Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Environmental impacts of geothermal fields on water resources in the Central Anatolia region, Turkey

Yıl 2024, , 42 - 60, 27.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.29048/makufebed.1416438

Öz

Hot and mineral waters in thermal areas may interact with other water resources in the region. When such a situation occurs, it is possible for hot water to negatively affect the chemical structure and quality of cold-water resources. This limits the use of drinking and/or irrigation water in water resources. In the scope of this study, geothermal fields in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey were examined in detail and the quality and usability characteristics of the water resources in these fields were examined. Thus, the environmental effects of geothermal in terms of water resources were tried to be revealed. The geological, hydrogeological and hydro geochemical properties of 18 different geothermal fields located in 5 different regions were examined and their similarities and differences with each other were revealed. In addition, the quality and usability characteristics of hot and cold-water resources in each field were examined and the possible negative effects of these geothermal fields on water resources were investigated. According to the results obtained, thermal energy causes pollution of both freshwater resources and soil, especially due to their high ion content. In addition, considering the major ion and heavy metal contents of thermal waters, it is seen that health problems may occur if the water is used as drinking water for a long time.

Kaynakça

  • Afşin, M., & Elhatip, H. (2000). Hydrogeochemistry and isotopic study of the travertine deposition of the Tuzlusu (Aksaray) thermal-mineral springs. Bulletin For Earth Sciences, 21(22), 63-77.
  • Afşin, M., Erdoğan, N., Gürdal, H., Gürel, A., Onak, A., Oruç, Ö., Kavurmacı, M., & Durukan, G., (2007). Hydrogeochemical and isotopic investigation of hot and mineral waters and travertines in central anatolia and medical and bioclimatic evaluation of waters (Project report no. 104Y197). TÜBİTAK.
  • Akçay, A.E., Donmez, M., Kara, H., Yergok, A.F., & Esenturk, K. (2008). Geological maps of Turkey in 1: 100.000 scale,Yozgat I-34 sheet (No. 81). MTA Publications.
  • Akkuş, İ., & Alan, H. (2016). Turkey's geothermal resources, projections, problems and suggestions report (Report No. 123) TMMOB Chamber of Geological Engineers.
  • Aksoy, N., Şimşek, C., & Gunduz, O. (2009). Groundwater contamination mechanism in a geothermal field: a case study of Balcova, Turkey. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 103(1-2), 13-28.
  • Arnórsson, S., Gunnlaugsson, E., & Svavarsson, H. (1983). The chemistry of geothermal waters in Iceland. III. Chemical geothermometry in geothermal investigations. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 47(3), 567-577.
  • Ayan, T. (1968). Geological investigation of Çiftehan and its surroundings (Report No. 2113). MTA Compilation.
  • Burçak, M., Yucel, B., Kucuk, M., & Akin, U. (2002). Hydrothermal alteration of the Yozgat Saraykent (Karamagara) geothermal field. In M. Afşin, M. Kavurmacı & R. Demircioğlu (Eds.), I. Central Anatolian Geothermal Energy and Environmental Symposium (pp. 13-21). Niğde University Press.
  • Burçak, M. (2006). Investigation of geothermal heat sources in Aksaray geothermal fields [Master's thesis, Niğde University]. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/44733.
  • Canik, B., & Pasvanoğlu, S. (1993). Hydrogeological investigation of the Mineralized and thermal water of the karstic aquifers around Kırsehir and the possibility of utilization in thermal spas international symposium on water resources in Karst with special emphasis on arid and semiarid zones. In A. Afrasiabian (Ed.), International Symposium on Water Resources in Karst With Special Emphasis on Arid and Semiarid Zones, Shiraz (pp. 153-167). Islamic Republic of Iran.
  • Canik, B., & Pasvanoğlu, S. (2005, September 26–28). Hydrogeochemical investigation of Sarıot (Bolu-Mudurnu) thermal spring waters. [Paper presentation]. II.National Isotope Techniques in HydrologySymposium, İzmir, Türkiye.
  • Clark, I.D., & Fritz, P. (1997). Environmental isotopes in hydrogeology. Lewis Publishers.
  • Craig, H. (1961). Isotopic variations in meteoric waters. Science 133, 1702-1703.
  • D'Amore F., & Arnorsson, S. (2000). Geothermometry in isotopic and chemical techniques in geothermal exploration, development and use. In S. Arnorsson (Ed.), Isotopic and Chemical Techniques in Geothermal Exploration, Development and Use (pp. 152-199). International Atomic Energy Agency.
