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KÜLT VE KÜLTÜR ARASINDA: YENİ BİR KÜLT TANIMLAMASINA DOĞRU

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 28, 1052 - 1068, 20.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.12981/mahder.630667

Öz

Bilimsel çalışmaların ilk basamağında yer alan terminoloji,
aynı şeyleri farklı terimlerle ifade etmeyi önleyen ve bu sayede anlaşma ortamı
sağlayan bir alan bilgisi sunar. Bu açıdan terminolojiye hâkim olmak, aynı
zamanda, alan bilgisine hâkim olmak anlamına gelmektedir. Her bilim alanında
olduğu gibi sosyal bilimler alanında da terminoloji zaman ve mekâna bağlı
olarak kendini güncellemekte ve yeni kavramlar eklenmektedir. Sosyal bilim
alanı içinde yer alan mit biliminde de bu güncellemeler yapılmaktadır. Türk mit
biliminde halen üzerinde fikir birliği sağlanamamış bazı terimler
bulunmaktadır. Bunlardan biri olan “kült” terimi, günümüze kadar teolojik bir
bakış açısı içinde değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca buradaki mevcut kült
tanımlamaları “bağlamı” göz ardı etmektedir. Bu bakış açısı ise kült ile ilgili
olarak “tapma ve/veya ibadet” karşılıklarının kullanımını yaygınlaştırmış
durumdadır. Dahası bu tür tanımlamalar, mit araştırmaları bağlamında, alanı
temsil kabiliyetine sahip değildir. Kült için verilen karşılıklar, kültün
meydana geliş sürecini anlama noktasında da yeterli bir açıklama
sağlamamaktadır. Dolayısıyla Türk mitolojisinde yeni bir kült tanımlamasına
ihtiyaç vardır. Söz konusu eksikliğin giderilmesinin amaçlandığı ve külte
ilişkin yeni bir tanımlamanın önerildiği bu çalışmada kült, öncelikli olarak,
kullanıldığı bağlama göre değerlendirilmiş, ardından külte yapısal ve işlevsel
açıdan yaklaşılmıştır. Bu değerlendirmeler ve yapısal işlevselcilik temelinde
yapılan sorgulamalar, kült ve kültür arasında bir ilişki olabileceğini ortaya
çıkartmıştır.  Çalışmada ele alınan bu
ilişki aracılığıyla “kültürün kült(sel) kökenleri” tespit edilebilmiştir. Bu
süreçte literatürdeki kült tanımları incelenmiş, konuyu tartışmaya açacak bir
biçimde ve mit araştırmalarında kullanılmak üzere yeni bir kült tanımlaması
önerilmiştir. Son olarak kültün mit bilimi araştırmaları -ve hatta günümüz
kültür çalışmaları- için önemi ortaya konulmuştur.

