıklı Yaşam ve Bağımlılıkla Mücadele Alt Çalışma Grubu, Ankara. https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Saglikli-Yasam_ve_Bagimlilikla-Mucadele-Calisma-Grubu-Bagimlilikla-Mucadele-Alt-Calisma-Grubu-Raporu.pdf
36. 36. Tremblay, M. S., Leblanc, A. G., Kho, M. E., Saunders, T. J., Larouche, R., Colley, R. C., & Gorber, S. C. (2011). Systematic review of sedentary behaviour and health indicators in school-aged children and youth. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition And Physical Activity, 8(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-8-98
37. 37. Tözün, M., Sözmen, M. K., & Babaoğlu, A. B. (2017). Türkiye’nin batısında bir üniversite’nin sağlık ile ilişkili okullarında beslenme alışkanlıkları ve bunun obezite, fizik aktivite ve yaşam kalitesi ile ilişkisi. ESTÜDAM Halk Sağlığı Dergisi, 2(1). /https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/545977
38. 38. TÜİK, Türkiye Sağlık Araştırması, (2012b), http://www.tuik.gov.tr/IcerikGetir.do?istab_id=223
39. 39. Wagner, F. A., & Anthony, J. C. (2002). From first drug use to drug dependence: developmental periods of risk for dependence upon marijuana, cocaine, and alcohol. Neuropsychopharmacology, 26(4), 479-488. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0893-133X(01)00367-0
40. 40. Wang, S. C., Chen, Y. C., Chen, S. J., Lee, C. H., & Cheng, C. M. (2020). Alcohol addiction, gut microbiota, and alcoholism treatment: A review. International journal of molecular sciences, 21(17), 6413. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21176413
41. 41. Weitzman, E. R., Folkman, A., Folkman, M. K. L., & Wechsler, H. (2003). The relationship of alcohol outlet density to heavy and frequent drinking and drinking-related problems among college students at eight universities. Health & place, 9(1), 1-6.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1353-8292(02)00014-X
42. 42. White, A., & Hingson, R. (2020). The burden of alcohol use: Excessive alcohol consumption and related consequences among college students. Alcohol Research: Current Reviews, 40(2), 01. https://doi.org/10.35946/arcr.v40.2.01
43. 43. World Health Organization. (2015). Alcohol fact, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs349/en/..