GELENEĞİ AÇIKLAMAK

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 42, 881 - 902, 12.06.2023

Çevirmen: Beyza Atan

https://doi.org/10.12981/mahder.1229386

Öz

ÖZ: Geleneğin folklor sözlüğünde anahtar bir kelime olduğu iddia edilmiştir. Ancak bu
sözcük, çoğu halkbilimcinin düşüncesinde esas olarak yer almamıştır. Çoğunlukla, bu
terim basitçe yöre göstermek için kullanılmıştır. Belirli şarkılar, öyküler, danslar ya da
görenekler gelenek olarak nitelendirilerek bu tür ifadeler ve davranışlar disiplinin
uygun konusunun parçası olarak ilan edilmiştir. Ama bu terim genellikle teorik olarak
boştur. Bu terim, nadiren açıklanmış ve terim için kritik sorular öne sürülmemiştir. Bu
makalede gelenek tanımlanmıştır, bu tanımın belirtilmesiyle kritik sorular akla
getirilmiş ve halkbilimcilerin bu soruları yanıtlarken ele alabilecekleri bazı yollar ifade
edilmiştir. Geleneklerin nasıl ve neden devam ettiği ya da yok olduğu sorusu, Latin
kökenli ve “elden ele geçmek” ya da “kuşaktan kuşağa aktarmak” anlamına gelen gelenek
kelimesi içinde gömülüdür. Bir uygulamanın neden kuşaktan kuşağa aktarıldığı ya da
aktarılmadığı, halkbilimcilerin girişimlerinin tanımının bir parçası olarak gelenek
kelimesini kullanmaya devam edeceklerse ele almaları gereken bir sorudur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

gelenek, değişim, uyum, evrim, yenilik

TO EXPLAIN TRADITION

Öz

Tradition has been claimed to be a keyword in the folklore lexicon. Yet the
word has not proved central to the thinking of many folklorists. More often, the term is
simply used to mark territory. By characterizing certain songs, tales, dances, or customs as
traditions, such expressions and behaviors are declared to be part of the discipline’s proper
subject. But the term is usually theoretically empty. It is rarely defined, and it raises no
critical questions. In this essay, tradition is defined, the critical questions evoked by this
definition are specified, and some of the ways that folklorists might go about answering
these questions are delineated.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Tradition, change, adaptation, evolution, innovation

