TECHNOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND COMPARISON OF TWO CERAMIC CLAYS USED FOR MANUFACTURING OF TRADITIONAL CERAMIC PRODUCTS IN TURKEY

Öz

In the present investigation, two different clay samples from the region of Menemen (İzmir) and the region of Kınık (Bilecik) were characterized by mineralogical, chemical and thermal analyses and different technological tests. The drying sensitivity of the clay bodies was also studied by
determining Drying Sensitivity Index. The results revealed that the Menemen Clay (MC) composed of kaolinite and muscovite clay minerals whereas Kınık Clay (KC) consists mostly of clinochlore and muscovite. The MC contains about 50% clay minerals and 35.71% quartz whereas the KC has about 41% clay minerals and 50% quartz. As a result of this composition, the firing shrinkage and total shrinkage values of the MC were higher than that of the KC. On the other hand, the KC presents a higher value of plasticity index (PI) than the MC. On the evaluation of drying sensitivity of two ceramic muds, it was concluded that the KC has the less Drying Sensitivity Index (DSI) (0.75) value than the MC (0.84).

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Clay,Ceramic,Ceramic mud,Drying sensitivity index

TÜRKİYE’DE GELENEKSEL SERAMİK ÜRÜNLERİN İMALATINDA KULLANILAN İKİ SERAMİK KİLİNİN TEKNOLOJİK TANIMLAMASI VE KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI

Öz

Bu çalışmada, Menemen (İzmir) ve Kınık (Bilecik) bölgelerinden alınan iki farklı kil numunesinin mineralojik, kimyasal, ısıl ve teknolojik özellikleri belirlenerek tanımlaması yapılmıştır. Kil bünyelerinin kuruma hassasiyeti Kuruma Hassasiyeti İndeksi belirlenmek suretiyle çalışılmıştır. Sonuçlara göre Menemen Kili (MC) kaolinit ve muskovit minerallerinden oluşmakta iken, Kınık Kili (KC) çoğunlukla klinoklor ve muskovit içermektedir. MC %50 kil mineralleri ve %35.71 kuvars içerirken, KC %41 kil mineralleri ve %50 kuvars içeriğine sahiptir. Bunun bir sonucu olarak MC’nin pişirme küçülmesi ve toplam küçülme değerleri KC’den daha yüksek çıkmıştır. Diğer taraftan KC’nin plastisite indeksi (PI) MC’den daha yüksektir. İki seramik çamurunun kuruma hassasiyetlerinin değerlendirilmesi neticesinde KC’nin (0.75) MC’den (0.84) daha düşük Kuruma Hassasiyeti İndeksi (DSI) değerine sahip olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kil,Seramik,Seramik çamuru,Kuruma hassasiyeti indeksi

Kaynakça

1. Ancey, C., 2007. Plasticity and Geophysical Flows: A Review. Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics 142 (1-3), 4-35.
2. Atanasov, A., 2005. Drying Properties of a Ceramic Mass Resistible to Aggressive Environment. Journal of the University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 40 (4), 311–314.
3. Aungatichart, P., Wada, S. 2009. Correlation Between Bigot and Ratzenberger Drying Sensitivity Indices of Red Clay from Ratchaburi Province (Thailand). Applied Clay Science, 43, 182–185.
4. Baccour, H., Medhioub, M., Jamoussi, F., Mhiri, T., Daoud, A., 2008. Mineralogical Evaluation and Industrial Applications of the Triassic Clay Deposits, Southern Tunisia. Materials Characterization, 59, 1613-1622.
5. Baccour, H., Medhioub, M., Jamoussi, F.Mhiri, T., 2009. Influence of Firing Temperature on the Ceramic Properties of Triassic Clays from Tunisia. J. Materials Processing Technology, 209 (6), 2812-2817.
6. Bergaya, F., Lagaly, G., 2006. General Introduction: Clays, Clay Minerals and Clay Science, in Handbook of Clay Science edited by F. Bergaya, B.K.G. Theng, G. Lagaly, Published by Elsevier, p.5-6.
7. Can, M.M., Ozcan, S., Ceylan, A., Firat, T., 2010. Effect of Milling Time on the Synthesis of Magnetite Nanoparticles by Wet Milling. Materials Science and Engineering B. 172, 72-75.
8. Carretero, M.I., Dondi, M., Fabbri, B., Raimondo, M., 2002. The Influence of Shaping and Firing Technology on Ceramic Properties of Calcareous and Non-Calcareous Illitic–Chloritic Clays. Applied Clay Science, 20, 301– 306.

