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FUNDAMENTALS OF THIOSULPHATE LEACHING OF GOLD AND SILVER – PART I

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 56 Sayı: 3, 117 - 130, 01.09.2017

Fırat Ahlatcı Ersin Y. Yazıcı Oktay Celep Hacı Deveci

https://doi.org/10.30797/madencilik.390779
Cited By: 1

Öz

Today, the most common (>%90) method preferred for production of gold from ores is cyanide leaching. Cyanide leaching with its well-known chemistry has been used industrially since the late 19th century. Restrictions have come into force particularly in recent years due to ever increasing environmental concerns for high toxicity of cyanide. European Union has once considered a general ban on the use of cyanide; however, they could not apply such a ban due to the lack of an alternative that can economically and technically compete with cyanide. Thiosulphate has received particular attention among reagents alternative to cyanide with its attributes such as low toxicity and high leaching kinetics. Thiosulphate leaching could also provide high recoveries in some refractory ores where cyanide leaching fails. The first commercial application of thiosulphate leaching has been implemented by Barrick Gold Co. in 2015. In this study, historical development of ammoniacal thiosulphate leaching, its technical and environmental merits, leach mechanism and parameters affecting leaching were discussed. Alternative thiosulphate leaching systems were also evaluated.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Gold/silver Leaching Thiosulphate Cyanide Hydrometallurgy

Kaynakça

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TİYOSÜLFAT İLE ALTIN VE GÜMÜŞ LİÇİNİN TEMELLERİ – BÖLÜM I

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 56 Sayı: 3, 117 - 130, 01.09.2017

Fırat Ahlatcı Ersin Y. Yazıcı Oktay Celep Hacı Deveci

https://doi.org/10.30797/madencilik.390779
Cited By: 1

Öz

Günümüzde, cevherlerden altın üretiminde en yaygın (>%90) olarak tercih edilen yöntem siyanür içidir. Siyanür liçi, 19. yüzyılın sonlarından itibaren endüstriyel olarak kullanılmaktadır ve liç imyası iyi bilinmektedir. Bununla beraber özellikle son yıllarda, siyanürün yüksek derecede
toksik özelliğe sahip olmasına bağlı olarak artan çevresel kaygılar nedeniyle, kullanımına air kısıtlamalar getirilmiştir. Avrupa Birliği 2010 yılında siyanürün tamamen yasaklanmasını eğerlendirmiş ancak; altın kazanımında teknik ve ekonomik açıdan siyanür liçi ile yarışabilen bir teknoloji mevcut olmadığı için genel bir yasak getirmemiştir. Siyanüre alternatif reaktifler arasında tiyosülfat, düşük toksik özelliği ve yüksek liç kinetiği gibi özellikleri ile ön plana çıkmıştır. Tiyosülfat liçi, siyanür ile etkin olarak kazanılamayan bazı refrakter tip cevherlerde de yüksek verimler
sağlamaktadır. Tiyosülfat liçinin ilk endüstriyel uygulaması 2015 yılında Barrick Gold firması tarafından uygulamaya geçirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, amonyaklı tiyosülfat liçinin tarihsel gelişimi, siyanür liçi ile teknik/çevresel açıdan karşılaştırılması, liç mekanizması ve liç işlemini etkileyen
temel parametreler irdelenmiştir. Ayrıca, alternatif tiyosülfat liçi sistemleri de değerlendirilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Altın/gümüş Liç Tiyosülfat Siyanür Hidrometalurji