Kaynakça

• Abrahams, R. D. (1968). Introductory remarks to a rhetorical theory of folklore. Journal of American Folklore, 81 (320), 143–158.
• Abrahams, R. D. (1977). An enactment-centered theory of folklore. –Frontiers of Folklore. AAAS Selected Symposium 5, edited by William R. Bascom. Boulder, CO: Westview, 79–120.
• ATU = Uther, H.-J. (2011). The types of international folktales: A classification and bibliography 1–3. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia.
• Barry, P. (1909). Folk music in America. Journal of American Folklore 22 (83), 72–81.
• Barry, P. (1933). Communal re-creation. Bulletin of the Folksong Society of the Northeast, 5, 4–6.
• Bascom, W. R. (1949). Folklore. – Dictionary of Folklore, Mythology, and Legend 1–2, (ed.: Maria Leach), 398, New York, NY: Funk and Wagnalls.
• Bascom, W. R. (1953). Folklore and anthropology. –Journal of American Folklore, 66 (262), 283–290. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/536722.
• Bascom, W. R. (1955). Verbal art. Journal of American Folklore, 68 (269), 245–252. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/536902.
• Bauer, L. - Winifred B. (2007). Playing with tradition. Journal of Folklore Research 44 (2/3), 185–225. DOI:https://doi.org/10.2979/JFR.2007.44.2-3.185.
• Bauman, R. (1975). Verbal art as performance. American Anthropologist, 77(2), 290–311. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1975.77.2.02a00030.
• Bauman, R. (1977). Verbal art as performance. IL: Waveland Press, Inc.
• Bauman, R. (2004). A world of other’s words: cross-cultural perspectives on intertextuality. MA: Blackwell.
• Bauman, R. - Charles L. B. (2003). Voices of modernity: Language ideologies and the politics of inequality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511486647.
• Ben-Amos, D. (1971). Toward a definition of folklore in context. Journal of American Folklore, 84 (331), 3–15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/539729.
• Bianco, C. (1974). The two rosetos. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. Burne, C. S. (1910). Presidential address: The value of European folklore in the history of culture. Folk-Lore 21(1), 14–41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0015587X.1910.9719913.
• Catarella, T. (1994). The study of the orally transmitted ballad: Past paradigms and a new poetics. Oral Tradition, 9 (2), 468–478.
• Clark, R. T. Jr. (1955). Herder: His life and thought. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
• Dégh, L. (1995). Narratives in society: A performer-centered study of narration. Folklore Fellows’ Communications 255. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia.
• Dorson, R. M. (1968). The British folklorists. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
• Dundes, A. (1975). Work hard and you will be rewarded: Urban folklore from the paperwork empire. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press.
• Ekrem, C. (2000). Variation and continuity in children’s counting-out rhymes. Thick Corpus, Organic Variation, and Textuality in Oral Tradition. Studia Fennica Folkloristica 7, (ed.: Lauri Honko), 287–298, Helsinki: Finnish Literature Society.
• Final Discussion: On the Analytic Value of the Concept of Tradition. 1983. – Trends in Nordic Tradition Research. Studia Fennica 27, (ed.: Lauri Honko - Pekka Laaksonen), 233–249, Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. Galanter, M. (2005). Lowering the bar: Lawyer jokes and legal culture. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
• Gardner, E. E. - Geraldine J. C. (1939). Ballads and songs of southern Michigan. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.9690760.
• Georges, R. A. – Jones, M. O. (1995). Folkloristics: An introduction. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
• Glassie, H. (1994). Epilogue. The Spirit of Swedish Folk Art, (ed.: Barbro Klein - Mats Widbom), 247–255, New York, NY: Harry N. Abrams,
• Hicks, R. (1963). Big man Jack killed seven at a whack. Ray Hicks of Beech Mountain, North Carolina Telling Four Traditional Jack Tales, recorded by Sandy Paton and transcribed by Lee B.Haggerty. Side 1, track 2. Huntington, VT: Folk Legacy Records FTA-14.
• Honko, L. (1981). Four forms of adaptation. Adaptation, Change, and Decline in Oral Literature, (ed.: Lauri Honko-Vilmos Voigt), 19–33, Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura,
• Honko, L. (2013). Traditions in the construction of cultural identity. Theoretical Milestones: Selected Writings of Lauri Honko, (ed.: Pekka Hakamies - Anneli Honko), 323–338, Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, Hunt, M. (ed.) 1884. Grimm’s household tales 1–2, (transl.: Margaret Hunt). London: George Bell.
• Hymes, De. (1971). The contribution of folklore to sociolinguistic research. Journal of American Folklore, 84 (331), 42–50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/539732.
• Hymes, D. (1975). Folklore’s nature and the sun’s myth. Journal of American Folklore 88 (350), 345–369. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/538651.
• Hymes, D. (1981). In vain i tried to tell you: Essays in native American ethnopoetics. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9783/9781512802917.
