Araştırma Makalesi
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Sürgü Çayı (Malatya, Türkiye)’nda Makrobentik Omurgasızların Tür Kompozisyonu ve Çeşitliliği

Yıl 2019, , 60 - 67, 29.07.2019
https://doi.org/10.29048/makufebed.529074

Öz

Bu çalışmada Malatya
İli’nde (Türkiye) yer alan Sürgü Çayı’nın makrobentik omurgasızlarının tür
kompozisyonunun ve çeşitliliğinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Altı istasyon
belirlenmiş ve örnekler mevsimsel olarak alınmıştır. Sonuç olarak beş sınıfa ait;
Hirudinea ve Arachnida sınıflarından bir, Gastropoda’dan üç, Malacostraca’dan
beş ve Insecta sınıflarından 24 olmak üzere; 34 takson tespit edilmiştir.
Belirlenen taksonlar arasında en baskın grup Insecta olmuştur. Shannon Weaver
çeşitlilik indeksi ve Simpson indeksine göre en düşük çeşitlilik üçüncü
istasyonda, en yüksek çeşitlilik değeri ikinci istasyonda bulunmuştur. Ayrıca,
organizmalara dayalı olarak yedi istasyon arasındaki kümeleme ilişkilerini
göstermek için UPGMA algoritması kullanılmış, 
buna göre, en yüksek benzerlik değeri birinci ve ikinci istasyonlar
arasında (% 87), en düşük benzerlik değeri ise ikinci ve dördüncü istasyonlar
arasında (%13) bulunmuştur. Bugüne kadar Sürgü Çayı’nın makrobentik omurgasız
faunasının belirlenmesine yönelik bir çalışma yoktur. Bu nedenle, belirlenen
tüm taksonlar çalışma alanı için ilk kez kaydedilmiştir.

