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BATISIZLIK VE TRUMP'UN GÖLGESİNDE TRANSATLANTİK İLİŞKİLER

Year 2022, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 385 - 405, 23.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.30798/makuiibf.912072

Abstract

II. Dünya Savaşı’nın ardından Atlas Okyanusu’nun iki yakasındaki taraflar diplomasi, ekonomi, güvenlik ve ortak değerler üzerinden bir ilişki inşa etmişlerdir. Zamanla farklılaşan bu ortaklık hem Soğuk Savaş’ın sona ermesinin ardından yaşanan gerilimler hem de 11 Eylül sonrası ortam nedeniyle birçok açıdan krize sürüklenmiş; Irak Savaşı’nın ardından daha da sorunlu bir hale gelmiştir. 2008 ekonomik krizi, tek kutupluluğun zayıflamasının ardından oluşan yeni konjonktür, küresel çapta terörle mücadele ve son olarak hali hazırda yaşanan koronavirüs salgını Transatlantik müttefikler arasındaki ilişkilerin yönünü değiştirmiştir. Makalede, ilişkilerdeki bu dönüşümün sebepleri son dönemde gündeme gelen Batısızlık kavramı üzerinden analiz edilmeye çalışılmaktadır. Makalenin ana amacı Donald Trump’ın başkanlığı sırasında Avrupa Birliği ile Amerika Birleşik Devletleri arasındaki ilişkilerde yaşananları ortaya koymaktır. Bunun yanısıra Trump ve sonrası dönemde ABD’nin üstlenebileceği veya üstlenmek isteyeceği rol ve Avrupa ile arasındaki ittifakın sürdürülebilirliği tartışılmaktadır. Sonuçta da Trump dönemi boyunca Transatlantik ilişkilerin zayıfladığına ve Batısızlık eğiliminin artığına dair ciddi kanıtlar ortaya koymaktadır.

