Islah ve Adaptasyon Perspektifinde Küçükbaş Hayvanlarda Alternatif Üreme Stratejileri

Öz

Küçükbaş hayvan yetiştiriciliği, gıda güvenliği, kırsal kalkınma ve iklim değişikliğine dayanıklı üretim sistemleri açısından önemli bir yere sahiptir. Ancak iklimsel stres faktörleri, yem kaynaklarındaki dalgalanmalar ve mevsimsel üreme sınırlamaları, koyun ve keçilerde üreme performansını olumsuz etkilemektedir. Bu nedenle alternatif üreme stratejilerinin geliştirilmesi ve uygulanması büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada küçükbaş hayvanlarda küresel iklim değişikliğinin üreme üzerine etkileri, biyoteknolojik yöntemler kapsamında östrus senkronizasyonu, yapay tohumlama, embriyo transferi, in vitro üretim teknikleri, klonlama ve genetik marker tabanlı seleksiyon uygulamaları değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca CRISPR/Cas9 tabanlı gen düzenleme, hastalıklara dirençli hatların geliştirilmesi ve iklime dayanıklı ırkların ıslahı gibi yeni nesil yaklaşımlar ele alınmıştır. Foliküler dinamiğe müdahale ve hormon uygulamaları, mevsim dışı üremenin sağlanmasında ve zamanlı tohumlama programlarının başarıya ulaşmasında kritik bir rol oynamaktadır. Bunun yanında besleme yöntemlerinin hem dişi hem de erkek fertilitesi üzerindeki etkileri, özellikle enerji-protein dengesi, mineral ve vitamin takviyeleri üzerinden tartışılmıştır. Yönetimsel ve çevresel adaptasyonun, sürü yönetimi, barınak koşulları, yerli ırkların korunması ve iklim stresine uyum bağlamında üreme performansını desteklediği vurgulanmıştır. Sonuç olarak küçükbaş hayvanlarda sürdürülebilir üretime yönelik stratejik öneriler sunmak amacıyla hazırlanan bu çalışmada; alternatif üreme stratejilerinin uygulanması yalnızca üretim verimliliğini artırmakla sınırlı kalmadığı, aynı zamanda genetik kaynakların korunması, iklim değişikliğine uyumun güçlendirilmesine ve sürdürülebilir hayvancılığın desteklenmesine yönelik kritik bir araç niteliğinde olduğu öne çıkmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Yapay Tohumlama
• Sürü İdaresi
• Sürdürülebilirlik
• İklim Değişikliği

Alternative Reproductive Strategies for Small Ruminants in a Breeding and Adaptation Perspective

Öz

Small ruminant production systems play a significant role in food security, rural development, and climate-resilient production systems. However, climatic stress factors, fluctuations in feed resources, and seasonal breeding constraints negatively affect reproductive performance in sheep and goats. Therefore, the development and implementation of alternative breeding strategies are of great importance. This study evaluated the effects of global climate change on reproduction in small ruminants, including biotechnological methods such as estrus synchronization, artificial insemination, embryo transfer, in vitro production techniques, cloning, and genetic marker-based selection. In addition, new generation approaches such as CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing, the development of disease-resistant lines, and the breeding of climate-resistant breeds were addressed. Intervention in follicular dynamics and hormone applications play a critical role in achieving off-season reproduction and the success of timed insemination programs. Furthermore, the effects of feeding methods on both female and male fertility, particularly through energy-protein balance, mineral, and vitamin supplementation, were discussed. It was emphasized that managerial and environmental adaptation supports reproductive performance in the context of herd management, housing conditions, conservation of native breeds, and adaptation to climate stress. In conclusion, this study, prepared to offer strategic recommendations for sustainable production in small ruminants, highlights that the implementation of alternative reproductive strategies is not limited to increasing production efficiency but also serves as a critical tool for conserving genetic resources, strengthening adaptation to climate change, and supporting sustainable animal breeding.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Artifical Insemination
• Herd Manegement
• Sustainability
• Climate Change

Kaynakça

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