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BALANCING IDENTITY AND LIBERTY: A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF LIBERAL NATIONALISM

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 237 - 270, 25.10.2024
https://doi.org/10.53425/madergisi.1527422

Öz

Nationalism studies examine political and cultural nationalism as fundamental frameworks for understanding nation-building and identity formation. Political nationalism emphasizes the importance of sovereignty, self-determination and governance structures that support these principles. In contrast, cultural nationalism focuses on preserving and promoting shared heritage, language and traditions that define a community’s distinctive identity. Liberal nationalism, on the other hand, seeks to balance collective identity with the protection of individual rights and freedoms and seeks to harmonize these elements in a democratic context. Leading thinkers such as Yael Tamir, David Miller and Will Kymlicka have engaged in rigorous debates about the merits and challenges of liberal nationalism. These thinkers address the complexities and tensions that arise in different and pluralistic contexts regarding liberal nationalism and explore its potential to promote inclusive and harmonious societies. One critical debate focuses on the applicability of liberal nationalism, particularly in societies with significant ethnic, cultural and religious diversity. This article aims to fill an important gap in the literature by providing a comprehensive analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of liberal nationalism. It compares this ideology with other forms of nationalism, such as ethnic and civic nationalism, providing a nuanced understanding of its distinct features and potential benefits. The article also assesses the applicability of liberal nationalism through literature reviews. By examining the theoretical foundations and practical implications of liberal nationalism, this study offers a perspective on its role in contemporary democracies. It highlights how liberal nationalism can be a viable framework for nation-building that respects collective identity and individual rights and offers a balanced approach to governance in increasingly diverse societies.

