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Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and their Effects on Health

Yıl 2012, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 45 - 52, 01.06.2012

Erol Alver Ayla Demirci Mustafa Özcimder

Öz

Polisiklik aromatik hidrokarbonlar (PAH) organik bileşiklerin eksik yanması sonucu ortaya çıkan toksik ve kansorejen etkiye sahip yine organik yapıda bileşiklerdir. PAH’lar hava, su, gıdalar ve sigara dumanı ile insan vücuduna girerek DNA’da mutasyona neden olmaktadır. Doğada 100’ün üzerinde PAH bileşiği tespit edilmiştir. Ancak kanserojen ve toksik etkisinin daha fazla olduğu düşünülen 16 PAH bileşiği öncelikli kirleticiler arasında kabul edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada polisiklik aromatik hidrokarbonların fiziksel ve kimyasal özellikleri, tayin yöntemleri ve insan sağlığı üzere etkileri derlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Polisiklik aromatik hidrokarbon PAH Organik kirletici.

Kaynakça

  • Akcha, F., Burgeot, T., Narbonne, J.F., Garrigues, P. (2003). PAHs: An Ecotoxicological Perspective. Metabolic Activation of PAHs: Role of DNA Adduct Formation in Induced Carcinogenesis. Ed: P.E.T Douben (pp. 65–79) Wiley.
  • ATSDR, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). (1995). Toxicological profile for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Atlanta (GA): Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, USA.
  • Aygün, S.F., Özcimder, M. (1996). A comparison of normal (-CN) and reversed (C–18) phase chromatographic behaviour of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Turkish Journal of Chemistry, 20, 269–275.
  • Bartos, T., Cupr, P., Klánová, J., Holoubek, I. (2009). Which compounds contributed most to elevated airborne exposure and corresponding health risks in the Western Balkans. Environment International, 35, 1066–1071.
  • Bjorseth, A., Ramdahl, T. (1985). Handbook of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Volume 2: Emission Sources and Recent Progress in Analytical Chemistry Science. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, NY, USA.
  • Busby, W.F., Stevens, E.K., Martin C.N., Chow, F.L., Garner, R.C. (1989). Comparative lung tumorigenicity of parent and mononitro-polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in the BLU: Ha newborn mouse assay. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 99, 555–563.
  • Chen, S., C., Liao, C., M. (2006). Health risk assesment on human exposed to environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pollution sources. Science of the Total Environment, 366, 112–123.
  • Dabestani, R., Ivanov, I.N. (1999). A complication of physical, spectroscopic and photophysical properties of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 70, 10-34.
  • Danyi, S., Bose, F., Brasseur, C., Schneider, Y.J., Larondelle, Y., Pussemier, L. (2009). Analysis of EU priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in food supplements using high performance liquid chromatography coupled to an ultraviolet, diode array or fluorescence detector. Analytica Chimica Acta, 633, 293–699.
  • Douben, P.E.T. (2003). PAHs: An Ecotoxicological Perspective. Introduction. 1–6. Ed: P.E.T Douben Wiley.
  • EPA, US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), (1999). Compendium Method TO-13A, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
  • Esrafili, A., Yamini, Y., Ghambarian, M., Moradi , M. (2011). Dynamic three-phase hollow fiber microextraction based on two immiscible organic solvents with automated movement of the acceptor phase. Journal of Separation Science, 34, 98–106.
  • Ferrarese, E., Andreottola, G., Oprea, I.A. (2008). Remediation of PAH contaminated sediments by chemical oxidation. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 152, 128–39.
  • Garban, B., Blanchoud, H., Motelay-Massei, A., Chevreuil, M., Ollivon, D. (2002). Atmospheric bulk deposition of PAH’s onto France: Trends from urban to remote sites. Atmospheric Environment, 36, 5395– 5403.
  • Hsieh, M.M., Kuo, Y.C., Tsai, P.L., Chang, H.T. (2001). Optimizing separation conditions for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A, 924, 397–405.
  • Imaida, K., Uneyama, C., Ogasawara, H., Hayashi, S., Fukuhara, K., Miyata, N., Takahashi, M. (1992).