  • Dalkilic, H., Donmez, M., & Akcay, A.E. (2008). Geological Maps of Turkey in 1: 100.000 scale, Yozgat I-35 Sheet (No. 82). MTA Publications.
  • Davraz, A., Nalbantçılar, M.T., & Önden, İ. (2022). Hydrogeochemical characteristics and trace element of geothermal systems in Central Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 195, 104666.
  • Demirtaşlı, E., Bilgin, Z., Erenler, F., Işıklar, S., Sanlı, D., Selim, M., & Turan, N. (1973, December 17-19). Geology of Bolkar Mountains [Paper presentation]. 50th Anniversary of the Republic Earth Sciences Congress Ankara, Türkiye.
  • Fournier, R.O. (1977). Chemical geothermometers and mixing models for geothermal systems. Geothermics, 5(1-4), 41-50.
  • Robert, W., & Potter, I.I. (1982). A revised and expanded silica (quartz) geothermometer. Bulletin of Geothermal Resources Council, 11, 3-12.
  • Gemici, Ü., & Tarcan, G. (2002). Hydrogeochemistry of the Simav geothermal field, Western Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 116(3-4), 215-233.
  • Giggenbach, W.F. (1988). Geothermal solute equilibria. Derivation of Na-K-Mg-Ca geoindicators. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 52(12), 2749-2765.
  • Giggenbach, W.F. (1991). Chemical techniques in geothermal exploration. In F. D'Amore (Ed.), Application of Geochemistry in Geothermal Reservoir Development: Series of Technical Guides on the Use of Geothermal Energy (pp. 119-144). United Nations Digital Library.
  • Göncüoğlu, M., Toprak, V., Kuşçu, I., & Olgun, E. (1991). Geology of the western part of the Central Anatolian Massif, Part 1: Southern Section. TPAO.
  • Goncuoglu, C.M., Erler, A., Toprak, V., Yalnız, K., Olgun, E., & Rojay, B. (1992). Geology of the western part of the Central Anatolian Massif. Part 2: Middle section (Report No. 3155). Turkish Petroleum Corporation.
  • Goncuoglu, C.M., Erler, A., Toprak, V., Olgun, E., Yalnız, K., Kuşçu, I., Koksal, S., & Dirik, K. (1993). Geology of the central part of the Central Anatolian Massif. Part 3: Geological evolution of the Central Kızılırmak Tertiary basin (Report No. 3313). Turkish Petroleum Corporation.
  • İşler, F. (1988). Mineralogic-petrographic and geochemical ınvestigation of the Çiftehan (Niğde) volcanics. Geological Bulletin of Turkey, 31, 29-36.
  • Kara, İ. (2013). Hydrogeochemical properties of Nevşehir/Acıgöl-Derinkuyu-Gülşehir hot and mineral waters. https://www.mta.gov.tr/dosyalar/images/dogalkaynaklar/makaleler/236/tr_20221012101113_236_4_4f1227ea.pdf
  • Karakus, H., & Simsek, S. (2008). Hydrogeological and geochemical studies of the Efteni and Derdin geothermal areas, Turkey. Geothermics, 37(5), 510-524.
  • Ketin, I. (1955). On the geology of Yozgat region and the tectonic features of the Central Anatolian Massif (Kırşehir Crystallines). Bulletin of the Geological Society of Turkey 6(1), 1-20.
  • Koçak, A. (1997). Investigation of water chemistry and reservoir temperature of Kozaklı (Nevşehir) geothermal area. [Unpublished doctoral thesis]. Hacettepe University.
  • Koçyiğit, A., & Beyhan, A. (1998). A new intracontinental transcurrent structure: the Central Anatolian Fault Zone, Turkey. Tectonophysics, 284(3-4), 317-336.
  • KOP Regional Development Administration. (2021a). Evaluation of geothermal resources project, Yozgat province report. http://kop.gov.tr/upload/dokumanlar/240.pdf
  • KOP Regional Development Administration. (2021b). Evaluation of geothermal resources project, Kırşehir province report. http://kop.gov.tr/upload/dokumanlar/244.pdf
  • KOP Regional Development Administration. (2021c). Evaluation of geothermal resources project, Niğde province report. http://kop.gov.tr/upload/dokumanlar/241.pdf
  • KOP Regional Development Administration. (2021d). Evaluation of geothermal resources project, Nevşehir province report. http://kop.gov.tr/upload/dokumanlar/242.pdf
  • KOP Regional Development Administration. (2021e). Evaluation of geothermal resources project, Aksaray province report. http://kop.gov.tr/upload/dokumanlar/245.pdf
  • Kristmannsdóttir, H., & Ármannsson, H. (2003). Environmental aspects of geothermal energy utilization. Geothermics, 32(4-6), 451-461.
