Performance of Brutian Pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) Particles Modified with NaOH in Board Production

Yıl 2018, , 187 - 196, 11.07.2018

Abdullah Beram Samim Yaşar

https://doi.org/10.29048/makufebed.421675

Cited By: 4

Öz

In this study, particles from brutian pine (Pinus brutia Ten.)  were
soaked in 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1% NaOH solutions. The changes in the chemical
and thermal properties of the particles caused by these treatments were indicated
and the effects of these treatments on the physical and mechanical properties
of the produced boards were evaluated. Main chemical component and fourier
transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis showed that the extractive,
hemicellulose and lignin content of the particles decreased during the alkali
treatments, while the cellulose content increased. Thermogravimetric analysis
(TGA) indicated that the particles treated with NaOH solutions exhibited lower
thermal stability than the untreated particles. Alkali treatments caused water absorption (WA) and thickness swelling
(TS) increase of the produced particleboards. The mechanical properties of the
produced particleboards were improved by alkali treatments. The modulus of
elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR) and internal bond (IB) strength
values of the produced particleboards met the requirements for general-purpose
particleboards used in dry conditions, as defined by the TS-EN 312 (2012)
standard.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Brutian pine, alkali treatment, chemical composition, particleboard, physical and mechanical properties

NaOH ile Modifiye Edilmiş Kızılçam (Pinus brutia Ten.) Yongalarının Levha Üretimindeki Performansı

Öz

Bu çalışmada, %0.25,
0.50, 0.75 ve 1’lik NaOH çözeltileri ile işlem görmüş kızılçam (Pinus brutia Ten.)  yongalarının kimyasal bileşimindeki ve termal
özelliklerindeki değişimler ve bu değişimlerin üretilen levhaların fiziksel ve mekanik
özellikleri üzerine etkileri değerlendirilmiştir. Ana kimyasal bileşen ve
fourier dönüşümlü kızılötesi (FTIR) spektroskopisi analizleri, alkali
işlemlerde NaOH derişimi arttıkça yongalardaki ekstraktif madde, lignin ve
hemiselüloz miktarlarında sürekli düşüş, selüloz miktarında ise sürekli artış
olduğunu göstermiştir. Termogravimetrik analiz (TGA) sonuçları, alkali işlemin
yongaların termal dayanıklılığını düşürdüğünü ortaya koymuştur. Uygulanan
alkali işlemler, üretilen levhaların su alma (SA) ve kalınlığına şişme (KŞ)
değerlerini sürekli artırmıştır. Üretilen levhaların mekanik özelliklerinin
uygulanan alkali işlem derişimi arttıkça gelişme gösterdiği belirlenmiştir.
Çalışmada üretilen levhalarda belirlenen eğilmede elastikiyet modülü (EM),
eğilme direnci (ED) ve yüzeye dik çekme direnci (YDÇD) değerlerinin TS EN 312
(2012) standardında belirtilen kuru şartlarda genel amaçlı kullanılan levhalar
için beklenilen değerlerden yüksek olduğu görülmüştür.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kızılçam, alkali işlem, kimyasal bileşim, yongalevha, fiziksel ve mekanik özellikler