Kaynakça

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  • Miller, J.D., Wan, R.Y., Diaz, X., 2005. Preg-robbing Gold Ores, Developments in Mineral Processing.” Editör: Adams M.D. Western Australia: Elsevier, 937-972.
  • Molleman, E., 1998. The Treatment of Copper–Gold Ores by Ammonium Thiosulfate Leaching, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, The University of British Columbia, Kanada, s. 186.
  • Molleman, E., Dreisinger, D., 2002. The Treatment of Copper–Gold Ores by Ammonium Thiosulfate Leaching. Hydrometallurgy, 66, 1-21.
  • Muir, D.M., La Brooy, S.R., Fenton, K., 1991. Processing Copper-Gold Ores with Ammonia or Ammonia-Cyanide Solutions. World Gold 1991, 21-25 Nisan, Cairns Qld, 145-150.
  • Navarro, P., Vargas, C., Alonso, M., Alguacil, F.J., 2007. Towards A More Environmentally Friendly Process for Gold: Models on Gold Adsorption onto Activated Carbon from Ammoniacal Thiosulfate Solutions. Desalination, 211, 58-63.
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  • Oraby, E.A., Eksteen, J.J., 2015a. Gold leaching in cyanide-starved copper solutions in the presence of glycine. Hydrometallurgy, 156, 81-88.
  • Oraby, E.A., Eksteen, J.J., 2015b. The Leaching of Gold, Silver and Their Alloys in Alkaline Glycine–Peroxide Solutions and Their Adsorption on Carbon. Hydrometallurgy, 152, 199-203.
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  • Puente-Siller, D.M., Fuentes-Aceituno, J.C., Nava-Alonso, F., 2014. Study of Thiosulfate Leaching of Silver Sulfide in The Presence of EDTA and Sodium Citrate. Effect of NaOH and NH4OH. Hydrometallurgy, 14, 1-11.
  • Puente-Siller, D.M., Fuentes-Aceituno, J.C., Nava-Alonso, F., 2017. An Analysis of The Efficiency and Sustainability of The Thiosulfate-Copper-Ammonia- Monoethanolamine System for The Recovery of Silver as An Alternative to Cyanidation, 169, 16-25.
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  • Rees, K.L., Van Deventer, J.S.J., 2000. Preg-robbing Phenomena in The Cyanidation of Sulphide Gold Ores. Hydrometallurgy, 58 (1), 61-80.
  • Resmi Gazete, 2015. Maden Atıkları Yönetmeliği. Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı, 15 Temmuz 2015 Çarşamba, Sayı: 29417
  • Rodriguez, L.G., Macias, F., 2009. To Cyanide or Not to Cyanide? Some Argentinean Provinces Banned Use of Cyanide in Mining Activities: Is This Prohibition Legal? Rocky Mountain Mineral Law Foundation Journal, 46 (2), 237-252.
  • Senanayake, G., 2004a. Analysis of Reaction Kinetics, Speciation and Mechanism of Gold Leaching and Thiosulfate Oxidation by Ammoniacal Copper(II) Solutions. Hydrometallurgy, 75 (1-4), 55-75.
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  • Syed, S., 2012. Recovery of Gold from Secondary Sources–A Review. Hydrometallurgy, 115-116, 30-51.
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  • Xia, C., 2008. Associated Sulfide Minerals in Thiosulfate Leaching of Gold: Problems and Solutions. Doktora Tezi, Queen’s University Kingston, Ontario, Kanada, s.321.
  • Xia, C., Yen, W.T., Deschenes, G., 2003. Improvement of Thiosulfate Stability in Gold Leaching. Minerals & Metallurgical Processing, 20 (2), 68-72.
  • Xu, B., Yang, Y., Jiang, T., Li, Q., Zhang, X., Wang, D., 2015. Improved Thiosulfate Leaching of a Refractory Gold Concentrate Calcine with Additives. Hydrometallurgy, 152, 214-222.
  • Van Zijll de Jong, S., van Deventer, J.S.J., Hamilton, I.C., 2002. The Effect of Metal Ions on the Electrochemistry of Gold Dissolution in the Ammoniacal Thiosulphate System. In: Gostomski, P.A., Mori- son, K.R. (Eds.), Proc. 9th APCChE Cong. and CHEMECA 2002. University of Canterbury, Christchurch.
  • Yazıcı, E. Y., 2005. Atık Sulardaki Siyanürün Hidrojen Peroksit, Aktif Karbon Adsorpsiyonu ve Ses Ötesi Dalgalarla Uzaklaştırılması, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Maden Mühendisliği, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, Trabzon, s. 124.
  • Zhang, H., Dreisinger, D.B., 2004. The Recovery of Gold from Ammoniacal Thiosulfate Solutions Containing Copper Using Ion Exchange Resin Columns. Hydrometallurgy, 72, 225-234.
  • Zhang, S., Nicol, M.J., 2003. An Electrochemical Study of the Dissolution of Gold in Thiosulfate Solutions. Part I. Alkaline Solutions. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 33, 767-775.
  • Zhang, S., Nicol, M.J., 2005. An Electrochemical Study of the Dissolution of Gold in Thiosulfate Solutions. Part II. Effect of Copper, Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 35, 339–345.
  • Zhang, X.M., Senanayake, G., 2016. A Review of Ammoniacal Thiosulfate Leaching of Gold: An Update Useful for Further Research in Non-Cyanide Gold Lixiviants. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 37 (6), 385-411.
  • Zipperian, D., Raghavan, S., Wilson, J.P., 1988. Gold and Silver Extraction by Ammoniacal Thiosulfate Leaching from A Rhyolite Ore. Hydrometallurgy, 19, 361–375.
Toplam 108 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Fırat Ahlatcı 0000-0002-4751-4725