  • Kurt, Z., Altun, E.İ., Keskin, H., Şengün, M., Sütçü, Y.F., Tekin, F., Özay, R., Erkan, M., & Örçen, S. (1991). Geology of Boğazlıyan (Yozgat) area (Report No. 9424). MTA Publications.
  • McGeorge, W.T. (1954). Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and alkali soils. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1954.03615995001800030032x
  • MTA. (2005). 1: 100 000 Ölçekli Türkiye Jeoloji Haritaları, No: 48. Yozgat J-34 Paftası.
  • Özen Türker, H. (2006). Hydrogeochemical investigation of Sarıkaya (Yozgat) hot and mineral waters [Unpublished master's thesis]. Hacettepe University].
  • Özkan, H., & Koçak, A. (2006). Evaluation report of geothermal resources in Nevşehir province (Report No. 10869). MTA Publications.
  • Özulukale, S., & Şimşek, Ş. (2015, September 3-5). Hydrogeochemical evaluation of Saraykent Yozgat geothermal waters [Paper presentation]. National Engineering Geology Symposium, Trabzon, Türkiye.
  • Özulukale, S., & Şimşek, Ş. (2016, September 19-24). Hydrogeochemical and environmental isotopic survey in Saraykent Yozgat geothermal field Central Anatolia [Paper presentation]. European Geothermal Congress, Strasbourg, France.
  • Parkhurst, D.L., & Appelo, C.A.J. (1999). User's guide to PHREEQC (Version 2): A computer program for speciation, batch-reaction, one-dimensional transport, and inverse geochemical calculations (No. 99-4259). US Geological Survey.
  • Parkhurst, D.L., & Appelo, C.A.J. (2013). Description of input and examples for PHREEQC version 3—a computer program for speciation, batch-reaction, one-dimensional transport, and inverse geochemical calculations. https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/06/a43/
  • Pasvanoğlu, S., & Chandrasekharam, D. (2011). Hydrogeochemical and isotopic study of thermal and mineralized waters from the Nevşehir (Kozakli) area, Central Turkey. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 202(3-4), 241-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2011.03.003
  • Pasvanoğlu, S., & Gültekin, F. (2012). Hydrogeochemical study of the Terme and Karakurt thermal and mineralized waters from Kirşehir Area, central Turkey. Environmental Earth Sciences, 66, 169-182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-011-1217-3
  • Pasvanoğlu, S., Güner, A., & Gültekin, F. (2012). Environmental problems at the Nevşehir (Kozakli) geothermal field, central Turkey. Environmental Earth Sciences, 66, 549-560.
  • Piper, A.M. (1944). A graphic procedure in the geochemical interpretation of water‐analyses. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 25(6), 914-928.
  • Rybach, L. (2003). Geothermal energy: sustainability and the environment. Geothermics, 32(4-6), 463-470.
  • Schoeller, H. (1977). Geochemistry of groundwaters in groundwater studies and international research and practice, UNESCO.
  • Seymen, İ. (1981). Stratigraphy and metamorphism of the Kırşehir massif around Kaman (Kırşehir). Bulletin of the Geological Society of Turkey, 24, 7-14.
  • Seymen, İ. (1982). Geology of Kırşehir massif around Kaman [Unpublished associate professor dissertation]. Istanbul Technical University.
  • Şener, M.F. (2015). Geothermal resource potential of Cappadocia geothermal province [Unpublished doctoral thesis]. Niğde University.
  • Şener, M.F., Şener, M., & Uysal, I.T. (2017). The evolution of the Cappadocia Geothermal Province, Anatolia (Turkey): geochemical and geochronological evidence. Hydrogeol. J.,25, 2323–2345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-017-1613-1.