Kaynakça

  • AKYURT, Metin (1998). M. Ö. 2. Binde Anadolu’da Ölü Gömme Adetleri. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu.
  • ASSMANN, Jan (2015). Kültürel Bellek: Eski Yüksek Kültürlerde Yazı, Hatırlama ve Politik Kimlik. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • BARKER, Eileen (1986). “Religious Movements: Cult and Anticult since Jonestown”. Ann. Rev. Sociol., 12, 329-346.
  • BELTING, Hans (1994). Likeness and Presence: A History of the Image before the Era of Art. (Trans.: Edmund Jephcott), Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.
  • BUSS, Martin J. (1964). “The Meaning of “Cult” and the Interpretation of the Old Testament”. Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 4, 317-325.
  • ÇOBANOĞLU, Özkul (2001). “Ata”. Türk Dünyası Edebiyat Kavramları ve Terimleri Ansiklopedik Sözlüğü I, Ankara: AYK Atatürk Kültür Merkezi Başkanlığı.
  • DAVIS, Dena S. (1996). “Joining a Cult: Religious Choice or Psychological Aberration”. J.L. & Health, 11, 145-172.
  • EDARA, Inna R. (2017). “Religion: A Subset of Culture and an Expression of Spirituality”. Advances in Anthropology, 7, 273-288.
  • EISTER, Allan W. (1972). “An Outline of a Structural Theory of Cults”. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 4, 319-333.
  • FAULKNER, Quentin (1996). “Cult and Culture at the Millennium: Exploratory Notes on the New Religion”. Soundings: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 79, 399-420.
  • FLOOD, Finbarr B. (2002). “Between Cult and Culture: Bamiyan, Islamic Iconoclasm, and the Museum”. The Art Bulletin, 84, 641-659.
  • GEERTZ, Clifford (1973). The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Books, Inc.
  • HALTON, Eugene (2014). “Kültürün Kültsel Kökenleri”. Kültür Kuramı, (Çev.: Cumhur Atay), İstanbul: Pales Yayıncılık.
  • HARRISON, Jane E. (1913). Ancient Art and Ritual. London: Williams and Norgate.
  • IBRAHİM, Murtala (2013). “The Rise and Proliferation of New Religious Movements (NRMs) in Nigeria”. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 3, 181-190.
  • IBRAYEV, Şakir (2005). “Kazak Mitleri ve Mitik Efsaneleri Hakkında”. (Çev.: Metin Arıkan), Türk Dünyası İncelemeleri Dergisi, 2, 353-358.
  • INSOLL, Timothy (2005). “Archaeology of Cult and Religion”, Archaeology-The Key Concepts. (Ed.: Colin Renfrew and Paul Bahn), London and New York: Routledge.
  • JENSEN, Adolf E. (1963). Myth and Cult among Primitive Peoples. (Trans. M. T. Choldin and W. Weissleder), Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  • KELLY, Greg and Mcfarlane, Heather (2007). “Culture or Cult? The Mythological Nature of Occupational Therapy”. Occupational Therapy International, 14, 188-202.
  • LOWERY, R. H. (1991). The Reforming Kings: Cults and Society in First Temple Judah. England: Sheffield Academic Press.
  • LVOVA, E. L. ve diğerleri (2013). Güney Sibirya Türklerinin Geleneksel Dünya Görüşleri-Kâinat ve Zaman, Nesneler Dünyası. (Çev.: Metin Ergun), Konya: Kömen Yayınları.
  • MALINOWSKI, Bronislaw (1990). Büyü, Bilim ve Din. (Çev.: Saadet Özkal), İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınevi.
  • MISCALL, Peter D. (2011). “Review of Jacob Taubes, From Cult to Culture: Fragments Toward a Critique of Historical Reason, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2010”. The Bible and Critical Theory, 7, 98-100.
  • NEAL, Lynn S. (2011). “They’re Freaks!: The Cult Stereotype in Fictional Television Shows, 1958–2008”. Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions, 14, 81-107.
  • NELSON, Geoffrey K. (1969). “The Spiritualist Movement and the Need for a Redefinition of Cult”. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 8, 152-160.
  • OLSON, Paul J. (2006). “The Public Perception of ‘Cults’ and ‘New Religious Movements’”. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 45, 97-106.
  • PANCHENKO, Alexander (2004). “New Religious Movements and the Study of Folklore: The Russian Case”. Folklore, 28, 111-126.
  • PFEIFER, Jeffrey E. (1992). “The Psychological Framing of Cults: Schematic Representations and Cult Evaluations”. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 22, 531-544.
  • RICHARDSON, James T. (1979). “From Cult to Sect: Creative Eclecticism in New Religious Movements”. The Pacific Sociological Review, 22, 139-166.
  • RICHARDSON, James T. (1993). “Definitions of Cult: From Sociological-Technical to Popular-Negative”. Review of Religious Research, 34, 348-356.
  • SANDWITH, Corinne (2004). “Contesting a ‘Cult(ure) of Respectability’: Anti‐Colonial Resistance in the Western Cape, 1935–1950”. Current Writing: Text and Reception in Southern Africa, 16, 33-60.
  • SERED, Susan S. (1995). “Rachel’s Tomb: The Development of a Cult”. Jewish Studies Quarterly, 2, 103-148.
  • SEYMOUR-SMITH, Charlotte (1987). Macmillan Dictionary of Anthropology. London: The Macmillan Press Ltd.
  • SHILS, Edward (2003). “Gelenek”. Doğu Batı Düşünce Dergisi, 25, 101-131.
  • SHTERIN, Marat and RICHARDSON, James T. (2000). “Effects of the Western Anti-Cult Movement on Development of Laws Concerning Religion in Post-Communist Russia”. Journal of Church and State, 42, 247-271.
  • SMITH, Philip (2007). Kültürel Kuram. (Çev.: Selime Güzelsan ve İbrahim Gündoğdu), İstanbul: Babil Yayınları.
  • SWANTKO, Jean A. (2000). “The Twelve Tribes’ Communities, the Anti-Cult Movement, and Government’s Response”. Social Justice Research, 12, 341-364.
  • VOGT, von Ogden (1951). Cult and Culture: A Study of Religion and American Culture. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  • WALLACE, Anthony F. C. (1956). “Revitalization Movements”. American Anthropologist, 58, 264-281.
  • WINICK, Charles (1957). Dictionary of Anthropology. London: Peter Owen Limited.
  • YILDIRIM, Dursun (1991). “Türk Folklor Araştırmalarının Problemleri”. Milli Folklor, 11, 13-21.
  • YOSHIHIDE, Sakurai (2000). “Cult Controversy and Anti-Cult Movement in Japan since 1995: Case Study of a New Religions Cult, The Tenchi-Seikyo, Affiliated with the Unification Church”. The Annual Report on Cultural Science, 101, 193-226.