Kaynakça

  • Anderson, B. (1983). Imagined Communities: Reflections On the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.
  • Atasoy, F. (2020). Milliyetçilik Tartışmaları: Sosyolojik Temellendirme Örnekleri. Ankara: Net Kitaplık Yayıncılık.
  • Berezin, M. (2022). “Identity, narratives, and nationalism”. In A. Sajo, R. Uitz, & S. Holmes (Eds.), Routledge handbook of illiberalism (pp. 237-249). New York: Routledge.
  • Chin, C. (2021). “Multiculturalism and nationalism: Models of belonging to diverse political community”. Nations and Nationalism. 27(1): 112-129. https://doi.org/10.1111/nana. 12 657.
  • Couture, J., Nielsen, K., & Seymour, M. (1996). “Afterword: Liberal nationalism both cosmopolitan and rooted”. Canadian Journal of Philosophy Supplementary. 22: 579-662. https://doi.org/10.1 08 0/00455091.1997.10716828.
  • Çiçek, A., & Taylan, Ö. (2023). “Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi ve Dicle Üniversitesi öğrencilerinde milliyetçilik algısı üzerine bir saha araştırması”. Dicle Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. 32: 418-448.
  • Gat, A. (2012). Nations: The long history and deep roots of political ethnicity and nationalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Gellner, E. (2008). Nations and nationalism. İthaca: Cornell University Press.
  • Grader, S. L. (1985). “John Stuart Mill’s theory of nationality: A liberal dilemma in the field of international relations”. Millennium: Journal of International Studies. 14(2): 207-216. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/03058298850140020801.
  • Hall, J. A. (1998). The state of the nation: Ernest Gellner and the theory of nationalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hechter, M. (2024). Milliyetçiliği Dizginlemek (A. Yanık, Trans.). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Hobsbawm, E. (2021). On nationalism. Paris: Hachette UK.
  • Hobsbawm, E., & Ranger, T. (Eds.). (1992). The invention of tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hutchinson, J., & Smith, A. D. (Eds.). (1994). Nationalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • İnaç, H., & Ünal, F. (2013). “The construction of national identity in modern times: Theoretical perspective”. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science. 3(11): 223-232.
  • Kaufmann, E. (2000). Liberal ethnicity: Beyond liberal nationalism and minority rights. Ethnic and Racial Studies. 23(6): 1086-1119. https://doi.org/10.1080/014198700750018423.
  • Kedourie, E. (1993). Nationalism (4th ed.). Hampshire: Blackwell.
  • Kirloskar-Steinbach, M. (2001). “Liberal nationalism: A critique”. Trames. 5(55): 107-119. https://doi.org/10.3176/tr.2001.2.01.
  • Kitromilides, P. M. (2005). “Elie Kedourie’s contribution to the study of nationalism”. Middle Eastern Studies. 41(5): 661-663. https://doi.org/10.1080/00263200500233166.
  • Kohn, H. (1944). The idea of nationalism: A study in its origins and background. New York: Macmillan.
  • Konak, İ. (2020). Liberal ve Komüniteryan Çokkültürlülük. Ankara: Nobel Bilimsel Eserler.
  • Köktürk, M. (2016). Millet ve milliyetçilik. İstanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat.
  • Kymlicka, W. (1996). Multicultural citizenship: A liberal theory of minority rights (Reprint ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Kymlicka, W. (1998). Finding our way: Rethinking ethnocultural relations in Canada. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Kymlicka, W., & Norman, W. (2000). “Citizenship in culturally diverse societies: Issues, contexts, concepts”. Citizenship in diverse societies. 1: 1-43.
  • Lind, M. (1994). “In defense of liberal nationalism”. Foreign Affairs. 73(3): 87-99. https://doi.org/10.2307/20046660.
  • Lorberbaum, M. (1994). “Review of Liberal nationalism”. Mind. 103(410): 236-239.
  • Mason, A. (1999). “Political community, liberal-nationalism, and the ethics of assimilation”. Ethics. 109(2): 261-286. https://doi.org /10.1086/233896.
  • Miller, D. (1995). On nationality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Miller, D. (2008). “Nationalism”. In J. S. Dryzek, B. Honig, & A. Phillips (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of political theory (pp. 546-562). Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.10 93/oxfor dhb/9780199548439.003.0029.
  • Miller, M. L. (2010). “From liberal nationalism to cosmopolitan patriotism: Simon Deutsch and 1848ers in exile”. European Review of History: Revue Européenne d’Histoire. 17(3): 379-393. https://doi.org/10.1080/13507486.2010.481931
  • Moore, M. (1999). “Beyond the cultural argument for liberal nationalism”. Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy. 2(3): 26-47. https://doi.org/10.1080/13698239908 403282.
  • Moore, M. (2001). “Normative justifications for liberal nationalism: Justice, democracy and national identity”. Nations and Nationalism. 7(1): 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-8219. 00 001.
  • Özkirimli, U. (2017). Theories of nationalism: A critical introduction (3rd ed.). London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Perry, T. (2014). Autonomy, culture and nationality: The failure of liberal nationalism. In APSA 2014 annual meeting paper.
  • Piper, L. (2002). “Do I need ethnic culture to be free? A critique of Will Kymlicka’s liberal nationalism”. South African Journal of Philosophy. 21(3): 180-189. https://doi.org/10.4314/sajpem.v 21i3.31344.
  • Renan, E. (2018). What is a nation? and other political writings. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Scavenius, T. (2017). “The Indeterminacy Failures of Moral Cosmopolitanism and Liberal Nationalism”. Journal of Global Ethics. 13(2): 206-220. https://doi.org/10.1080/17449626.2017 .1364659.
  • Smart, P. (1992). “Mill and nationalism: National character, social progress and the spirit of achievement”. History of European Ideas. 15(4): 527-534. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-6599(92) 90058-K.
  • Smith, A. D. (2013). Nations and nationalism in a global era. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Smith, A. D. (2009). Ethno-symbolism and nationalism: A cultural approach. New York: Routledge.
  • Spencer, V. A. (2014). “Rethinking cultural and political nationalism”. Politics, Groups, and Identities. 2(4): 666-673. http s://doi.org/ 10.1080/21565503.2014.970561.
  • Tamir, Y. (1993). Liberal nationalism. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Tamir, Y. (2019). “Not so civic: Is there a difference between ethnic and civic nationalism?”. Annual Review of Political Science. 22(1): 419-434. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-0220 18-02 4059.
  • Tamir, Y., & Rodrik, D. (2019). Why nationalism. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Tok, N. (2003). Kültür, kimlik ve siyaset: kültüre ilişkin meseleler için kimlik temelli bir yaklaşım. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Tok, N. (2013). “Liberal milliyetçilik”. In A. Öztürk (Ed.), Res Publica (pp. 266-285). Ankara: Doğu Batı Yayınları.
  • Tomasi, J. (1995). “Kymlicka, liberalism, and respect for cultural minorities”. Ethics. 105(3): 580-603. https://doi.org/10.1086/ 293728.
  • Uzun, T. (2020). Türk Milliyetçiliği ve MHP. Ankara: Orion Yayınları.

KİMLİK VE ÖZGÜRLÜĞÜ DENGELEMEK: LİBERAL MİLLİYETÇİLİĞİN KAPSAMLI BİR ANALİZİ

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 237 - 270, 25.10.2024
https://doi.org/10.53425/madergisi.1527422