  • Şener, M.F. (2019). A new approach to Kırşehir (Turkey) geothermal waters using REY, major elements and isotope geochemistry. Environmental Earth Sciences, 78(3), 75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-019-8068-8
  • Şener, M.F., & Baba, A. (2019). Geochemical and hydrogeochemical characteristics and evolution of Kozaklı geothermal fluids, Central Anatolia, Turkey. Geothermics, 80, 69-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2019.02.012
  • Şengör, A. C., & Yilmaz, Y. (1981). Tethyan evolution of Turkey: A plate tectonic approach. Tectonophysics, 75(3-4), 181-241. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(81)90275-4
  • Şimsek, Ş. (1993). Isotope and geochemical survey of geothermal systems of Yozgat province in Central Anatolia, Turkey. https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/26/044/26044462.pdf?r=1
  • Şimsek, Ş. (2003). Hydrogeological and isotopic survey of geothermal fields in the Buyuk Menderes graben, Turkey. Geothermics, 32(4-6), 669-678.
  • Şimsek, Ş., Koc, K., & Yilmaz E. (2006). Geology, hydrogeology, drilling and testing consultancy report of YK-2 and YK-3 Wells in Yerköy, Hacettepe University. Yozgat Governorship Office and District Governorship of Yerkoy.
  • Şimsek, Ş., Yılmaz, E., Koc, K.,Turker, O.,Karakus, H., Bakir, N., Gulgor, A., Simsek, Z.N., Bulus, G., Girbalar, E.,Bektas I.,Savaci, T., & Oguz, H. (2010, April 25-30). Geothermal exploration survey of Sorgun geothermal field (Yozgat-Turkey) [Paper presentation]. World Geothermal Congress, Bali, Indonesia.
  • Tarcan, G. (2002). Geothermal Water Chemistry. JENARUM Summer School Lecture Notes.
  • Temel, D. (2007). Comparison of the hot and mineral waters of Çiftehan, Kemerhisar and Dertalan (Niğde) with water chemistry and isotopic methods, medical and bioclimatic evaluation [Unpublished master's thesis]. Niğde University.
  • Tolluoğlu, Ü. (1986). Petrographic and petrotectonic investigations in the southwest of the Central Anatolian massif (in Kırşehir region) [Unpublished doctoral thesis]. Hacettepe University.
  • Toprak, V. (1998). Vent distribution and its relation to regional tectonics, Cappadocian Volcanics, Turkey. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 85(1-4), 55-67.
  • TS266, (2005). Regulation on water for human consumption, TS-266 (Official Gazette No. 25730). Turkish Standards Institute.
  • Ünsal, N., & Afşin, M. (1999). Hydrochemical and isotopic properties of the Mahmutlu and Bağdatoğlu mineralized thermal springs, Kırşehir, Turkey. Hydrogeology Journal, 7, 540-545. https://doi.org/10.1007/s100400050227
  • WHO. (2017). Guidelines for drinking-water quality. https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/254637/9789241549950-eng.pdf?sequence=1
  • Yılmaz, E., & Şimsek, S. (2013, June 3-7). Observation studies of wells in Sorgun geothermal field (Yozgat-Turkey) [Paper presentation]. European Geothermal Congress, Pisa, Italy.
  • Yılmaz Turalı, E., Şimşek, Ş., & Koç, K. (2016, September 19-24). Hydrogeochemical investigation of Yerköy (Yozgat-Turkey) geothermal waters. [Paper presentation]. European Geothermal Congress, Strasbourg, France.
  • Yılmaz Turalı, E., & Şimşek, Ş. (2017). Conceptual and 3D simulation modeling of the Sorgun hydrothermal reservoir (Yozgat, Turkey). Geothermics, 66, 85-100.
  • Yurteri, C., Şimşek, Ş., Koç, K., & Yılmaz, E. (2015, April 19-24). Hydrogeological survey of Savcılı Büyükoba geothermal field (Kaman, Kırsehir-Central Anatolia, Turkey) [Paper presentation]. World Geothermal Congress, Melbourne, Australia
  • Yurteri, C., & Şimsek, Ş. (2017). Hydrogeological and hydrochemical studies of the Kaman-Savcili-Büyükoba (Kirsehir) geothermal area, Turkey. Geothermics, 65, 99-112.

