The effect of instructional design supported by real-time information on students’ academic achievement and perceived learning

Öz

The aim of this study is to examine the effect of an instructional design supported by pre-prepared digital information cards containing the lesson’s core learning outcomes, key concepts and critical explanations, presented immediately following the teacher’s explanation on the academic achievement and perceived learning levels of secondary school students. The research was conducted using a pre-test/post-test controlled experimental design. The study group comprised a total of thiry-six secondary school students, with eighteen students in each of the experimental and control groups. In both groups, lessons were delivered by the same teacher using traditional oral instruction; in the experimental group, real-time digital information cards were used in addition to this instruction. Academic achievement was assessed using pre-tests and post-tests based on the same learning outcomes; perceived learning was assessed using a seven-item form adapted from a scale originally developed for university students to the secondary school level, which has shown initial evidence of validity regarding its unidimensional structure and exhibits high internal consistency. Data analysis utilised the Mann-Whitney U Test, the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test, the Independent Samples T-Test and Spearman’s Rank Correlation. The findings show that post-test scores were significantly higher than pre-test scores in both the experimental and control groups. However, no significant difference was found between the groups’ post-test and achievement scores. In contrast, the experimental group’s perceived learning scores were found to be significantly higher than those of the control group, and the difference was determined to have a large effect size. No significant relationship was found between the academic achievement indicators and perceived learning in either group. The results show that there was no significant difference between the two classes examined in terms of short-term academic achievement and learning gains. However, the perceived learning scores were higher in the class where teaching supported by digital flashcards was implemented. Due to the classroom-based nature of the study and differences in teaching durations, these results should not be interpreted as the independent effect of digital flashcards. Future research is recommended to integrate flashcards with active recall, student responses and feedback, and to re-examine their effects using larger samples, long-term implementations and delayed retention tests.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Real-time information
• digital flashcards
• academic achievement
• perceived learning
• the principle of signalling

Destekleyen Kurum

This research received no financial or institutional support.

Etik Beyan

All rules stipulated in the “Directive on Scientific Research and Publication Ethics of Higher Education Institutions” were observed throughout the study. Prior to the research, ethical approval was obtained from the Social and Human Sciences Ethics Committee of Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University with its decision dated June 29, 2026, and numbered 06/221. In addition, informed consent for voluntary participation was obtained from both the participants and their parents or legal guardians. Before data collection began, the participants were provided with the necessary information about the study.

Teşekkür

I would like to thank all the students who participated in this study, as well as all the teachers and administrators who provided support.

Gerçek zamanlı bilgiyle desteklenmiş öğretim tasarımının öğrencilerin akademik başarısına ve algılanan öğrenmelerine etkisi

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amacı, öğretmen anlatımının hemen ardından sunulan, dersin temel kazanımlarını, anahtar kavramlarını ve kritik açıklamalarını içeren önceden hazırlanmış dijital bilgi kartlarıyla desteklenmiş öğretim tasarımının lise öğrencilerinin akademik başarıları ve algılanan öğrenme düzeyleri üzerindeki etkisini incelemektir. Araştırma, ön test-son test kontrol gruplu deneysel desenle yürütülmüştür. Çalışma grubunu deney ve kontrol gruplarında 18’er öğrenci olmak üzere toplam 36 lise öğrencisi oluşturmuştur. Her iki grupta dersler aynı öğretmen tarafından geleneksel sözlü anlatımla yürütülmüş; deney grubunda bu öğretime ek olarak gerçek zamanlı dijital bilgi kartları kullanılmıştır. Akademik başarı, aynı kazanımlara dayalı ön test ve son testlerle; algılanan öğrenme ise üniversite öğrencileri için geliştirilmiş bir ölçeğin lise düzeyine uyarlanması sonucunda elde edilen, tek faktörlü yapısına ilişkin ilk geçerlik kanıtları bulunan ve yüksek iç tutarlılık gösteren yedi maddelik form aracılığıyla değerlendirilmiştir. Verilerin analizinde Mann–Whitney U, Wilcoxon İşaretli Sıralar, bağımsız örneklemler t-testi ve Spearman sıra korelasyonu kullanılmıştır. Bulgular hem deney hem de kontrol grubunda son test puanlarının ön test puanlarından anlamlı düzeyde yüksek olduğunu göstermiştir. Bununla birlikte, grupların son test ve kazanım puanları arasında anlamlı bir fark bulunmamıştır. Buna karşılık deney grubunun algılanan öğrenme puanları kontrol grubundan anlamlı düzeyde yüksek bulunmuş ve farkın büyük etki büyüklüğüne sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Akademik başarı göstergeleri ile algılanan öğrenme arasında ise her iki grupta da anlamlı bir ilişki saptanmamıştır. Sonuçlar, incelenen iki sınıf arasında kısa süreli akademik başarı ve kazanım puanları bakımından anlamlı bir fark bulunmadığını, buna karşılık dijital bilgi kartlarıyla desteklenen öğretimin uygulandığı sınıfta algılanan öğrenme puanlarının daha yüksek olduğunu göstermiştir. Araştırmanın sınıf temelli yapısı ve öğretim sürelerindeki farklılık nedeniyle bu sonuçlar dijital bilgi kartlarının bağımsız etkisi olarak yorumlanmamalıdır. Gelecek araştırmalarda bilgi kartlarının aktif hatırlama, öğrenci yanıtı ve geri bildirimle bütünleştirilmesi; daha büyük örneklemler, uzun süreli uygulamalar ve gecikmeli kalıcılık testleriyle etkilerinin yeniden incelenmesi önerilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Gerçek zamanlı bilgi
• dijital bilgi kartları
• akademik başarı
• algılanan öğrenme
• sinyalleşme ilkesi

Destekleyen Kurum

Bu araştırma kapsamında herhangi bir kurumdan destek alınmamıştır

Etik Beyan

Yapılan çalışmada “Yükseköğretim Kurumları Bilimsel Araştırma ve Yayın Etiği Yönergesi” kapsamında uyulması belirtilen tüm kurallara uyulmuştur. Araştırma öncesinde, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Etik Kurulunun 29.06.2026 tarihli ve 06/221 sayılı kararıyla etik onay alınmıştır. Ayrıca katılımcıların araştırmaya gönüllü katılımlarına ilişkin velilerinden ve kendilerinden onam alınmıştır. Verilerin toplanmasına başlanmadan önce katılımcılara çalışma hakkında gerekli bilgilendirmeler yapılmıştır

Teşekkür

Bu çalışmaya katılan tüm öğrencilere ve yardımcı olan tüm öğretmen ve idarecilere teşekkür ederim.

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