• Jacobs, J. (1893). The folk. Folk-Lore, 4(2), 233–238. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0015587X.1893.9720155.
• Jansen, W. H. (1957). Classifying performance in the study of verbal folklore. Studies in Folklore. Indiana University Publications Folklore Series 9, (ed.: W. Edson Richmond), 110–118, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
• Kaplan, A. (1964). The conduct of inquiry. San Francisco, CA: Chandler.
• Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, B. (1998). Topic drift. Journal of American Folklore, 111 (441), 281–327.DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/541312.
• Klein, B. – Mats, W. (ed.) (1994). Swedish folk art: All tradition is change. New York, NY: Harry N. Abrams.
• Krohn, K. (1971) [1926]. Folklore methodology formulated by Julius Krohn and expanded by Nordic researchers. (transl.: Roger L. Welsch), Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
• Lang, A. (1879). Preface. The Folk-Lore Record 2, i–viii. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17441994.1879.10602560.
• Lang, A. (1884). Introduction. Grimm’s Household Tales, xi–lxxv, (ed.: Margaret Hunt), London: George Bell.
• Laws, G. M. (1957). American ballads from British broadsides. Philadelphia, PA: AmericanFolklore Society.
• Laws, G. M. (1964). Native American balladry. Philadelphia, PA: American Folklore Society.
• Lord, A. B. (1965) [1960]. The singer of tales. New York, NY: Athenaeum.
• Lowthorp, L. (2020). Kutiyattam, heritage, and the dynamics of culture. Asian Ethnology, 79 (1): 21–44.
• Marret, R. R. (1920). Psychology and folklore. London: Methuen.
• Nenola-Kallio, A. (1981). Death of a tradition. Adaptation, Change, and Decline in Oral Literature, (ed.: Lauri Honko-Vilmos Voigt), 135–146, Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura.
• Neulander, J. S. (1998). Jewish oral traditions. Teaching Oral Traditions, (ed.: John Miles Foley), 225–238, New York, NY: Modern Language Association.
• Newell, W. W. (1963) [1883]. The games and songs of American children. New York, NY: Dover.
• Nicolaisen, W. F. H. (1990). Variation and creativity in folk-narrative. D’un Conte ... à l’autre: La variabilité dans la Littérature orale, (ed.: Veronika Görög-Karady), 39–45, Paris: Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique.
• Noyes, D. (2019). Incalculaby diffusive: Revisiting the disciplinary deficit (a response to Elliott Oring). Journal of American Folklore, 132 (524), 175–184. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5406/ jamerfolk.132.524.0175.
• Olrik, A. (1992) [1921]. Principles for oral narrative research. (transl.: Kirsten Wolf - Jody Jensen), Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
• Oring, E. (2012), Just folklore: Analysis, interpretation, critique. Los Angeles, CA: Cantilever.
• Oring, E. (2014a), Memetics and folkloristics: The theory. Western Folklore, 73 (4), 432–454.
• Oring, E. (2014b). Memetics and folkloristics: The applications. Western Folklore, 73 (4), 455–492.
• Oring, E. (2019). Back to the future: Questions for theory in the twenty-first century. Journal of American Folklore, 132 (524), 137–156. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5406/jamerfolk.132.524.0137.
• Ortutay, G. (1959). Principles of oral transmission in folk culture. Acta Ethnographica, 8, 175–221.
• Percy, T. (1886) [1775]. Reliques of ancient English poetry 1–3. London: Swan, Sonnenschein, Lebas, and Lowry.
• Rubin, D. C. (1995). Memory in oral tradition: A cognitive psychology of epic, ballads, and counting-out rhymes. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
• Rudy, J. T. (2002). Toward an assessment of verbal art as performance: A cross-disciplinary citation study with rhetorical analysis. Journal of American Folklore 115 (455), 5–27. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1353/jaf.2002.0011.
• Sharp, C. (1907). English folksong: Some conclusions. London: Simpkin.
• Sperber, D. (1996). Explaining culture: A naturalistic approach. Oxford: Blackwell.
• von Sydow, C. W. (1948). Selected papers on folklore. Copenhagen: Rosenkilde and Bagger. Szpila, G. (2017). Polish paremic demotivators: Tradition in an internet genre. Journal of American Folklore 130 (517), 305–334. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5406/jamerfolk.130.517.0305.
• Thompson, S. (1977). The folktale. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
• Toelken, B. (1996). The dynamic of folklore. Revised edn. Logan, UT: Utah State University. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt46nrng.
• Tylor, E. B. (1871). Primitive culture 1–2. London: John Murray.
• uí Ógáin, R. (2000). Aspects of change in the Irish-language singing tradition. Thick Corpus, Organic Variation, and Textuality in Oral Tradition. Studia Fennica Folkloristica 7, (ed.: Lauri Honko), 537–555, Helsinki: Finnish Literature Society,
• Upton, D. (1993). The tradition of change. Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review, 5 (1), 9–15.
• White, L. (1949). The science of culture. New York, NY: Grove.
• Wilson, W. A. (1973). Herder, folklore, and romantic nationalism. Journal of Popular Culture, 6 (4), 818–835.