İç Anadolu Bölgesindeki (Türkiye) Jeotermal Sahaların Su Kaynakları Üzerindeki Çevresel Etkileri

Yıl 2024, , 42 - 60, 27.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.29048/makufebed.1416438

Öz

Termal alanlardaki sıcak ve mineralli sular bölgedeki diğer su kaynaklarıyla etkileşime girebilmektedir. Böyle bir durum oluştuğunda sıcak suyun, soğuk su kaynaklarının kimyasal yapısını ve kalitesini olumsuz etkilemesi mümkündür. Bu durum su kaynaklarında içme ve/veya sulama suyunun kullanımını sınırlamaktadır. Bu çalışma kapsamında Türkiye'nin İç Anadolu bölgesindeki jeotermal sahalar detaylı bir şekilde incelenerek bu sahalardaki su kaynaklarının kalite ve kullanılabilirlik özellikleri incelenmiştir. Böylece jeotermalin su kaynakları açısından çevresel etkileri ortaya koyulmaya çalışılmıştır. 5 farklı bölgede yer alan 18 farklı jeotermal sahanın jeolojik, hidrojeolojik ve hidrojeokimyasal özellikleri incelenerek birbirleriyle benzerlik ve farklılıkları incelenmiştir. Ayrıca her sahadaki sıcak ve soğuk su kaynaklarının kalite ve kullanılabilirlik özellikleri tespit edilerek bu jeotermal sahaların su kaynakları üzerindeki olası olumsuz etkileri araştırılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre jeotermal sular, özellikle iyon içeriğinin yüksek olması nedeniyle hem tatlı su kaynaklarının hem de toprağın kirlenmesine neden olmaktadır. Ayrıca termal suların majör iyon ve ağır metal içerikleri dikkate alındığında suyun uzun süre içme suyu olarak kullanılması durumunda sağlık sorunlarının oluşabileceği görülmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Afşin, M., & Elhatip, H. (2000). Hydrogeochemistry and isotopic study of the travertine deposition of the Tuzlusu (Aksaray) thermal-mineral springs. Bulletin For Earth Sciences, 21(22), 63-77.
  • Afşin, M., Erdoğan, N., Gürdal, H., Gürel, A., Onak, A., Oruç, Ö., Kavurmacı, M., & Durukan, G., (2007). Hydrogeochemical and isotopic investigation of hot and mineral waters and travertines in central anatolia and medical and bioclimatic evaluation of waters (Project report no. 104Y197). TÜBİTAK.
  • Akçay, A.E., Donmez, M., Kara, H., Yergok, A.F., & Esenturk, K. (2008). Geological maps of Turkey in 1: 100.000 scale,Yozgat I-34 sheet (No. 81). MTA Publications.
  • Akkuş, İ., & Alan, H. (2016). Turkey's geothermal resources, projections, problems and suggestions report (Report No. 123) TMMOB Chamber of Geological Engineers.
  • Aksoy, N., Şimşek, C., & Gunduz, O. (2009). Groundwater contamination mechanism in a geothermal field: a case study of Balcova, Turkey. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 103(1-2), 13-28.
  • Arnórsson, S., Gunnlaugsson, E., & Svavarsson, H. (1983). The chemistry of geothermal waters in Iceland. III. Chemical geothermometry in geothermal investigations. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 47(3), 567-577.
  • Ayan, T. (1968). Geological investigation of Çiftehan and its surroundings (Report No. 2113). MTA Compilation.
  • Burçak, M., Yucel, B., Kucuk, M., & Akin, U. (2002). Hydrothermal alteration of the Yozgat Saraykent (Karamagara) geothermal field. In M. Afşin, M. Kavurmacı & R. Demircioğlu (Eds.), I. Central Anatolian Geothermal Energy and Environmental Symposium (pp. 13-21). Niğde University Press.
  • Burçak, M. (2006). Investigation of geothermal heat sources in Aksaray geothermal fields [Master's thesis, Niğde University]. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/44733.
  • Canik, B., & Pasvanoğlu, S. (1993). Hydrogeological investigation of the Mineralized and thermal water of the karstic aquifers around Kırsehir and the possibility of utilization in thermal spas international symposium on water resources in Karst with special emphasis on arid and semiarid zones. In A. Afrasiabian (Ed.), International Symposium on Water Resources in Karst With Special Emphasis on Arid and Semiarid Zones, Shiraz (pp. 153-167). Islamic Republic of Iran.
  • Canik, B., & Pasvanoğlu, S. (2005, September 26–28). Hydrogeochemical investigation of Sarıot (Bolu-Mudurnu) thermal spring waters. [Paper presentation]. II.National Isotope Techniques in HydrologySymposium, İzmir, Türkiye.
  • Clark, I.D., & Fritz, P. (1997). Environmental isotopes in hydrogeology. Lewis Publishers.
  • Craig, H. (1961). Isotopic variations in meteoric waters. Science 133, 1702-1703.