BETWEEN CULT AND CULTURE: TOWARDS A NEW CULT IDENTIFICATION

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 28, 1052 - 1068, 20.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.12981/mahder.630667

Öz

Terminology
in the first step of scientific studies prevents the expression of the same
objects in different terms and in this way, a field information that provides
an environment of agreement presents. To dominate terminology also means
dominating the field knowledge. However, terminology provides an opportunity to
help prevent conceptual clutter in field knowledge. As in every field of
science, the terminology of the social sciences is updated in time and space
and new concepts are added. These updates are also made in the mythology within
the field of social science. There are still some terms in Turkish mythology
that have not been agreed upon. One of them is the cult term and it has been
evaluated from a theological perspective until today. Also, it is seen that the
current definitions of cult in Turkish mythology ignore the “context”. This
point of view has expanded the use of “worship and/or prayers” provisions in
relation to cult. Moreover, such definitions are not capable of representing
the area in the context of myth research. Provisions for cult do not provide an
adequate explanation for the understanding of the occurrence of cult.
Therefore, a new cult definition is needed in Turkish mythology. In this study,
the said deficiency was tried to be eliminated and a new definition of the cult
has been proposed. In the study, the cult was evaluated primarily according to
the context in which it was used, and then it was approached structurally and
functionally. As a result of these evaluations and inquiries on the basis of
structural functionalism, it was found that there might be a relationship
between cult and culture.  “The cult(ic)
origins of culture” could be determined through this relationship in the study.
In this process, the definitions of cult in the literature were examined. Then,
it was proposed to define a new cult to be used in myth researches and to open
the subject to discussion. Finally, the importance of the cult for mythology
research -and even for today’s cultural studies- will be revealed.