Destekleyen Kurum

İstanbul Üniversitesi BAP

Proje Numarası

51379

Kaynakça

  • Armitage, P.D., Moss, D., Wright, J.F., Furse, M.T. (1983). The performance of a new biological water quality score system based on macroinvertebrates over a wide range of unpolluted running water sites. Water Research, 17 (3): 333-347.
  • Azrina, M.Z., Yap, C.K., Ismail, A.R., Ismail, A., Tan, S. G. (2006). Anthropogenic impacts on the distribution and biodiversity of benthic macroinvertebrates and water quality of the Langat River, Peninsular Malaysia, Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 64 (3): 337-347.
  • Balık, S., Ustaoğlu, M. R., Özbek, M., Yıldız, S., Taşdemir, A., İlhan, A. (2006). Determination of pollution at lower basin of Küçük Menderes River (Selçuk, İzmir) by using macro benthic invertebrates, Ege University Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences, 23 (1-2): 61-65.
  • Bauernfeind, E., Weichselbaumer, P., Moog, O. (1995). Ephemeroptera. In: Fauna Aquatica Austriaca. Moog, O. (Ed.), Teil 3, Lief. 1/1995, BMLF., Wasserkataster, Wien, 1-17.
  • Dohet, A. (2002). Are caddisflies an ideal group for the biological assessment of water quality in streams. In: Nova Supplementa Entomologica, Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Trichoptera (pp. 507-520). Potsdam, Germany, Goecke & Evers., 664 pp.
  • Dolédec, S., Statzner, B. (2010). Responses of freshwater biota to human disturbances: contribution of J-NABS to developments in ecological integrity assessments. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 29 (1): 286-311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1899/08-090.1
  • Duran, M. (2006). Monitoring water quality using benthic macroinvertebrates and physicochemical parameters of Behzat Stream in Turkey. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 15(5): 709-717.
  • Duran, M., Tüzen, M., Kayim, M. (2003). Exploration of biological richness and water quality of stream Kelkit, Tokat-Turkey. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 12 (4): 370-375.
  • Hellawell, J.M. (1986). Biological indicators of freshwater pollution and environmental management. Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, London, UK.
  • Herman, M. R., Nejadhashemi, A. P. (2015). A review of macroinvertebrate-and fish-based stream health indices. Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology, 15(2), 53-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecohyd.2015.04.001
  • Hill, M.O. (1973). Diversity and evenness: a unifying notation and its consequences. Ecology, 54 (2): 427-432.
  • Johnson, S.L., Ringler, N.H. (2014). The response of fish and macroinvertebrate assemblages to multiple stressors: A comparative analysis of aquatic communities in a perturbed watershed (Onondaga Lake, NY). Ecological Indicators, 41: 198-208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.02.006
  • Kalyoncu, H., Zeybek, M. (2009). Benthic Fauna of Ağlasun and Isparta Streams and Determination of Water Quality According to Physicochemical Parameters and Belgium Biotic Index. Biyoloji Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi, 1 (3): 41-48.
  • Kalyoncu, H., Zeybek, M. (2011). An application of different biotic and diversity indices for assessing water quality: A case study in the Rivers Çukurca and Isparta (Turkey). African Journal of Agricultural Research, 6 (1): 19-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/AJAR09.
  • Kazancı N, Türkmen G, Ekingen P, Başören Ö. (2013). Preparation of a biotic index (Yeşilırmak-BMWP) for water quality monitoring of Yeşilırmak River (Turkey) by using benthic macroinvertebrates. Review of Hydrobiology, 6: 1-29.
  • Kazancı, N., Dügel, M. (2000). An evaluation of the water quality of Yuvarlakçay Stream, in the Köycegiz-Dalyan protected area, SW Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 24 (1): 69-80.
  • Kovach, W.L. (1998). MVSP, A Multivariate Statistical Package for Windows, ver. 3.1. Kovach Computing Services, Pentraeth, UK.
  • Lenat, D.R. (1988). Water quality assessment of streams using a qualitative collection method for benthic macroinvertebrates. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 7 (3): 222-233.
  • Lunde, K.B., Resh, V.H. (2012). Development and validation of a macroinvertebrate index of biotic integrity (IBI) for assessing urban impacts to Northern California freshwater wetlands. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 184 (6): 3653-3674.
  • Magurran, A.E. (2004). Measuring biological diversity. Blackwell Science Publishing., UK.
  • Malmqvist, B., Rundle, S. (2002). Threats to the running water ecosystems of the world. Environmental conservation, 29 (2): 134-153.
  • Mason, C.F. (2002). Biology of Freshwater Pollution. Pearson Education, 4th ed. New York, USA.
  • Metcalfe, J. L. (1989). Biological water quality assessment of running waters based on macroinvertebrate communities: history and present status in Europe. Environmental pollution, 60 (1-2): 101-139.