  • Induction of colon adenocarcinomas in CD rats and lung adenomas in ICR mice by 6-nitrochrysene: comparison of carcinogenicity and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase induction in the target organs of each species. Cancer Research, 52, 1542–1545.
  • Janini, G.M., Muschik, G.M., Schroer, J.A., and Zielinski, W.L. (1976). Gas-liquid chromatographic evaluation and gas-chromatography/mass spectrometric application of new high-temperature liquid crystal stationary phases for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon separations. Analytical Chemistry, 48, 1879–1883.
  • Lee, S.C., Ho, K.F., Chan, L.Y., Zielinska, B., Chow, J.C. (2001). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and carbonyl compounds in urban atmosphere of Hong Kong. Atmospheric Environment, 35, 5949– 5960.
  • Liang, H-D., Han, D-M., Yan, X-P. (2006). Cigarette filter as sorbent for on-line coupling of solid-phase extraction to high-performance liquid chromatography for determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water. Journal of Chromatography A, 1103, 9−14.
  • Liu, Y., Chen, L., Tang, Y., Huang, Q., Zhao, J. (2007). Determination of trace polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments of Huangpu river using high performance liquid chromatography. Chinese Journal of Chromatography, 25, 356–361.
  • Luch, A., Baird, W.M. (2005). Carcinogenic Effects Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Metabolic Activation and Detoxification of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. (pp. 19–96), Ed: A. Luch. Imperial College Pres. USA.
  • Luch, A. (2005). Carcinogenic Effects Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Polycyclic Aromatic HydrocarbonInduced Carcinogenesis. An Introduction. (pp. 1– 18), Ed: A. Luch. Imperial College Pres. USA.
  • Marcè R.M., Borrull, F. (2000). Solid phase extraction of polycyclic aromatic compounds, Journal of Chromatography A, 885, 273–290.
  • Martinez, E., Gros, M., Lacorte ,S., Barcelo, D. (2004). Simplified procedures for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water, sediments and mussels. Journal of Chromatography A, 1047, 181– 188. Martorell, I., Perelló, G., Martí-Cid, R., Castell, V., Juan M. Llobet, J.M., Domingo, J.L. (2010). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in foods and estimated PAH intake by the population of Catalonia, Spain: temporal trend. Environment International, 36, 424–432.
  • Melwanki, M.B., Huang, S-D. (2006). Extraction of hydroxyaromatic compounds in river water by liquid–liquid–liquid microextraction with automated movement of the acceptor and the donor phase. Journal of Separation Science, 29, 2078–2084.
  • Moret, S., Purcaro, G., Conte, S.L. (2010). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) levels in propolis and propolis-based dietary supplements from the Italian market. Food Chemistry, 122, 333–338.
  • Naegeli, H. Geacintov, N.E. (2005). Carcinogenic Effects Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Mechanisms of Repair of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon-Induced DNA Damage. (pp. 211–258), Ed: A. Luch. Imperial College Pres. USA.
  • Nieva-Cano, M.J., Rubio-Barosso, S., Santos-Delgado, M.J. (2001). Determination of PAH in food samples by HPLC with fluorimetric detection following sonication extraction without sample clean-up. Analyst, 126, 1326−1331.
  • Perry, R., Baek, S.O., Field, R.A., Goldstone, M.E., Kirk, P.W., Lester, J.N. (1991). A review of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: sources, fate and behavior. water, air and soil pollution. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 60, 279–300.
  • Phillips, DH. (1999). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the diet. Mutation Research, 443, 139–147.
  • Platt, K.L., Pfeiffer, E., Petrovic, P., Friesel, H., Beermann, D., Hecker, E., Oesch, F. (1990). Comparative tumorigenicity of picene and dibenz[a,h]anthracene in the mouse. Carcinogenesis, 11, 1721–1726.
  • Radecki, A., Lamparczyk, H., Kaliszan, R. (1979). A relationship between the retention indices on nematic and isotropic phases and the shape of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Chromatographia, 12, 595–599.
  • Ratola, N., Alvesa, A., Kalogerakisb, N., Psillakis, E. (2008). Hollow-fibre liquid-phase microextraction: A simple and fast cleanup step used for PAHs determination in pine needles. Analytica Chimica Acta, 618, 70–78.