Ersin Y. Yazıcı 0000-0002-8711-0784

Oktay Celep Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-9024-4196

Hacı Deveci 0000-0003-4105-0912

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Eylül 2017
Gönderilme Tarihi 23 Mayıs 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Cilt: 56 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Ahlatcı, F., Yazıcı, E. Y., Celep, O., Deveci, H. (2017). TİYOSÜLFAT İLE ALTIN VE GÜMÜŞ LİÇİNİN TEMELLERİ – BÖLÜM I. Scientific Mining Journal, 56(3), 117-130. https://doi.org/10.30797/madencilik.390779
AMA Ahlatcı F, Yazıcı EY, Celep O, Deveci H. TİYOSÜLFAT İLE ALTIN VE GÜMÜŞ LİÇİNİN TEMELLERİ – BÖLÜM I. Mining. Eylül 2017;56(3):117-130. doi:10.30797/madencilik.390779
Chicago Ahlatcı, Fırat, Ersin Y. Yazıcı, Oktay Celep, ve Hacı Deveci. “TİYOSÜLFAT İLE ALTIN VE GÜMÜŞ LİÇİNİN TEMELLERİ – BÖLÜM I”. Scientific Mining Journal 56, sy. 3 (Eylül 2017): 117-30. https://doi.org/10.30797/madencilik.390779.
EndNote Ahlatcı F, Yazıcı EY, Celep O, Deveci H (01 Eylül 2017) TİYOSÜLFAT İLE ALTIN VE GÜMÜŞ LİÇİNİN TEMELLERİ – BÖLÜM I. Scientific Mining Journal 56 3 117–130.
IEEE F. Ahlatcı, E. Y. Yazıcı, O. Celep, ve H. Deveci, “TİYOSÜLFAT İLE ALTIN VE GÜMÜŞ LİÇİNİN TEMELLERİ – BÖLÜM I”, Mining, c. 56, sy. 3, ss. 117–130, 2017, doi: 10.30797/madencilik.390779.
ISNAD Ahlatcı, Fırat vd. “TİYOSÜLFAT İLE ALTIN VE GÜMÜŞ LİÇİNİN TEMELLERİ – BÖLÜM I”. Scientific Mining Journal 56/3 (Eylül 2017), 117-130. https://doi.org/10.30797/madencilik.390779.
JAMA Ahlatcı F, Yazıcı EY, Celep O, Deveci H. TİYOSÜLFAT İLE ALTIN VE GÜMÜŞ LİÇİNİN TEMELLERİ – BÖLÜM I. Mining. 2017;56:117–130.
MLA Ahlatcı, Fırat vd. “TİYOSÜLFAT İLE ALTIN VE GÜMÜŞ LİÇİNİN TEMELLERİ – BÖLÜM I”. Scientific Mining Journal, c. 56, sy. 3, 2017, ss. 117-30, doi:10.30797/madencilik.390779.
Vancouver Ahlatcı F, Yazıcı EY, Celep O, Deveci H. TİYOSÜLFAT İLE ALTIN VE GÜMÜŞ LİÇİNİN TEMELLERİ – BÖLÜM I. Mining. 2017;56(3):117-30.

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Bilimsel Madencilik Dergisi
https://doi.org/10.30797/madencilik.932319