  • Meybeck, M. (2003). Global analysis of river systems: from Earth system controls to Anthropocene syndromes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 358 (1440): 1935-1955.
  • Meyer, D. (1987). Makroskopisch-biologische Feldmethoden zur Wassergutebeurteilung von FlieOgewassern, BUND Schriftenreihe, Hannover.
  • Moog, O., Bauernfeind E. and Weicshelbaumer, P. (1997). Use of Ephemeroptera as saprobic indicators in Austria, In: Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera: Biology-Ecology-Systematics. Landolt, P. and M. Sartori (eds), MTL, Fribourg, 254-260.
  • Plafkin, J. L., Barbour, M. T., Porter, K. D., Gross, S. K., Hughes, R.M. (1989). Rapid bioassessment protocols for use in streams and rivers: benthic macroinvertebrates and fish (EPA/444/4-89/001), Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
  • Rosenberg, D.M., Resh, V.H. (1993). Freshwater biomonitoring and benthic macroinvertebrates. Chapman and Hall, New York.
  • Roth, G. (1987). Data on the Distribution and Faunal History of the Genus Theodoxus in the Middle East (Gastropoda: Neritidae). Dr. Ludwig Reichert Veriag, 72-79.Şahin, S.K., Zeybek, M. (2016). Distribution of Mollusca Fauna in the Streams of Tunceli Province (East Anatolia, Turkey) and its Relationship with Some Physicochemical Parameters. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 16: 187-195. http://dx.doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v16_1_19
  • Shannon, C.E., Weaver, W. (1963). The mathematical theory of Communication. University of Illinois Press, Urbana.
  • Simpson, E.H. (1949). Measurement of diversity. Nature,163: 688.
  • Tuomisto, H. (2010a). A diversity of beta diversities: straightening up a concept gone awry. Part 1. Defining beta diversity as a function of alpha and gamma diversity. Ecography, 33: 2-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2009.05880.x
  • Tuomisto, H. (2010b). A consistent terminology for quantifying species diversity? Yes, it does exist. Oecologia, 4: 853–860. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-010-1812-0
  • Türkmen, G., Kazancı, N. (2010). Applications of various biodiversity indices to benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages in streams of a national park in Turkey, Review of Hydrobiology, 3: 111-125.
  • Wahizatul, A.A., Long, S.H., Ahmad, A. (2011). Composition and distribution of aquatic insect communities in relation to water quality in two freshwater streams of Hulu Terengganu. Journal of Sustainability Science and Management, 6 (1): 148-155.
  • Woodcock, T.S. Huryn, A.D. (2007). The response of macroinvertebrate production to a pollution gradient in a headwater stream. Freshwater Biology, 52 (1): 177-196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2006.01676.x
  • Yıldırım, M. Z. (2004). The Gastropods of Lake Eğirdir. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 28: 97-102.
  • Yıldırım, M.Z., Koca, S.B., Kebapçı, Ü. (2006). Supplement to the Prosobranchia (Mollusca: Gastropoda) fauna of fresh and brackish waters of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology. 30 (2), 197-204.
  • Yıldız, S., Özbek, M., Taşdemir, A., Balık, S. (2010). Identification of predominant environmental factors structuring benthic macro invertebrate communities: a case study in the Küçük Menderes coastal wetland (Turkey). Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 19 (1): 30-36.
  • Yıldız, S., Özbek, M., Taşdemir, A., Topkara, E. T., Assessment of a shallow montane Lentic Ecosystem (Lake Gölcük, İzmir, Turkey) Using Benthic Community Diversity, Ekoloji, 2015, vol. 24, no. 97, 1-13, doi:10.5053/ekoloji.2015.34.
  • Yorulmaz, B., Sukatar, A., Barlas, M., Comparative analysis of biotic indices for evaluation of water quality of Esen River in South-West Anatolia, Turkey, Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 2015, vol. 24, no. 1a, 188-194.
  • Zeybek, M., Macroinvertebrate-based biotic indices for evaluating the water quality of Kargı Stream (Antalya, Turkey), Turkish Journal of Zoology, 2017, vol. 41, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3906/zoo-1602-10
  • Zeybek, M., Şahin, S.K., The Distribution of Trichoptera Assemblages In Relation To Environmental Variables in the Streams of Tunceli (Turkey), Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 2016, vol. 25, no. 11, 4972-4981.
  • Zeybek, M., Kalyoncu, H., Ertan, Ö.O., Çiçek, N.L., Benthic Invertebrate Fauna of Köprüçay Stream (Antalya), Süleyman Demirel University Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences, 2012, vol. 16, 146-153.
  • Zeybek, M., Kalyoncu, H., Karakaş, B., Özgül, S., The use of BMWP and ASPT indices for evaluation of water quality according to macroinvertebrates in Değirmendere Stream (Isparta, Turkey), Turkish Journal of Zoology, 2014, vol. 38, no. 5, 603-613. http://dx.doi.org/10.3906/zoo-1310-9.