  • Re N-Poppi, N., Santiago-Silva, M. (2005). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other selected organic compounds in ambient air of Campo Grande city, Brazil. Atmospheric Environment, 39, 2839–2850,
  • Rice, J.M., Ward, J.M. (1982). Age dependence of susceptibility to carcinogenesis in the nervous system. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 381, 274–289.
  • Saleh, A., Yamini, Y., Faraji, M., Rezaee, M., Ghambarian, M. (2009). Ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction method based on applying low density organic solvents followed by gas chromatography analysis for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples.
  • Journal of Chromatography A, 1216, 6673–6679. Sander, L.C., Wise, S.A. (1997). Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Structure Index. United States Department of Commerce Technology Administration National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Special Publication 922, USA.
  • Serpe, F.P., Esposito, M., Gallo, P., Serpe, L. (2010). Optimisation and validation of an HPLC method for determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in mussels. Food Chemistry, 122, 920–925. Smith, C.J., Grainger, J., Patterson, D.G. (1998).
  • Separation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites by ע-cyclodextrin-modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography withlaser-induced fluorescence detection. Journal of Chromatography A, 803, 241–247.
  • Soyka, L.F. (1980). Hepatic drug metabolizing enzyme activity and tumorigenesis in mice following perinatal exposure to benzo[a]pyrene. Pediatr. Pharmacol., 1, 85–96.
  • Stołyhwo, A., Sikorski, Z.E. (2005).Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in smoked fish – a critical review. Food Chemistry, 91, 303–311,
  • Tsai, P.J., Shieh, H.Y., Lee, W.J., Lai, S.O. (2002.) Characterization of PAHs in the atmosphere of carbon black manufacturing workplaces. J. Hazard. Mater., 91, 25−42.
  • Vardar, N., Tasdemir, Y., Odabası, M., Noll, K. (2004). Characterization of Atmospheric Concentrations and Partitioning of PAHs in the Chicago Atmosphere. Science of the Total Environment, 327, 163–174.
  • Varnamkhasti, A.K, Eghtesadi-Araghi, P., Negarestan, H., Ranaci-Siadat, O., Maghsoudlou, A. (2008). The Role of Three Dimensional Geometric Descriptors of Selected PAHs on Inducing Mortality in Juvenile Angel Fish (Pterophyllum scalare). Journal of Biological Sciences, 8, 314–320.
  • Vesselinovitch, S.C., Kandala D.R., Mihailovich N. (1975). Neoplastic response of mouse tissues during perinatal age periods and its significance in chemical carcinogenesis. Journal of the National Cancer Institute Monograph, 51, 230–250.
  • Wang, X.Y., Li, Q.B., Luo, Y.M., Ding, Q., Xi, L.M., Ma, J.M., Li, Y., Liu, Y.P., Cheng, C.L. (2010). Characteristics and sources of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Shanghai, China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 165, 295–305.
  • Wcisło, E. (1998). Soil contamination with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Poland - a review. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 7, 267–272.
  • Wenzl, T., Simon, R., Anklam, E., Kleiner, J. (2006). Analytical methods for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in food and the environment needed for new food legislation in the European Union. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 25, 716- 725.
  • WHO, World Health Organisation (1998). Environmental Health Criteria 202, Selected non-heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety. World Health Organisation, Geneva.
  • Wise, S.A., Bonnett, W.J., Guenther, F.R., May, W.E. (1981). A relationship between reversed phase C18 liquid chromatographic retention and the shape of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Journal of Chromatographic Science, 19, 457–465.
  • Zhang, H., Xue, M., Dai, Z. (2010). Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aquatic products by HPLC-fluorescence. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 23, 469–474.
  • Zhang, J.L.G., Li, X.D., Qi, S.H., Liu, G.Q., Peng, X.Z. (2006). Source seasonality of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in subtropical city, Guangzhou, South China. Science of the Total Environment, 355, 145–155.
  • Zhang, P., Song, J., Yuan, H. (2009). Persistent organic pollutant residues in the sediments and mollusks from the Bohai Sea coastal areas, North China: an overview. Environment International, 35, 632–646