9. Casagrande, A., 1947. Plasticity Chart for the Classification of Cohesive Soils. Trans. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng. 783-811.
10. Celik, H., 2010. Technological Characterization and Industrial Application of Two Turkish Clays for the Ceramic Industry. Applied Clay Science, 50, 245-254.
11. Celik, H., 2015. Recycling of Boron Waste to Develop Ceramic Wall Tile in Turkey. Transactions of The Indian Ceramic Society, 74 (2), 108-116.
12. Colak, M., Aksu, G., 2001. Ceramic Raw Materials of Menemen (İzmir) Their Mineralogical and Chemical Properties. Proceedings Book of 10th National Clay Symposium, Konya, 228-234 (in Turkish).
13. Diels, K., Jaeckel, R., 2013. Leybold Vacuum Handbook. Published by Pergamon Press Ltd., p.185.
14. Fisher, P., 1984. Some Comments on the Color of Fired Clays. Ziegelindustrie International, 37, 475-483.
15. Ford, R.W., 1986. Ceramics Drying. First ed. Pergamon, Oxford.
16. Harvey, C.C., Murray, H.H. 2006. Clays: An Overview, in Industrial Minerals & Rocks: Commodities, Markets, and Uses 7th ed., edited by J. E. Kogel, et al., Published by Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration. pp.335-336.
17. Holtz, R.D., Kovacs, W.D., 1981. Kansas Geotechnical Survey, Current Research in Earth Science. Bulletin 244, part 3, The Relationship Between Geology and Landslide Hazards of Atchison, Kansas and Vicinity.
18. Konig, R., 1998. Ceramic Drying. First ed. Novokeram, Krumbach. Kreimeyer, R., 1987. Some Notes on the Firing Color of Clay Bricks. Applied Clay Science, 2, 175-183.
19. Kurama, S., Kara, A., Kurama, H., 2007. Investigation of Borax Waste Behaviour in Tile Production. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 27 (2-3), 1715–1720.
20. Lutterotti L., 2010. MAUD WEB, version 1.9. http://www.ing.unitn.it/~luttero/maud.
21. Mahmoudi, S., Srasra, E., Zargouni, F., 2008. The Use of Tunisian Barremian Clay in the Traditional Ceramic Industry: Optimization of Ceramic Properties. Applied Clay Science, 42, 125-129.
22. Modesto, de C.O., Bernardin, A.M., 2008. Determination of Clay Plasticity: Indentation Method versus Pfefferkorn Method. Applied Clay Science, 40, 15-19.
23. Monterio, S.N., Vieira, C.M.F., 2004. Influence of Firing Temperature on the Ceramic Properties of Clays from Campos Dos Goytacazes, Brazil. Applied Clay Science, 27, 229-234.
24. Ozkan, I., 2015. Densification Behavior of Red Firing Menemen Clay. Journal of the Australian Ceramic Society. 51, 36–39.
25. Peters, J.F., 1991. Determination of Undrained Shear Strength of Low Plasticity Clays. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Science and Geomechanics Abstracts, 28 (1), 13.
26. Ratzenberger, H., 1986a. Causes and Methods of Determining the Drying Sensitivity of Raw Materials for Structural Ceramics and Heavy Clay Products. Ziegelindustrie International 10, 535–540.
27. Ratzenberger, H., 1986b. Possibilities for Reducing the Drying Sensitivity of Ceramic Raw Materials. Ziegelindustrie International, 11, 594–599.
28. Ratzenberger, H., 1990. An Accelerated Method for the Determination of Drying Sensitivity. Ziegelindustrie International, 6, 348–354.
29. Reinholz, S.Ch., 1987. Natural Drying Sensitivity of Clay Ceramic Raw Materials and Bodies Causes and Restriction through Additives. Interbrick. 3 (6), 23–27.
30. Schneider, H.E., Hanke, W., 1996. Determination of the Drying Crack Sensitivity of Structural Ceramics and Heavy Clay Raw Materials. Ziegelindustrie International, 7–8, 468–480.
31. Scherer, G.W., 1990. Theory of Drying. Journal of the American Ceramic Society 73, 3–14.
32. Singer, F., Singer, S.S., 1963. Industrial Ceramics. Chapman and Hall Ltd, London. 99-100.
33. Souza, G.P., Sanchez, R., de Holanda, J.N.F., 2002. Characteristics and Physical-Mechanical Properties of Fired Kaolinitic Materials. Ceramica. 48 (306), 102-107.
34. TS EN ISO 10545-3, 1995. Ceramic Tiles—Part 3: Determination Of Water Absorption, Apparent Porosity, Apparent Relative Density and Bulk Density. Turkish Standards Institution.
35. TS EN ISO 10545-4, 1995. Ceramic Tiles—Part 4: Determination Of Modulus Of Rapture and Breaking Strength. Turkish Standards Institution.