Kaynakça

• Abdul Khalil, H.P.S., Issam, A.M., Ahmad Shakri, M.T., Suriani, R., Awang, A.Y. (2007). Conventional agro-composites from chemically modified fibres. Industrial Crops and Products. 26: 315-323.
• ASTM D1103. (1980). Standard test method for alpha-cellulose in wood. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, USA.
• Ayrilmis, N., Buyuksari, U., Avci, E., Koc, E. (2009). Utilization of pine (Pinus pinea L.) cone in manufacture of wood based composite. Forest Ecology and Management. 259(1): 65-70.
• Ates, S., Akyıldız, M.H., Özdemir, H. (2009). Effects of heat treatment on calabrian pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) wood. Bioresources. 4(3): 1032-1043.
• Ates, S., Akyıldız, M.H., Özdemir, H., Gümüşkaya, E. (2010). Technological and chemical properties of chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) wood after heat treatment. Romanian Biotechnological Letters. 15(1): 4949-4958.
• Aydın, İ. (2004). Çeşitli ağaç türlerinden elde edilen kaplamaların ıslanabilme yeteneği ve yapışma direnci üzerine bazı üretim şartlarının etkileri. Doktora Tezi, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, Trabzon.
• Aydın, A. (2005). Sahil çamı (Pinus Pinaster Ait.) ibrelerinin yongalevha endüstrisinde değerlendirilebilmesi imkanları. Doktora Tezi, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, Trabzon.
• Bekhta, P., Hiziroglu, S. (2002). Theoretical approach on specific surface area of wood particles. Forest Product Journal. 52(4): 72-76.
• Boonstra, M.J., Pizzi, A., Zomers, F., Ohlmeyer, M., Paul, W. (2006).The effects of a two stage heat treatment process on the properties of particleboard. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff. 64: 157-164.
• Carvalho, K.C.C., Mulinari, D.R., Voorwald, H.J.C., Cioffi, M.O.H. (2010). Chemical modification effect on the mechanical properties of hips/coconut fiber composites. Bioresources. 5(2): 1143-1155.
• Chow, P., Harp, T., Meimban, R., Younquist, J.A., Rowell, R.M. (1996). Effect of acetylation on the dimensional stability and decay resistance of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) fiberboard. Document No: IRG/WP/96-40059.
• Dill, I., Salnikow, J., Kraepelin, G. (1984). Hydroxyproline-rich protein material in wood and lignin of Fagus sylvatica. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 48(6): 1259–1261.
• Fengel, D., Wegener, G. (1984). Wood Chemistry, Ultrastructure, Reactions. Walter de Gruyter Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
• Gassan, J., Bledzki, A.K. (1999). Alkali treatment of jute fibers. Relation between structure and mechanical properties. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 71(4): 623- 629.
• Gomez–Bueso, J., Westin, M., Torgilsson, R., Olesen, P.O., Simonson, R. (1999). Composites made from acetylated lignocellulosic fibers of different origin. Holz als Roh– und Werkstoff. 57: 433-438.
• Gönültaş, O. (2008). Fıstık çamı (Pinus pinea) kozalak, odun ve ibrelerinin kimyasal karakterizasyonu. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
• Joseleau, J.P., Imai, T., Kuroda, K., Ruel, K. (2004). Detection in situ and characterization of lignin in the G-layer of tension wood fibres of Populus deltoids. Planta. 219(2): 338-345.
• Khedari, J., Nankongnab, N., Hirunlabh, J., Teekasap, S. (2004). New low-cost insulation particleboards from mixture of durian peel and coconut coir. Building and Environment. 39(1): 59-65.
• Lopattananon, N., Payae, Y., Seadan, M. (2008). Influence of fiber modification on interfacial adhesion and mechanical properties of pineapple leaf fiber-epoxy composites. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 110(1): 433-443.
• Liang, C.Y., Bassett, K.H., McGinnes, E.A., Marchessault, R.H. (1960). Infrared spectra of crystalline polysaccharides; VII. Thin wood sections. Tappi, 43(12): 1017-1024.
• Luna, M.L., Murace, M.A., Robledo, G.L., Saparrat, M.C.N. (2012). Characterization of Schinopsis haenkeana wood decayed by Phellinus chaquensis (Basidiomycota, Hymenochaetales). IAWA Journal. 33(1): 91–104.
• Mahato, K., Goswami, S., Ambarkar, A. (2014). Morphology and mechanical properties of sisal fibre/vinyl ester composites. Fibers and Polymers. 15(6): 1310-1320.
• McGrath, T.E., Chan, W.G., Hajaligol, M.R. (2003). Low temperature mechanism for the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from the pyrolysis of cellulose. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis. 66(1-2): 51-70.
• Meszaros, E., Jakab, E., Varhegyi, G. (2007). TG/MS, Py-GC/MS and THMGC/MS study of the composition and thermal behavior of extractive components of Robinia pseudoacacia. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis. 79(1): 61-70.
• Moslemi, A.A. (1974). Particleboard, Vol. 1: Materials. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale, Illinois.
• Mwaikambo, L.Y., Ansell, M.P. (2002). Chemical modification of jute, sisal, hemp and kapok fibres by alkalization. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 84(12): 2222-2234.
• Ndazi, B.S., Karlsson, S., Tesha, J.V., Nyahumwa, C.W. (2007a). Chemical and physical modifications of rice husks for use as composite panels. Composites Part A. 38(3): 925-935.