  • D'Amore F., & Arnorsson, S. (2000). Geothermometry in isotopic and chemical techniques in geothermal exploration, development and use. In S. Arnorsson (Ed.), Isotopic and Chemical Techniques in Geothermal Exploration, Development and Use (pp. 152-199). International Atomic Energy Agency.
  • Dalkilic, H., Donmez, M., & Akcay, A.E. (2008). Geological Maps of Turkey in 1: 100.000 scale, Yozgat I-35 Sheet (No. 82). MTA Publications.
  • Davraz, A., Nalbantçılar, M.T., & Önden, İ. (2022). Hydrogeochemical characteristics and trace element of geothermal systems in Central Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 195, 104666.
  • Demirtaşlı, E., Bilgin, Z., Erenler, F., Işıklar, S., Sanlı, D., Selim, M., & Turan, N. (1973, December 17-19). Geology of Bolkar Mountains [Paper presentation]. 50th Anniversary of the Republic Earth Sciences Congress Ankara, Türkiye.
  • Fournier, R.O. (1977). Chemical geothermometers and mixing models for geothermal systems. Geothermics, 5(1-4), 41-50.
  • Robert, W., & Potter, I.I. (1982). A revised and expanded silica (quartz) geothermometer. Bulletin of Geothermal Resources Council, 11, 3-12.
  • Gemici, Ü., & Tarcan, G. (2002). Hydrogeochemistry of the Simav geothermal field, Western Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 116(3-4), 215-233.
  • Giggenbach, W.F. (1988). Geothermal solute equilibria. Derivation of Na-K-Mg-Ca geoindicators. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 52(12), 2749-2765.
  • Giggenbach, W.F. (1991). Chemical techniques in geothermal exploration. In F. D'Amore (Ed.), Application of Geochemistry in Geothermal Reservoir Development: Series of Technical Guides on the Use of Geothermal Energy (pp. 119-144). United Nations Digital Library.
  • Göncüoğlu, M., Toprak, V., Kuşçu, I., & Olgun, E. (1991). Geology of the western part of the Central Anatolian Massif, Part 1: Southern Section. TPAO.
  • Goncuoglu, C.M., Erler, A., Toprak, V., Yalnız, K., Olgun, E., & Rojay, B. (1992). Geology of the western part of the Central Anatolian Massif. Part 2: Middle section (Report No. 3155). Turkish Petroleum Corporation.
  • Goncuoglu, C.M., Erler, A., Toprak, V., Olgun, E., Yalnız, K., Kuşçu, I., Koksal, S., & Dirik, K. (1993). Geology of the central part of the Central Anatolian Massif. Part 3: Geological evolution of the Central Kızılırmak Tertiary basin (Report No. 3313). Turkish Petroleum Corporation.
  • İşler, F. (1988). Mineralogic-petrographic and geochemical ınvestigation of the Çiftehan (Niğde) volcanics. Geological Bulletin of Turkey, 31, 29-36.
  • Kara, İ. (2013). Hydrogeochemical properties of Nevşehir/Acıgöl-Derinkuyu-Gülşehir hot and mineral waters. https://www.mta.gov.tr/dosyalar/images/dogalkaynaklar/makaleler/236/tr_20221012101113_236_4_4f1227ea.pdf
  • Karakus, H., & Simsek, S. (2008). Hydrogeological and geochemical studies of the Efteni and Derdin geothermal areas, Turkey. Geothermics, 37(5), 510-524.
  • Ketin, I. (1955). On the geology of Yozgat region and the tectonic features of the Central Anatolian Massif (Kırşehir Crystallines). Bulletin of the Geological Society of Turkey 6(1), 1-20.
  • Koçak, A. (1997). Investigation of water chemistry and reservoir temperature of Kozaklı (Nevşehir) geothermal area. [Unpublished doctoral thesis]. Hacettepe University.
  • Koçyiğit, A., & Beyhan, A. (1998). A new intracontinental transcurrent structure: the Central Anatolian Fault Zone, Turkey. Tectonophysics, 284(3-4), 317-336.
  • KOP Regional Development Administration. (2021a). Evaluation of geothermal resources project, Yozgat province report. http://kop.gov.tr/upload/dokumanlar/240.pdf
  • KOP Regional Development Administration. (2021b). Evaluation of geothermal resources project, Kırşehir province report. http://kop.gov.tr/upload/dokumanlar/244.pdf
  • KOP Regional Development Administration. (2021c). Evaluation of geothermal resources project, Niğde province report. http://kop.gov.tr/upload/dokumanlar/241.pdf
  • KOP Regional Development Administration. (2021d). Evaluation of geothermal resources project, Nevşehir province report. http://kop.gov.tr/upload/dokumanlar/242.pdf
  • KOP Regional Development Administration. (2021e). Evaluation of geothermal resources project, Aksaray province report. http://kop.gov.tr/upload/dokumanlar/245.pdf
  • Kristmannsdóttir, H., & Ármannsson, H. (2003). Environmental aspects of geothermal energy utilization. Geothermics, 32(4-6), 451-461.