Polisiklik Aromatik Hidrokarbonlar ve Sağlığa Etkileri

Yıl 2012, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 45 - 52, 01.06.2012

Erol Alver Ayla Demirci Mustafa Özcimder

Öz

Polisiklik aromatik hidrokarbonlar (PAH) organik bileşiklerin eksik yanması sonucu ortaya çıkan toksik ve kansorejen etkiye sahip yine organik yapıda bileşiklerdir. PAH’lar hava, su, gıdalar ve sigara dumanı ile insan vücuduna girerek DNA’da mutasyona neden olmaktadır. Doğada 100’ün üzerinde PAH bileşiği tespit edilmiştir. Ancak kanserojen ve toksik etkisinin daha fazla olduğu düşünülen 16 PAH bileşiği öncelikli kirleticiler arasında kabul edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada polisiklik aromatik hidrokarbonların fiziksel ve kimyasal özellikleri, tayin yöntemleri ve insan sağlığı üzere etkileri derlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Polisiklik aromatik hidrokarbon PAH Organik kirletici.

Kaynakça

  • Akcha, F., Burgeot, T., Narbonne, J.F., Garrigues, P. (2003). PAHs: An Ecotoxicological Perspective. Metabolic Activation of PAHs: Role of DNA Adduct Formation in Induced Carcinogenesis. Ed: P.E.T Douben (pp. 65–79) Wiley.
  • ATSDR, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). (1995). Toxicological profile for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Atlanta (GA): Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, USA.
  • Aygün, S.F., Özcimder, M. (1996). A comparison of normal (-CN) and reversed (C–18) phase chromatographic behaviour of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Turkish Journal of Chemistry, 20, 269–275.
  • Bartos, T., Cupr, P., Klánová, J., Holoubek, I. (2009). Which compounds contributed most to elevated airborne exposure and corresponding health risks in the Western Balkans. Environment International, 35, 1066–1071.
  • Bjorseth, A., Ramdahl, T. (1985). Handbook of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Volume 2: Emission Sources and Recent Progress in Analytical Chemistry Science. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, NY, USA.
  • Busby, W.F., Stevens, E.K., Martin C.N., Chow, F.L., Garner, R.C. (1989). Comparative lung tumorigenicity of parent and mononitro-polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in the BLU: Ha newborn mouse assay. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 99, 555–563.
  • Chen, S., C., Liao, C., M. (2006). Health risk assesment on human exposed to environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pollution sources. Science of the Total Environment, 366, 112–123.
  • Dabestani, R., Ivanov, I.N. (1999). A complication of physical, spectroscopic and photophysical properties of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 70, 10-34.
  • Danyi, S., Bose, F., Brasseur, C., Schneider, Y.J., Larondelle, Y., Pussemier, L. (2009). Analysis of EU priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in food supplements using high performance liquid chromatography coupled to an ultraviolet, diode array or fluorescence detector. Analytica Chimica Acta, 633, 293–699.
  • Douben, P.E.T. (2003). PAHs: An Ecotoxicological Perspective. Introduction. 1–6. Ed: P.E.T Douben Wiley.
  • EPA, US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), (1999). Compendium Method TO-13A, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
  • Esrafili, A., Yamini, Y., Ghambarian, M., Moradi , M. (2011). Dynamic three-phase hollow fiber microextraction based on two immiscible organic solvents with automated movement of the acceptor phase. Journal of Separation Science, 34, 98–106.
  • Ferrarese, E., Andreottola, G., Oprea, I.A. (2008). Remediation of PAH contaminated sediments by chemical oxidation. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 152, 128–39.
  • Garban, B., Blanchoud, H., Motelay-Massei, A., Chevreuil, M., Ollivon, D. (2002). Atmospheric bulk deposition of PAH’s onto France: Trends from urban to remote sites. Atmospheric Environment, 36, 5395– 5403.
  • Hsieh, M.M., Kuo, Y.C., Tsai, P.L., Chang, H.T. (2001). Optimizing separation conditions for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A, 924, 397–405.
  • Imaida, K., Uneyama, C., Ogasawara, H., Hayashi, S., Fukuhara, K., Miyata, N., Takahashi, M. (1992).
  • Induction of colon adenocarcinomas in CD rats and lung adenomas in ICR mice by 6-nitrochrysene: comparison of carcinogenicity and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase induction in the target organs of each species. Cancer Research, 52, 1542–1545.