Kaynakça

  • AKYURT, Metin (1998). M. Ö. 2. Binde Anadolu’da Ölü Gömme Adetleri. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu.
  • ASSMANN, Jan (2015). Kültürel Bellek: Eski Yüksek Kültürlerde Yazı, Hatırlama ve Politik Kimlik. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • BARKER, Eileen (1986). “Religious Movements: Cult and Anticult since Jonestown”. Ann. Rev. Sociol., 12, 329-346.
  • BELTING, Hans (1994). Likeness and Presence: A History of the Image before the Era of Art. (Trans.: Edmund Jephcott), Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.
  • BUSS, Martin J. (1964). “The Meaning of “Cult” and the Interpretation of the Old Testament”. Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 4, 317-325.
  • ÇOBANOĞLU, Özkul (2001). “Ata”. Türk Dünyası Edebiyat Kavramları ve Terimleri Ansiklopedik Sözlüğü I, Ankara: AYK Atatürk Kültür Merkezi Başkanlığı.
  • DAVIS, Dena S. (1996). “Joining a Cult: Religious Choice or Psychological Aberration”. J.L. & Health, 11, 145-172.
  • EDARA, Inna R. (2017). “Religion: A Subset of Culture and an Expression of Spirituality”. Advances in Anthropology, 7, 273-288.
  • EISTER, Allan W. (1972). “An Outline of a Structural Theory of Cults”. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 4, 319-333.
  • FAULKNER, Quentin (1996). “Cult and Culture at the Millennium: Exploratory Notes on the New Religion”. Soundings: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 79, 399-420.
  • FLOOD, Finbarr B. (2002). “Between Cult and Culture: Bamiyan, Islamic Iconoclasm, and the Museum”. The Art Bulletin, 84, 641-659.
  • GEERTZ, Clifford (1973). The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Books, Inc.
  • HALTON, Eugene (2014). “Kültürün Kültsel Kökenleri”. Kültür Kuramı, (Çev.: Cumhur Atay), İstanbul: Pales Yayıncılık.
  • HARRISON, Jane E. (1913). Ancient Art and Ritual. London: Williams and Norgate.
  • IBRAHİM, Murtala (2013). “The Rise and Proliferation of New Religious Movements (NRMs) in Nigeria”. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 3, 181-190.
  • IBRAYEV, Şakir (2005). “Kazak Mitleri ve Mitik Efsaneleri Hakkında”. (Çev.: Metin Arıkan), Türk Dünyası İncelemeleri Dergisi, 2, 353-358.
  • INSOLL, Timothy (2005). “Archaeology of Cult and Religion”, Archaeology-The Key Concepts. (Ed.: Colin Renfrew and Paul Bahn), London and New York: Routledge.
  • JENSEN, Adolf E. (1963). Myth and Cult among Primitive Peoples. (Trans. M. T. Choldin and W. Weissleder), Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  • KELLY, Greg and Mcfarlane, Heather (2007). “Culture or Cult? The Mythological Nature of Occupational Therapy”. Occupational Therapy International, 14, 188-202.
  • LOWERY, R. H. (1991). The Reforming Kings: Cults and Society in First Temple Judah. England: Sheffield Academic Press.
  • LVOVA, E. L. ve diğerleri (2013). Güney Sibirya Türklerinin Geleneksel Dünya Görüşleri-Kâinat ve Zaman, Nesneler Dünyası. (Çev.: Metin Ergun), Konya: Kömen Yayınları.
  • MALINOWSKI, Bronislaw (1990). Büyü, Bilim ve Din. (Çev.: Saadet Özkal), İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınevi.
  • MISCALL, Peter D. (2011). “Review of Jacob Taubes, From Cult to Culture: Fragments Toward a Critique of Historical Reason, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2010”. The Bible and Critical Theory, 7, 98-100.
  • NEAL, Lynn S. (2011). “They’re Freaks!: The Cult Stereotype in Fictional Television Shows, 1958–2008”. Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions, 14, 81-107.
  • NELSON, Geoffrey K. (1969). “The Spiritualist Movement and the Need for a Redefinition of Cult”. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 8, 152-160.
  • OLSON, Paul J. (2006). “The Public Perception of ‘Cults’ and ‘New Religious Movements’”. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 45, 97-106.
  • PANCHENKO, Alexander (2004). “New Religious Movements and the Study of Folklore: The Russian Case”. Folklore, 28, 111-126.
  • PFEIFER, Jeffrey E. (1992). “The Psychological Framing of Cults: Schematic Representations and Cult Evaluations”. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 22, 531-544.
  • RICHARDSON, James T. (1979). “From Cult to Sect: Creative Eclecticism in New Religious Movements”. The Pacific Sociological Review, 22, 139-166.
  • RICHARDSON, James T. (1993). “Definitions of Cult: From Sociological-Technical to Popular-Negative”. Review of Religious Research, 34, 348-356.
  • SANDWITH, Corinne (2004). “Contesting a ‘Cult(ure) of Respectability’: Anti‐Colonial Resistance in the Western Cape, 1935–1950”. Current Writing: Text and Reception in Southern Africa, 16, 33-60.
  • SERED, Susan S. (1995). “Rachel’s Tomb: The Development of a Cult”. Jewish Studies Quarterly, 2, 103-148.
  • SEYMOUR-SMITH, Charlotte (1987). Macmillan Dictionary of Anthropology. London: The Macmillan Press Ltd.
  • SHILS, Edward (2003). “Gelenek”. Doğu Batı Düşünce Dergisi, 25, 101-131.
  • SHTERIN, Marat and RICHARDSON, James T. (2000). “Effects of the Western Anti-Cult Movement on Development of Laws Concerning Religion in Post-Communist Russia”. Journal of Church and State, 42, 247-271.
  • SMITH, Philip (2007). Kültürel Kuram. (Çev.: Selime Güzelsan ve İbrahim Gündoğdu), İstanbul: Babil Yayınları.
  • SWANTKO, Jean A. (2000). “The Twelve Tribes’ Communities, the Anti-Cult Movement, and Government’s Response”. Social Justice Research, 12, 341-364.
  • VOGT, von Ogden (1951). Cult and Culture: A Study of Religion and American Culture. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  • WALLACE, Anthony F. C. (1956). “Revitalization Movements”. American Anthropologist, 58, 264-281.
  • WINICK, Charles (1957). Dictionary of Anthropology. London: Peter Owen Limited.
  • YILDIRIM, Dursun (1991). “Türk Folklor Araştırmalarının Problemleri”. Milli Folklor, 11, 13-21.
  • YOSHIHIDE, Sakurai (2000). “Cult Controversy and Anti-Cult Movement in Japan since 1995: Case Study of a New Religions Cult, The Tenchi-Seikyo, Affiliated with the Unification Church”. The Annual Report on Cultural Science, 101, 193-226.
Toplam 42 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Türk Halk Bilimi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Kübra Yıldız Altın 0000-0001-9788-2844

Yayımlanma Tarihi 20 Aralık 2019
Gönderilme Tarihi 8 Ekim 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 28

Kaynak Göster

APA Yıldız Altın, K. (2019). KÜLT VE KÜLTÜR ARASINDA: YENİ BİR KÜLT TANIMLAMASINA DOĞRU. Motif Akademi Halkbilimi Dergisi, 12(28), 1052-1068. https://doi.org/10.12981/mahder.630667