  • Kurt, Z., Altun, E.İ., Keskin, H., Şengün, M., Sütçü, Y.F., Tekin, F., Özay, R., Erkan, M., & Örçen, S. (1991). Geology of Boğazlıyan (Yozgat) area (Report No. 9424). MTA Publications.
  • McGeorge, W.T. (1954). Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and alkali soils. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1954.03615995001800030032x
  • MTA. (2005). 1: 100 000 Ölçekli Türkiye Jeoloji Haritaları, No: 48. Yozgat J-34 Paftası.
  • Özen Türker, H. (2006). Hydrogeochemical investigation of Sarıkaya (Yozgat) hot and mineral waters [Unpublished master's thesis]. Hacettepe University].
  • Özkan, H., & Koçak, A. (2006). Evaluation report of geothermal resources in Nevşehir province (Report No. 10869). MTA Publications.
  • Özulukale, S., & Şimşek, Ş. (2015, September 3-5). Hydrogeochemical evaluation of Saraykent Yozgat geothermal waters [Paper presentation]. National Engineering Geology Symposium, Trabzon, Türkiye.
  • Özulukale, S., & Şimşek, Ş. (2016, September 19-24). Hydrogeochemical and environmental isotopic survey in Saraykent Yozgat geothermal field Central Anatolia [Paper presentation]. European Geothermal Congress, Strasbourg, France.
  • Parkhurst, D.L., & Appelo, C.A.J. (1999). User's guide to PHREEQC (Version 2): A computer program for speciation, batch-reaction, one-dimensional transport, and inverse geochemical calculations (No. 99-4259). US Geological Survey.
  • Parkhurst, D.L., & Appelo, C.A.J. (2013). Description of input and examples for PHREEQC version 3—a computer program for speciation, batch-reaction, one-dimensional transport, and inverse geochemical calculations. https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/06/a43/
  • Pasvanoğlu, S., & Chandrasekharam, D. (2011). Hydrogeochemical and isotopic study of thermal and mineralized waters from the Nevşehir (Kozakli) area, Central Turkey. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 202(3-4), 241-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2011.03.003
  • Pasvanoğlu, S., & Gültekin, F. (2012). Hydrogeochemical study of the Terme and Karakurt thermal and mineralized waters from Kirşehir Area, central Turkey. Environmental Earth Sciences, 66, 169-182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-011-1217-3
  • Pasvanoğlu, S., Güner, A., & Gültekin, F. (2012). Environmental problems at the Nevşehir (Kozakli) geothermal field, central Turkey. Environmental Earth Sciences, 66, 549-560.
  • Piper, A.M. (1944). A graphic procedure in the geochemical interpretation of water‐analyses. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 25(6), 914-928.
  • Rybach, L. (2003). Geothermal energy: sustainability and the environment. Geothermics, 32(4-6), 463-470.
  • Schoeller, H. (1977). Geochemistry of groundwaters in groundwater studies and international research and practice, UNESCO.
  • Seymen, İ. (1981). Stratigraphy and metamorphism of the Kırşehir massif around Kaman (Kırşehir). Bulletin of the Geological Society of Turkey, 24, 7-14.
  • Seymen, İ. (1982). Geology of Kırşehir massif around Kaman [Unpublished associate professor dissertation]. Istanbul Technical University.
  • Şener, M.F. (2015). Geothermal resource potential of Cappadocia geothermal province [Unpublished doctoral thesis]. Niğde University.
  • Şener, M.F., Şener, M., & Uysal, I.T. (2017). The evolution of the Cappadocia Geothermal Province, Anatolia (Turkey): geochemical and geochronological evidence. Hydrogeol. J.,25, 2323–2345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-017-1613-1.