Öz

Milliyetçilik çalışmaları, ulus inşası ve kimlik oluşumunu anlamak için temel çerçeveler olarak siyasi ve kültürel milliyetçiliği incelemektedir. Siyasi milliyetçilik egemenliğin, kendi kaderini tayin hakkının ve bu ilkeleri destekleyen yönetişim yapılarının önemini vurgular. Buna karşılık kültürel milliyetçilik, bir topluluğun kendine özgü kimliğini tanımlayan ortak miras, dil ve geleneklerin korunması ve desteklenmesine odaklanır. Liberal milliyetçilik ise kolektif kimlik ile bireysel hak ve özgürlüklerin korunması arasında denge kurmaya çalışarak bu unsurları demokratik bir bağlamda uyumlaştırmaya çalışmaktadır. Yael Tamir, David Miller ve Will Kymlicka gibi önde gelen düşünürler, liberal milliyetçiliğin yararları ve zorlukları hakkında titiz tartışmalar yürütmektedir. Bu düşünürler, liberal milliyetçiliğe dair farklı ve çoğulcu bağlamlarda ortaya çıkan karmaşıklıkları ve gerilimleri ele alırken, kapsayıcı ve uyumlu toplumları teşvik etme potansiyelini araştırmaktadır. Kritik tartışmalardan biri, özellikle önemli etnik, kültürel ve dini çeşitliliğe sahip toplumlarda liberal milliyetçiliğin uygulanabilirliğine odaklanmaktadır. Bu makale, liberal milliyetçiliğin güçlü ve zayıf yönlerinin kapsamlı bir analizini sunarak literatürdeki önemli bir boşluğu doldurmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu ideolojiyi etnik ve sivil milliyetçilik gibi diğer milliyetçilik biçimleriyle karşılaştırarak farklı özelliklerinin ve potansiyel faydalarının incelikli bir şekilde anlaşılmasını sağlamaktadır. Makale ayrıca, liberal milliyetçiliğin uygulanabilirliğini literatür taramaları ile değerlendirmektedir. Liberal milliyetçiliğin teorik temellerini ve pratik sonuçlarını inceleyen bu çalışma, çağdaş demokrasilerdeki rolüne ilişkin bir perspektif sunmaktadır. Liberal milliyetçiliğin ulus inşası için hem kolektif kimliğe hem de bireysel haklara saygı duyan ve giderek çeşitlenen toplumlarda yönetişim için dengeli bir yaklaşım sunan nasıl uygulanabilir bir çerçeve olabileceğini vurgulamaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Anderson, B. (1983). Imagined Communities: Reflections On the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.
  • Atasoy, F. (2020). Milliyetçilik Tartışmaları: Sosyolojik Temellendirme Örnekleri. Ankara: Net Kitaplık Yayıncılık.
  • Berezin, M. (2022). “Identity, narratives, and nationalism”. In A. Sajo, R. Uitz, & S. Holmes (Eds.), Routledge handbook of illiberalism (pp. 237-249). New York: Routledge.
  • Chin, C. (2021). “Multiculturalism and nationalism: Models of belonging to diverse political community”. Nations and Nationalism. 27(1): 112-129. https://doi.org/10.1111/nana. 12 657.
  • Couture, J., Nielsen, K., & Seymour, M. (1996). “Afterword: Liberal nationalism both cosmopolitan and rooted”. Canadian Journal of Philosophy Supplementary. 22: 579-662. https://doi.org/10.1 08 0/00455091.1997.10716828.
  • Çiçek, A., & Taylan, Ö. (2023). “Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi ve Dicle Üniversitesi öğrencilerinde milliyetçilik algısı üzerine bir saha araştırması”. Dicle Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. 32: 418-448.
  • Gat, A. (2012). Nations: The long history and deep roots of political ethnicity and nationalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Gellner, E. (2008). Nations and nationalism. İthaca: Cornell University Press.
  • Grader, S. L. (1985). “John Stuart Mill’s theory of nationality: A liberal dilemma in the field of international relations”. Millennium: Journal of International Studies. 14(2): 207-216. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/03058298850140020801.
  • Hall, J. A. (1998). The state of the nation: Ernest Gellner and the theory of nationalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hechter, M. (2024). Milliyetçiliği Dizginlemek (A. Yanık, Trans.). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Hobsbawm, E. (2021). On nationalism. Paris: Hachette UK.
  • Hobsbawm, E., & Ranger, T. (Eds.). (1992). The invention of tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hutchinson, J., & Smith, A. D. (Eds.). (1994). Nationalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • İnaç, H., & Ünal, F. (2013). “The construction of national identity in modern times: Theoretical perspective”. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science. 3(11): 223-232.
  • Kaufmann, E. (2000). Liberal ethnicity: Beyond liberal nationalism and minority rights. Ethnic and Racial Studies. 23(6): 1086-1119. https://doi.org/10.1080/014198700750018423.
  • Kedourie, E. (1993). Nationalism (4th ed.). Hampshire: Blackwell.
  • Kirloskar-Steinbach, M. (2001). “Liberal nationalism: A critique”. Trames. 5(55): 107-119. https://doi.org/10.3176/tr.2001.2.01.
  • Kitromilides, P. M. (2005). “Elie Kedourie’s contribution to the study of nationalism”. Middle Eastern Studies. 41(5): 661-663. https://doi.org/10.1080/00263200500233166.
  • Kohn, H. (1944). The idea of nationalism: A study in its origins and background. New York: Macmillan.