Diversity and Species Composition of the Macrobenthic Invertebrates in Sürgü Stream (Malatya, Turkey)

Yıl 2019, , 60 - 67, 29.07.2019
https://doi.org/10.29048/makufebed.529074

Öz

The study was carried out on Sürgü Stream, located in Malatya Province (Turkey), and aimed to determine the diversity and species composition of macrobenthic invertebrates. Six stations were determined on the stream and macrobenthic invertebrates were taken seasonally. As a result, 34 taxa belonging to five classes were detected; one of which belongs to Hirudinea, one of which belong to Arachnida, three to Gastropoda, five to Malacostraca and 24 to Insecta classes. Insecta was the most dominant group among the determined taxa. The Shannon Weaver Diversity Index and the Simpson Index showed that the lowest species diversity was observed at the third station while the highest species diversity was found at the second station. Also, UPGMA algorithm was used to show possible clustering relationships among the seven stations based on organisms. According to UPGMA analysis, the highest similarity value was observed between the first and second stations (87%), while the lowest similarity value was found between the second and fourth stations (13%). To date, there is no study on the determination of macrobenthic invertebrate fauna of Sürgü Stream. Therefore, all the identified taxa have been recorded for the first time for the study area.

Proje Numarası

51379

Kaynakça

  • Armitage, P.D., Moss, D., Wright, J.F., Furse, M.T. (1983). The performance of a new biological water quality score system based on macroinvertebrates over a wide range of unpolluted running water sites. Water Research, 17 (3): 333-347.
  • Azrina, M.Z., Yap, C.K., Ismail, A.R., Ismail, A., Tan, S. G. (2006). Anthropogenic impacts on the distribution and biodiversity of benthic macroinvertebrates and water quality of the Langat River, Peninsular Malaysia, Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 64 (3): 337-347.
  • Balık, S., Ustaoğlu, M. R., Özbek, M., Yıldız, S., Taşdemir, A., İlhan, A. (2006). Determination of pollution at lower basin of Küçük Menderes River (Selçuk, İzmir) by using macro benthic invertebrates, Ege University Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences, 23 (1-2): 61-65.
  • Bauernfeind, E., Weichselbaumer, P., Moog, O. (1995). Ephemeroptera. In: Fauna Aquatica Austriaca. Moog, O. (Ed.), Teil 3, Lief. 1/1995, BMLF., Wasserkataster, Wien, 1-17.
  • Dohet, A. (2002). Are caddisflies an ideal group for the biological assessment of water quality in streams. In: Nova Supplementa Entomologica, Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Trichoptera (pp. 507-520). Potsdam, Germany, Goecke & Evers., 664 pp.
  • Dolédec, S., Statzner, B. (2010). Responses of freshwater biota to human disturbances: contribution of J-NABS to developments in ecological integrity assessments. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 29 (1): 286-311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1899/08-090.1
  • Duran, M. (2006). Monitoring water quality using benthic macroinvertebrates and physicochemical parameters of Behzat Stream in Turkey. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 15(5): 709-717.
  • Duran, M., Tüzen, M., Kayim, M. (2003). Exploration of biological richness and water quality of stream Kelkit, Tokat-Turkey. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 12 (4): 370-375.
  • Hellawell, J.M. (1986). Biological indicators of freshwater pollution and environmental management. Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, London, UK.
  • Herman, M. R., Nejadhashemi, A. P. (2015). A review of macroinvertebrate-and fish-based stream health indices. Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology, 15(2), 53-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecohyd.2015.04.001
  • Hill, M.O. (1973). Diversity and evenness: a unifying notation and its consequences. Ecology, 54 (2): 427-432.
  • Johnson, S.L., Ringler, N.H. (2014). The response of fish and macroinvertebrate assemblages to multiple stressors: A comparative analysis of aquatic communities in a perturbed watershed (Onondaga Lake, NY). Ecological Indicators, 41: 198-208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.02.006
  • Kalyoncu, H., Zeybek, M. (2009). Benthic Fauna of Ağlasun and Isparta Streams and Determination of Water Quality According to Physicochemical Parameters and Belgium Biotic Index. Biyoloji Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi, 1 (3): 41-48.
  • Kalyoncu, H., Zeybek, M. (2011). An application of different biotic and diversity indices for assessing water quality: A case study in the Rivers Çukurca and Isparta (Turkey). African Journal of Agricultural Research, 6 (1): 19-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/AJAR09.
  • Kazancı N, Türkmen G, Ekingen P, Başören Ö. (2013). Preparation of a biotic index (Yeşilırmak-BMWP) for water quality monitoring of Yeşilırmak River (Turkey) by using benthic macroinvertebrates. Review of Hydrobiology, 6: 1-29.
  • Kazancı, N., Dügel, M. (2000). An evaluation of the water quality of Yuvarlakçay Stream, in the Köycegiz-Dalyan protected area, SW Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 24 (1): 69-80.
  • Kovach, W.L. (1998). MVSP, A Multivariate Statistical Package for Windows, ver. 3.1. Kovach Computing Services, Pentraeth, UK.
  • Lenat, D.R. (1988). Water quality assessment of streams using a qualitative collection method for benthic macroinvertebrates. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 7 (3): 222-233.
  • Lunde, K.B., Resh, V.H. (2012). Development and validation of a macroinvertebrate index of biotic integrity (IBI) for assessing urban impacts to Northern California freshwater wetlands. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 184 (6): 3653-3674.
  • Magurran, A.E. (2004). Measuring biological diversity. Blackwell Science Publishing., UK.