  • Şener, M.F. (2019). A new approach to Kırşehir (Turkey) geothermal waters using REY, major elements and isotope geochemistry. Environmental Earth Sciences, 78(3), 75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-019-8068-8
  • Şener, M.F., & Baba, A. (2019). Geochemical and hydrogeochemical characteristics and evolution of Kozaklı geothermal fluids, Central Anatolia, Turkey. Geothermics, 80, 69-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2019.02.012
  • Şengör, A. C., & Yilmaz, Y. (1981). Tethyan evolution of Turkey: A plate tectonic approach. Tectonophysics, 75(3-4), 181-241. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(81)90275-4
  • Şimsek, Ş. (1993). Isotope and geochemical survey of geothermal systems of Yozgat province in Central Anatolia, Turkey. https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/26/044/26044462.pdf?r=1
  • Şimsek, Ş. (2003). Hydrogeological and isotopic survey of geothermal fields in the Buyuk Menderes graben, Turkey. Geothermics, 32(4-6), 669-678.
  • Şimsek, Ş., Koc, K., & Yilmaz E. (2006). Geology, hydrogeology, drilling and testing consultancy report of YK-2 and YK-3 Wells in Yerköy, Hacettepe University. Yozgat Governorship Office and District Governorship of Yerkoy.
  • Şimsek, Ş., Yılmaz, E., Koc, K.,Turker, O.,Karakus, H., Bakir, N., Gulgor, A., Simsek, Z.N., Bulus, G., Girbalar, E.,Bektas I.,Savaci, T., & Oguz, H. (2010, April 25-30). Geothermal exploration survey of Sorgun geothermal field (Yozgat-Turkey) [Paper presentation]. World Geothermal Congress, Bali, Indonesia.
  • Tarcan, G. (2002). Geothermal Water Chemistry. JENARUM Summer School Lecture Notes.
  • Temel, D. (2007). Comparison of the hot and mineral waters of Çiftehan, Kemerhisar and Dertalan (Niğde) with water chemistry and isotopic methods, medical and bioclimatic evaluation [Unpublished master's thesis]. Niğde University.
  • Tolluoğlu, Ü. (1986). Petrographic and petrotectonic investigations in the southwest of the Central Anatolian massif (in Kırşehir region) [Unpublished doctoral thesis]. Hacettepe University.
  • Toprak, V. (1998). Vent distribution and its relation to regional tectonics, Cappadocian Volcanics, Turkey. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 85(1-4), 55-67.
  • TS266, (2005). Regulation on water for human consumption, TS-266 (Official Gazette No. 25730). Turkish Standards Institute.
  • Ünsal, N., & Afşin, M. (1999). Hydrochemical and isotopic properties of the Mahmutlu and Bağdatoğlu mineralized thermal springs, Kırşehir, Turkey. Hydrogeology Journal, 7, 540-545. https://doi.org/10.1007/s100400050227
  • WHO. (2017). Guidelines for drinking-water quality. https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/254637/9789241549950-eng.pdf?sequence=1
  • Yılmaz, E., & Şimsek, S. (2013, June 3-7). Observation studies of wells in Sorgun geothermal field (Yozgat-Turkey) [Paper presentation]. European Geothermal Congress, Pisa, Italy.
  • Yılmaz Turalı, E., Şimşek, Ş., & Koç, K. (2016, September 19-24). Hydrogeochemical investigation of Yerköy (Yozgat-Turkey) geothermal waters. [Paper presentation]. European Geothermal Congress, Strasbourg, France.
  • Yılmaz Turalı, E., & Şimşek, Ş. (2017). Conceptual and 3D simulation modeling of the Sorgun hydrothermal reservoir (Yozgat, Turkey). Geothermics, 66, 85-100.
  • Yurteri, C., Şimşek, Ş., Koç, K., & Yılmaz, E. (2015, April 19-24). Hydrogeological survey of Savcılı Büyükoba geothermal field (Kaman, Kırsehir-Central Anatolia, Turkey) [Paper presentation]. World Geothermal Congress, Melbourne, Australia
  • Yurteri, C., & Şimsek, Ş. (2017). Hydrogeological and hydrochemical studies of the Kaman-Savcili-Büyükoba (Kirsehir) geothermal area, Turkey. Geothermics, 65, 99-112.
Toplam 75 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Jeotermal
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Eda Aydemir Polat Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-0148-285X

Şehnaz Şener 0000-0003-3191-2291

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 15 Haziran 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Haziran 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 8 Ocak 2024
Kabul Tarihi 4 Nisan 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024

Kaynak Göster

APA Aydemir Polat, E., & Şener, Ş. (2024). Environmental impacts of geothermal fields on water resources in the Central Anatolia region, Turkey. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 15(1), 42-60. https://doi.org/10.29048/makufebed.1416438