  • Konak, İ. (2020). Liberal ve Komüniteryan Çokkültürlülük. Ankara: Nobel Bilimsel Eserler.
  • Köktürk, M. (2016). Millet ve milliyetçilik. İstanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat.
  • Kymlicka, W. (1996). Multicultural citizenship: A liberal theory of minority rights (Reprint ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Kymlicka, W. (1998). Finding our way: Rethinking ethnocultural relations in Canada. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Kymlicka, W., & Norman, W. (2000). “Citizenship in culturally diverse societies: Issues, contexts, concepts”. Citizenship in diverse societies. 1: 1-43.
  • Lind, M. (1994). “In defense of liberal nationalism”. Foreign Affairs. 73(3): 87-99. https://doi.org/10.2307/20046660.
  • Lorberbaum, M. (1994). “Review of Liberal nationalism”. Mind. 103(410): 236-239.
  • Mason, A. (1999). “Political community, liberal-nationalism, and the ethics of assimilation”. Ethics. 109(2): 261-286. https://doi.org /10.1086/233896.
  • Miller, D. (1995). On nationality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Miller, D. (2008). “Nationalism”. In J. S. Dryzek, B. Honig, & A. Phillips (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of political theory (pp. 546-562). Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.10 93/oxfor dhb/9780199548439.003.0029.
  • Miller, M. L. (2010). “From liberal nationalism to cosmopolitan patriotism: Simon Deutsch and 1848ers in exile”. European Review of History: Revue Européenne d’Histoire. 17(3): 379-393. https://doi.org/10.1080/13507486.2010.481931
  • Moore, M. (1999). “Beyond the cultural argument for liberal nationalism”. Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy. 2(3): 26-47. https://doi.org/10.1080/13698239908 403282.
  • Moore, M. (2001). “Normative justifications for liberal nationalism: Justice, democracy and national identity”. Nations and Nationalism. 7(1): 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-8219. 00 001.
  • Özkirimli, U. (2017). Theories of nationalism: A critical introduction (3rd ed.). London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Perry, T. (2014). Autonomy, culture and nationality: The failure of liberal nationalism. In APSA 2014 annual meeting paper.
  • Piper, L. (2002). “Do I need ethnic culture to be free? A critique of Will Kymlicka’s liberal nationalism”. South African Journal of Philosophy. 21(3): 180-189. https://doi.org/10.4314/sajpem.v 21i3.31344.
  • Renan, E. (2018). What is a nation? and other political writings. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Scavenius, T. (2017). “The Indeterminacy Failures of Moral Cosmopolitanism and Liberal Nationalism”. Journal of Global Ethics. 13(2): 206-220. https://doi.org/10.1080/17449626.2017 .1364659.
  • Smart, P. (1992). “Mill and nationalism: National character, social progress and the spirit of achievement”. History of European Ideas. 15(4): 527-534. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-6599(92) 90058-K.
  • Smith, A. D. (2013). Nations and nationalism in a global era. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Smith, A. D. (2009). Ethno-symbolism and nationalism: A cultural approach. New York: Routledge.
  • Spencer, V. A. (2014). “Rethinking cultural and political nationalism”. Politics, Groups, and Identities. 2(4): 666-673. http s://doi.org/ 10.1080/21565503.2014.970561.
  • Tamir, Y. (1993). Liberal nationalism. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Tamir, Y. (2019). “Not so civic: Is there a difference between ethnic and civic nationalism?”. Annual Review of Political Science. 22(1): 419-434. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-0220 18-02 4059.
  • Tamir, Y., & Rodrik, D. (2019). Why nationalism. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Tok, N. (2003). Kültür, kimlik ve siyaset: kültüre ilişkin meseleler için kimlik temelli bir yaklaşım. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Tok, N. (2013). “Liberal milliyetçilik”. In A. Öztürk (Ed.), Res Publica (pp. 266-285). Ankara: Doğu Batı Yayınları.
  • Tomasi, J. (1995). “Kymlicka, liberalism, and respect for cultural minorities”. Ethics. 105(3): 580-603. https://doi.org/10.1086/ 293728.
  • Uzun, T. (2020). Türk Milliyetçiliği ve MHP. Ankara: Orion Yayınları.
Toplam 49 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Siyasal Akımlar
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Ali Çiçek 0000-0001-9875-2400

Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Ekim 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 3 Ağustos 2024
Kabul Tarihi 13 Ekim 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Çiçek, A. (2024). BALANCING IDENTITY AND LIBERTY: A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF LIBERAL NATIONALISM. Milliyetçilik Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(2), 237-270. https://doi.org/10.53425/madergisi.1527422

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