• Ndazi, B.S., Nyahumwa, C., Tesha, J. (2007b). Chemical and thermal stability of rice husks against alkali treatment. Bioresources. 3(4): 1267-1277.
• Nemli, G., Kirci, H., Temiz, A. (2004a). Influence of impregnating wood particles with mimosa bark extract on some properties of particleboard. Industrial Crops and Products. 20: 339–344.
• Nemli, G., Hiziroglu, S., Usta, M., Serin, Z., Ozdemir, T., Kalaycıoglu, H. (2004b). Effect of residue type and tannin content on properties of particleboard manufactured from black locust. Forest Products Journal. 54 (2): 36–40.
• Nemli, G., Colakoglu, G. (2005). Effects of mimosa bark usage on some properties of particleboard. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry. 29: 227–230.
• Nemli, G., Aydin, A. (2007). Evaluation of the physical and mechanical properties of particleboard made from the needle litter of Pinus pinaster Ait. Industrial Crops and Products. 26: 252–258.
• Nemli, G., Yildiz, S., Gezer, E.D. (2008). The potential for using the needle litter of Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) as a raw material for particleboard manufacturing. Bioresource Technology. 99: 6054–6058.
• OGM (2015). Orman atlası. Orman Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
• Özdemir, H., Uçar, M.B. (2016). Kızılçam ağaç kabuklarından elde edilen tanenin tutkal olarak değerlendirilebilmesi. Electronic Journal Of Vocational Colleges. 6(4): 11-20.
• Pandey, K.K. (1999). Study of chemical structure of soft and hardwood and wood polymers by FTIR spectroscopy. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 71(12): 1969- 1975.
• Pandey, K.K. (2005). Study of the effect of photo-irradiation on the surface chemistry of wood. Polymer Degradation and Stability. 90(1): 9-20.
• Pasillias, C.N., Voulgaridis, E.V. (1999). Water repellant efficiency of organic solvent extractives from Aleppo pine leaves and bark applied to wood. Holzforschung. 53: 151–155.
• Popescu, C.M., Vasile, C., Popescu, M.C., Singurel, G. (2006). Degradation of lime wood painting supports II – spectal characterisation. Cellulose Chemistry and Technology. 40(8): 649–658.
• Ray, D., Sarkar, B.K. (2001). Characterization of alkali-treated jute fibers for physical and mechanical properties. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 80(7): 1013-1020.
• Sinha, E., Rout, S.K. (2009). Influence of fibre-surface treatment on structural, thermal and mechanical properties of jute fibre and its composite. Bulletin of Materials Science. 32(1), 65-76.
• Thurner, F., Mann, U. (1981). Kinetic investigation of wood pyrolysis. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Process Design and Development. 20(3): 482-488.
• Timar, M.C., Varodi, A.M., Hacibektasoglu, M., Campean, M. (2016). Color and FTIR analysis of chemical changes in beech wood (Fagus sylvatica L.) after light steaming and heat treatment in two different environments. Bioresources. 11(4): 8325-8343.
• Troedec, M.L., Sedan, D., Peyratout, C., Bonnet, J.P., Smith, A., Guinebretiere, R., Gloaguen, V., Krausz, P., (2008). Influence of various chemical treatments on the composition and structure of hemp fibres. Composites Part A. 39(3). 514-522.
• TS EN 310 (1999). Ahşap esaslı levhalar-Eğilme dayanımı ve eğilme elastikiyet modülünün tayini. TSE, Ankara.
• TS EN 312 (2012). Yonga levhalar – Özellikler. TSE, Ankara.
• TS EN 317 (1999). Yonga levhalar ve lif levhalar-Su içerisine daldırma işleminden sonra kalınlığına şişme tayini. TSE, Ankara.
• TS EN 319 (1999). Yonga levhalar ve lif levhalar-Levha yüzeyine dik çekme dayanımının tayini. TSE, Ankara.
• Tsuboi, M. (1957). Infrared spectrum and crystal structure of cellulose. Journal of Polymer Science. 25(109): 159-171.
• Var, A.A., Yıldız, U.C., Kalaycıoglu, H. (2002). Effects of various timber preserve on mechanical properties of particleboard. SDÜ Orman Fakültesi Dergisi. 1(1), 19- 38.
• Wise, E.L., Karl, H.L. (1962). Celluloese and Hemicellulose in Pulp and Paper Science and Technology. Libby, C.E. (Ed.), Vol:1, Mc Graw Hill Book Co., New York.
• Yaşar, S., İçel, B. (2016). Alkali modification of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) stalks and its effect on properties of produced particleboards. Bioresources. 11(3): 7191-7204.
• Yasar, S., Guntekin, E., Cengiz, M.,Tanriverdi, H. (2010a). The correlation of chemical characteristics and UF-resin ratios to physical and mechanical properties of particleboard manufactured from vine prunings. Scientific Research and Essays. 5(8): 737-741.
• Yasar, S., Guller, B., Baydar, H. (2010b). Studies on carbohydrate, lignin contents and some fiber properties of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) stalks. SDÜ Orman Fakültesi Dergisi. 1(1): 56-66.
• Zaidon, A., Norhairul Nizam, A.M., Mohd Nor, M.Y., Abood, F., Paridah, M.T., Nor Yuziah, M.Y., Jalaluddin, H. (2007). Properties of particleboard made from pretreated particles of rubberwood, EFB and rubberwood-EFB blend. Journal of Applied Science. 7(8): 1145-1151.
• Zhang, Y., Lu, X., Pizzi, A., Delmotte, L. (2003). Wheat straw particleboard bonding improvements by enzyme pretreatment. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff. 61: 49-54.