  • Malmqvist, B., Rundle, S. (2002). Threats to the running water ecosystems of the world. Environmental conservation, 29 (2): 134-153.
  • Mason, C.F. (2002). Biology of Freshwater Pollution. Pearson Education, 4th ed. New York, USA.
  • Metcalfe, J. L. (1989). Biological water quality assessment of running waters based on macroinvertebrate communities: history and present status in Europe. Environmental pollution, 60 (1-2): 101-139.
  • Meybeck, M. (2003). Global analysis of river systems: from Earth system controls to Anthropocene syndromes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 358 (1440): 1935-1955.
  • Meyer, D. (1987). Makroskopisch-biologische Feldmethoden zur Wassergutebeurteilung von FlieOgewassern, BUND Schriftenreihe, Hannover.
  • Moog, O., Bauernfeind E. and Weicshelbaumer, P. (1997). Use of Ephemeroptera as saprobic indicators in Austria, In: Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera: Biology-Ecology-Systematics. Landolt, P. and M. Sartori (eds), MTL, Fribourg, 254-260.
  • Plafkin, J. L., Barbour, M. T., Porter, K. D., Gross, S. K., Hughes, R.M. (1989). Rapid bioassessment protocols for use in streams and rivers: benthic macroinvertebrates and fish (EPA/444/4-89/001), Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
  • Rosenberg, D.M., Resh, V.H. (1993). Freshwater biomonitoring and benthic macroinvertebrates. Chapman and Hall, New York.
  • Roth, G. (1987). Data on the Distribution and Faunal History of the Genus Theodoxus in the Middle East (Gastropoda: Neritidae). Dr. Ludwig Reichert Veriag, 72-79.Şahin, S.K., Zeybek, M. (2016). Distribution of Mollusca Fauna in the Streams of Tunceli Province (East Anatolia, Turkey) and its Relationship with Some Physicochemical Parameters. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 16: 187-195. http://dx.doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v16_1_19
  • Shannon, C.E., Weaver, W. (1963). The mathematical theory of Communication. University of Illinois Press, Urbana.
  • Simpson, E.H. (1949). Measurement of diversity. Nature,163: 688.
  • Tuomisto, H. (2010a). A diversity of beta diversities: straightening up a concept gone awry. Part 1. Defining beta diversity as a function of alpha and gamma diversity. Ecography, 33: 2-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2009.05880.x
  • Tuomisto, H. (2010b). A consistent terminology for quantifying species diversity? Yes, it does exist. Oecologia, 4: 853–860. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-010-1812-0
  • Türkmen, G., Kazancı, N. (2010). Applications of various biodiversity indices to benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages in streams of a national park in Turkey, Review of Hydrobiology, 3: 111-125.
  • Wahizatul, A.A., Long, S.H., Ahmad, A. (2011). Composition and distribution of aquatic insect communities in relation to water quality in two freshwater streams of Hulu Terengganu. Journal of Sustainability Science and Management, 6 (1): 148-155.
  • Woodcock, T.S. Huryn, A.D. (2007). The response of macroinvertebrate production to a pollution gradient in a headwater stream. Freshwater Biology, 52 (1): 177-196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2006.01676.x
  • Yıldırım, M. Z. (2004). The Gastropods of Lake Eğirdir. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 28: 97-102.
  • Yıldırım, M.Z., Koca, S.B., Kebapçı, Ü. (2006). Supplement to the Prosobranchia (Mollusca: Gastropoda) fauna of fresh and brackish waters of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology. 30 (2), 197-204.
  • Yıldız, S., Özbek, M., Taşdemir, A., Balık, S. (2010). Identification of predominant environmental factors structuring benthic macro invertebrate communities: a case study in the Küçük Menderes coastal wetland (Turkey). Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 19 (1): 30-36.
  • Yıldız, S., Özbek, M., Taşdemir, A., Topkara, E. T., Assessment of a shallow montane Lentic Ecosystem (Lake Gölcük, İzmir, Turkey) Using Benthic Community Diversity, Ekoloji, 2015, vol. 24, no. 97, 1-13, doi:10.5053/ekoloji.2015.34.
  • Yorulmaz, B., Sukatar, A., Barlas, M., Comparative analysis of biotic indices for evaluation of water quality of Esen River in South-West Anatolia, Turkey, Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 2015, vol. 24, no. 1a, 188-194.
  • Zeybek, M., Macroinvertebrate-based biotic indices for evaluating the water quality of Kargı Stream (Antalya, Turkey), Turkish Journal of Zoology, 2017, vol. 41, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3906/zoo-1602-10
  • Zeybek, M., Şahin, S.K., The Distribution of Trichoptera Assemblages In Relation To Environmental Variables in the Streams of Tunceli (Turkey), Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 2016, vol. 25, no. 11, 4972-4981.
  • Zeybek, M., Kalyoncu, H., Ertan, Ö.O., Çiçek, N.L., Benthic Invertebrate Fauna of Köprüçay Stream (Antalya), Süleyman Demirel University Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences, 2012, vol. 16, 146-153.
  • Zeybek, M., Kalyoncu, H., Karakaş, B., Özgül, S., The use of BMWP and ASPT indices for evaluation of water quality according to macroinvertebrates in Değirmendere Stream (Isparta, Turkey), Turkish Journal of Zoology, 2014, vol. 38, no. 5, 603-613. http://dx.doi.org/10.3906/zoo-1310-9.
Toplam 45 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Mühendislik
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Serap Koşal Şahin 0000-0001-9256-218X

Melek Zeybek 0000-0002-2982-8616

Proje Numarası 51379
Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Temmuz 2019
Kabul Tarihi 16 Mayıs 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019

Kaynak Göster

APA Koşal Şahin, S., & Zeybek, M. (2019). Diversity and Species Composition of the Macrobenthic Invertebrates in Sürgü Stream (Malatya, Turkey). Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 10(1), 60-67. https://doi.org/10.29048/makufebed.529074