  • Janini, G.M., Muschik, G.M., Schroer, J.A., and Zielinski, W.L. (1976). Gas-liquid chromatographic evaluation and gas-chromatography/mass spectrometric application of new high-temperature liquid crystal stationary phases for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon separations. Analytical Chemistry, 48, 1879–1883.
  • Lee, S.C., Ho, K.F., Chan, L.Y., Zielinska, B., Chow, J.C. (2001). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and carbonyl compounds in urban atmosphere of Hong Kong. Atmospheric Environment, 35, 5949– 5960.
  • Liang, H-D., Han, D-M., Yan, X-P. (2006). Cigarette filter as sorbent for on-line coupling of solid-phase extraction to high-performance liquid chromatography for determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water. Journal of Chromatography A, 1103, 9−14.
  • Liu, Y., Chen, L., Tang, Y., Huang, Q., Zhao, J. (2007). Determination of trace polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments of Huangpu river using high performance liquid chromatography. Chinese Journal of Chromatography, 25, 356–361.
  • Luch, A., Baird, W.M. (2005). Carcinogenic Effects Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Metabolic Activation and Detoxification of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. (pp. 19–96), Ed: A. Luch. Imperial College Pres. USA.
  • Luch, A. (2005). Carcinogenic Effects Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Polycyclic Aromatic HydrocarbonInduced Carcinogenesis. An Introduction. (pp. 1– 18), Ed: A. Luch. Imperial College Pres. USA.
  • Marcè R.M., Borrull, F. (2000). Solid phase extraction of polycyclic aromatic compounds, Journal of Chromatography A, 885, 273–290.
  • Martinez, E., Gros, M., Lacorte ,S., Barcelo, D. (2004). Simplified procedures for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water, sediments and mussels. Journal of Chromatography A, 1047, 181– 188. Martorell, I., Perelló, G., Martí-Cid, R., Castell, V., Juan M. Llobet, J.M., Domingo, J.L. (2010). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in foods and estimated PAH intake by the population of Catalonia, Spain: temporal trend. Environment International, 36, 424–432.
  • Melwanki, M.B., Huang, S-D. (2006). Extraction of hydroxyaromatic compounds in river water by liquid–liquid–liquid microextraction with automated movement of the acceptor and the donor phase. Journal of Separation Science, 29, 2078–2084.
  • Moret, S., Purcaro, G., Conte, S.L. (2010). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) levels in propolis and propolis-based dietary supplements from the Italian market. Food Chemistry, 122, 333–338.
  • Naegeli, H. Geacintov, N.E. (2005). Carcinogenic Effects Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Mechanisms of Repair of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon-Induced DNA Damage. (pp. 211–258), Ed: A. Luch. Imperial College Pres. USA.
  • Nieva-Cano, M.J., Rubio-Barosso, S., Santos-Delgado, M.J. (2001). Determination of PAH in food samples by HPLC with fluorimetric detection following sonication extraction without sample clean-up. Analyst, 126, 1326−1331.
  • Perry, R., Baek, S.O., Field, R.A., Goldstone, M.E., Kirk, P.W., Lester, J.N. (1991). A review of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: sources, fate and behavior. water, air and soil pollution. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 60, 279–300.
  • Phillips, DH. (1999). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the diet. Mutation Research, 443, 139–147.
  • Platt, K.L., Pfeiffer, E., Petrovic, P., Friesel, H., Beermann, D., Hecker, E., Oesch, F. (1990). Comparative tumorigenicity of picene and dibenz[a,h]anthracene in the mouse. Carcinogenesis, 11, 1721–1726.
  • Radecki, A., Lamparczyk, H., Kaliszan, R. (1979). A relationship between the retention indices on nematic and isotropic phases and the shape of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Chromatographia, 12, 595–599.
  • Ratola, N., Alvesa, A., Kalogerakisb, N., Psillakis, E. (2008). Hollow-fibre liquid-phase microextraction: A simple and fast cleanup step used for PAHs determination in pine needles. Analytica Chimica Acta, 618, 70–78.
  • Re N-Poppi, N., Santiago-Silva, M. (2005). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other selected organic compounds in ambient air of Campo Grande city, Brazil. Atmospheric Environment, 39, 2839–2850,
  • Rice, J.M., Ward, J.M. (1982). Age dependence of susceptibility to carcinogenesis in the nervous system. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 381, 274–289.
