Araştırma Makalesi

WHEN THE ADHAN AND THE BELLS MET: WESTERN FICTION PERSPECTIVES ON THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE IN LOUIS DE BERNIÈRES’S NOVEL BIRDS WITHOUT WINGS

Cilt: 19 Sayı: 54 21 Haziran 2026
PDF İndir
TR EN

WHEN THE ADHAN AND THE BELLS MET: WESTERN FICTION PERSPECTIVES ON THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE IN LOUIS DE BERNIÈRES’S NOVEL BIRDS WITHOUT WINGS

Öz

The Ottoman Empire offers a striking historical example of religious pluralism long before the modern era. By implementing the millet system, exercising adaptable governance, and demonstrating cultural openness, the Empire created significant opportunities for Muslims, Christians, and Jews to coexist within a shared society. This research addresses the portrayal of the Ottoman Empire in Western fiction using four different novels, but basically focusing on Louis de Bernières’s novel Birds Without Wings. The study examines the religious and social tolerance, pluralism, syncretism, coexistence, solidarity, interfaith, and intermarriage between different faiths and races in the Ottoman Empire. It also shed light on the question of non-Muslims’ loyalty to the Ottoman Empire. The research also addresses some ill-conceived policies following the dissolution of the Empire, like the compulsory population exchange between Turkey and Greece. This study contends that the erosion and eventual collapse of the Ottoman Empire precipitated the disintegration of its once-stable intercommunal harmony and social cohesion. Three primary factors drove this fragmentation: (1) the Empire’s decline and institutional dissolution, (2) protracted conflicts—including the Balkan Wars, World War I, and the Greco-Turkish War—which exacerbated sectarian tensions, and (3) the global ascendancy of nationalist ideologies that prioritized ethnic and religious divisions over unity.

Anahtar Kelimeler

The Ottoman Empire, Birds Without Wings, Religious Harmony, Social Coexistence, Population Exchange

Kaynakça

  1. Ágoston, G. - Masters, B. (2009). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. New York: Facts On File.
  2. Ağıl, N. (2021). On the possibility of multiculturalism: Birds Without Wings by Louis de Bernières. The Literacy Trek, 7(2), 81–95.
  3. Anderson, B. (1983). Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism. Verso.
  4. Andrić, I. (1945). The bridge on the Drina. (trans.: L. F. Edwards), London, England: Ruskin House.
  5. Balta, E. (2011). Tracing the presence of the Rum Orthodox population in Cappadocia: The evidence of tapu-tahrirs of the 15th and 16th centuries. Between Religion and Language: Turkish Speaking Christians, Jews, and Greek-Speaking Muslims and Catholics in the Ottoman Empire, (eds.: E. Balta - M. Ölmez), 185–214, Istanbul, Turkey: Eren Yayıncılık.
  6. Barkey, K. (2008). Empire of difference: The Ottomans in comparative perspective. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
  7. Bhabha, H. K. (1994). The location of culture. Routledge.
  8. Boym, S. (2001). The future of nostalgia. Basic Books.
  9. Braude, B. - Lewis, B. (1982). Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire: The functioning of a plural society. New York: Holmes & Meier Publishers.
  10. Clogg, R. (2014). The Greek millet in the Ottoman Empire. Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire (the abridged edition), (Eds.: B. Braude), pp. 109–132. Colorado, USA: Lynne Rienner Publishers.

Kaynak Göster

APA
Akyüz, A. Y. (2026). WHEN THE ADHAN AND THE BELLS MET: WESTERN FICTION PERSPECTIVES ON THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE IN LOUIS DE BERNIÈRES’S NOVEL BIRDS WITHOUT WINGS. Motif Akademi Halkbilimi Dergisi, 19(54), 810-831. https://doi.org/10.12981/mahder.1900804
AMA
1.Akyüz AY. WHEN THE ADHAN AND THE BELLS MET: WESTERN FICTION PERSPECTIVES ON THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE IN LOUIS DE BERNIÈRES’S NOVEL BIRDS WITHOUT WINGS. Motif Akademi. 2026;19(54):810-831. doi:10.12981/mahder.1900804
Chicago
Akyüz, Ahmet Yusuf. 2026. “WHEN THE ADHAN AND THE BELLS MET: WESTERN FICTION PERSPECTIVES ON THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE IN LOUIS DE BERNIÈRES’S NOVEL BIRDS WITHOUT WINGS”. Motif Akademi Halkbilimi Dergisi 19 (54): 810-31. https://doi.org/10.12981/mahder.1900804.
EndNote
Akyüz AY (01 Haziran 2026) WHEN THE ADHAN AND THE BELLS MET: WESTERN FICTION PERSPECTIVES ON THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE IN LOUIS DE BERNIÈRES’S NOVEL BIRDS WITHOUT WINGS. Motif Akademi Halkbilimi Dergisi 19 54 810–831.
IEEE
[1]A. Y. Akyüz, “WHEN THE ADHAN AND THE BELLS MET: WESTERN FICTION PERSPECTIVES ON THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE IN LOUIS DE BERNIÈRES’S NOVEL BIRDS WITHOUT WINGS”, Motif Akademi, c. 19, sy 54, ss. 810–831, Haz. 2026, doi: 10.12981/mahder.1900804.
ISNAD
Akyüz, Ahmet Yusuf. “WHEN THE ADHAN AND THE BELLS MET: WESTERN FICTION PERSPECTIVES ON THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE IN LOUIS DE BERNIÈRES’S NOVEL BIRDS WITHOUT WINGS”. Motif Akademi Halkbilimi Dergisi 19/54 (01 Haziran 2026): 810-831. https://doi.org/10.12981/mahder.1900804.
JAMA
1.Akyüz AY. WHEN THE ADHAN AND THE BELLS MET: WESTERN FICTION PERSPECTIVES ON THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE IN LOUIS DE BERNIÈRES’S NOVEL BIRDS WITHOUT WINGS. Motif Akademi. 2026;19:810–831.
MLA
Akyüz, Ahmet Yusuf. “WHEN THE ADHAN AND THE BELLS MET: WESTERN FICTION PERSPECTIVES ON THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE IN LOUIS DE BERNIÈRES’S NOVEL BIRDS WITHOUT WINGS”. Motif Akademi Halkbilimi Dergisi, c. 19, sy 54, Haziran 2026, ss. 810-31, doi:10.12981/mahder.1900804.
Vancouver
1.Ahmet Yusuf Akyüz. WHEN THE ADHAN AND THE BELLS MET: WESTERN FICTION PERSPECTIVES ON THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE IN LOUIS DE BERNIÈRES’S NOVEL BIRDS WITHOUT WINGS. Motif Akademi. 01 Haziran 2026;19(54):810-31. doi:10.12981/mahder.1900804