  • Saleh, A., Yamini, Y., Faraji, M., Rezaee, M., Ghambarian, M. (2009). Ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction method based on applying low density organic solvents followed by gas chromatography analysis for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples.
  • Journal of Chromatography A, 1216, 6673–6679. Sander, L.C., Wise, S.A. (1997). Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Structure Index. United States Department of Commerce Technology Administration National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Special Publication 922, USA.
  • Serpe, F.P., Esposito, M., Gallo, P., Serpe, L. (2010). Optimisation and validation of an HPLC method for determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in mussels. Food Chemistry, 122, 920–925. Smith, C.J., Grainger, J., Patterson, D.G. (1998).
  • Separation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites by ע-cyclodextrin-modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography withlaser-induced fluorescence detection. Journal of Chromatography A, 803, 241–247.
  • Soyka, L.F. (1980). Hepatic drug metabolizing enzyme activity and tumorigenesis in mice following perinatal exposure to benzo[a]pyrene. Pediatr. Pharmacol., 1, 85–96.
  • Stołyhwo, A., Sikorski, Z.E. (2005).Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in smoked fish – a critical review. Food Chemistry, 91, 303–311,
  • Tsai, P.J., Shieh, H.Y., Lee, W.J., Lai, S.O. (2002.) Characterization of PAHs in the atmosphere of carbon black manufacturing workplaces. J. Hazard. Mater., 91, 25−42.
  • Vardar, N., Tasdemir, Y., Odabası, M., Noll, K. (2004). Characterization of Atmospheric Concentrations and Partitioning of PAHs in the Chicago Atmosphere. Science of the Total Environment, 327, 163–174.
  • Varnamkhasti, A.K, Eghtesadi-Araghi, P., Negarestan, H., Ranaci-Siadat, O., Maghsoudlou, A. (2008). The Role of Three Dimensional Geometric Descriptors of Selected PAHs on Inducing Mortality in Juvenile Angel Fish (Pterophyllum scalare). Journal of Biological Sciences, 8, 314–320.
  • Vesselinovitch, S.C., Kandala D.R., Mihailovich N. (1975). Neoplastic response of mouse tissues during perinatal age periods and its significance in chemical carcinogenesis. Journal of the National Cancer Institute Monograph, 51, 230–250.
  • Wang, X.Y., Li, Q.B., Luo, Y.M., Ding, Q., Xi, L.M., Ma, J.M., Li, Y., Liu, Y.P., Cheng, C.L. (2010). Characteristics and sources of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Shanghai, China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 165, 295–305.
  • Wcisło, E. (1998). Soil contamination with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Poland - a review. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 7, 267–272.
  • Wenzl, T., Simon, R., Anklam, E., Kleiner, J. (2006). Analytical methods for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in food and the environment needed for new food legislation in the European Union. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 25, 716- 725.
  • WHO, World Health Organisation (1998). Environmental Health Criteria 202, Selected non-heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety. World Health Organisation, Geneva.
  • Wise, S.A., Bonnett, W.J., Guenther, F.R., May, W.E. (1981). A relationship between reversed phase C18 liquid chromatographic retention and the shape of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Journal of Chromatographic Science, 19, 457–465.
  • Zhang, H., Xue, M., Dai, Z. (2010). Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aquatic products by HPLC-fluorescence. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 23, 469–474.
  • Zhang, J.L.G., Li, X.D., Qi, S.H., Liu, G.Q., Peng, X.Z. (2006). Source seasonality of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in subtropical city, Guangzhou, South China. Science of the Total Environment, 355, 145–155.
  • Zhang, P., Song, J., Yuan, H. (2009). Persistent organic pollutant residues in the sediments and mollusks from the Bohai Sea coastal areas, North China: an overview. Environment International, 35, 632–646
Toplam 54 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Erol Alver Bu kişi benim

Ayla Demirci Bu kişi benim

Mustafa Özcimder Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2012
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2012 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Alver, E., Demirci, A., & Özcimder, M. (2012). Polisiklik Aromatik Hidrokarbonlar ve Sağlığa Etkileri. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 3(1), 45-52.