References

  • Anderson, J., Ikenberry, G. J., Risse, T. (2008). The End Of The West? - Crises And Change in The Atlantic Order, NewYork: Cornell University Press.
  • Barack Obama Says World Needs A United Europe, 25 Nisan 2016, The Guardian, Erişim adresi https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/apr/25/barack-obama-says-world-needs-a-united-europe.
  • Binnendijk, H. (Ed.). (2014). A Transatlantic Pivot to Asia: Towards New Trilateral Partnerships. Washington, DC: Center for Transatlantic Relations.
  • Brzezinski, Z. (16 Aralık 2008). The Global Political Awakening, The New York Times, Erişim adresi Https://Www.Nytimes.Com/2008/12/16/Opinion/16iht-Yebrzezinski.1.18730411.Html
  • Cliffe, J. (8 Eylül 2020). Westlessness: How Cracks Within Nato Signal A New Balance Of Global Power, NewStatesman, Erişim adresi https://www.newstatesman.com/world/north-america/2020/09/westlessness-how-cracks-within-nato-signal-new-balance-global-power.
  • Defence Expenditure of NATO Countries (2012-2019). Erişim adresi https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/pdf_2019_06/20190625_pr2019-069-en.pdf
  • Demirkıran, T. (29 Ağustos 2017). Macaristan, Rusya İçin Avrupa'da Bir Köprübaşı Olabilir Mi, Erişim adresi https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-41077710.
  • Dinç, C, Esentürk, N. (2018). Avrupa ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Arasındaki İlişkide Dönüşümler (2001-2017). Gazi Akademik Bakış, 11 (22), 41-76. DOI: 10.19060/gav.437764.
  • Dirsus, M. (2018). A new Counterweight?., Berlin Policy Journal, Erişim adresi https://berlinpolicyjournal.com/a-new-counterweight/.
  • Duclos, M. (2020). Europe At The Helm Of A New Transatlantic Agenda, Erişim adresi https://www.institutmontaigne.org/en/blog/europe-helm-new-transatlantic-agenda.
  • EIU Democracy Index (2020). https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2020/. Gitlin, T. (1995). The Twilight of Common Dreams: Why America is Wracked By Culture Wars. New York: Metropolitan Books.
  • Goldberg, J. (2016), The Obama Doctrine. The Atlantic’s, Erişim adresi https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2016/04/the-obama-doctrine/471525/
  • Güvenç, S. (2015). NATO’nun Evrimi ve Türkiye’nin Transatlantik Güvenliğe Katkıları, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Cilt 12, Sayı 45, 101-119.
  • Heisbourg, F. (2012). The defence of Europe: Towards a new transatlantic division of responsibilities, All alone? What US retrenchment means for Europe and NATO, Tomas Valasek (Ed). Centre for European Reform (CER), London, Erişim adresi https://www.cer.eu/sites/default/files/publications/attachments/pdf/2012/rp_089_km-6278.pdf.
  • Ikenberry, G. J. (2018). The End of Liberal International Order?. International Affairs 94 (1): 7–23. doi:10.1093/ia/iix241.
  • İba Gürsoy, S. , Hocaoğlu Bahadır, N. (2021). Brexit Sonrası Transatlantik İlişkilerde Olası Tahminler, Europolitika, Yıl:5, Sayı 6: 16-25.
  • Jean-Claude Juncker, (14 Eylül 2017). “State of the Union Address 2016: Towards a better Europe - a Europe that protects, empowers and defends”, Avrupa Komisyonu.
  • Jia, W. (2020). Westlessness or Restlessness?, Erişim adresi https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1182777.shtml.
  • Karaosmanoğlu, A. (2014). NATO’nun Dönüşümü. Uluslararası İlişkiler, Özel Sayı: NATO'nun Dönüşümü ve 21. Yüzyılda Güvenlik , Cilt 10, Sayı: 40, 2-38 .
  • Kennedy, L. (2020). “Westlessness: Europe and the post-American World”, Erişim adresi, https://www.ucdclinton.ie/commentary-content/westlessness-europe-and-the-post-american-world.
  • Kocamaz, S. (2020). Donald Trump Döneminde Avrupa Birliği-ABD İlişkileri: Liberal Dünya Düzeni, Krizler ve Ayrışan Politikalar, Marmara Üniversitesi Avrupa Topluluğu Enstitüsü Avrupa Araştırmaları Dergisi , 28 (2) , 221-253.
  • Legarda, H. (2020). Will China be a driver of Westlessness?. Erişim adresi https://merics.org/en/press-release/will-china-be-driver-westlessness. Michta, A. (2017). A Common Threat Assessment for NATO?. Erişim adresi http://carnegieeurope.eu/strategiceurope/68017.
  • Michta, A. (2017). What Europeneeds to do - Five Priorities for Europe’s Transatlantic Strategy. Erişim adresi https://www.the-american-interest.com/2017/09/22/five-priorities-europes-transatlantic-strategy/.
  • Munich Security Report, (2020). Erişim adresi https://securityconference.org/assets/user_upload/MunichSecurityReport2020.pdf.
  • Ntousas, V., Lamond, J. (2021). In Our Hands Progressive Ideas For A Renewed And Repurposed Trans-Atlantic Bond, Erişim adresi https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/security/reports/2021/01/22/494777/in-our-hands/.2
  • Nye, J. (08 Mart 2020). The Dangers of Westlessness”, Erişim adresi https://thediplomat.com/2020/03/the-dangers-of-westlessness/.
  • Oğuzlu, T. (12 Mayıs 2017), Trump Dönemi ABD Dış Politikası ve Liberal Dünya Düzeninin Geleceği, Erişim adresi https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/analiz-haber/trump-donemi-abd-dis-politikasi-ve-liberal-dunya-duzeninin-gelecegi/816901.
  • Özdikmenli, İ., Ovalı, Ş. (2008). Irak Savaşı Sonrasında Liberal Dünyanın Yapay İkiliği . Uluslararası İlişkiler, 5 (19) , 89-118.
  • Özel, S. (5 Ağustos 2018). “Trump ve Trumpizm”, Cumhuriyet.
  • Peterson, J. (2018). Europe and America: Partners and Rivals in International Relations. Rowman and Littlefield.
  • Peterson, J ve Pollack M. (2003), Europe, Amerika, Bush, Transatlantic Relations in the Twenty-First Century, Routledge.
  • Rachman, G. (2016). Easternisation: War and Peace in the Asian Century, Vintage Digital.
  • Riddervold, M., Newsome, A. (2018). Transatlantic relations in times of uncertainty: crises and EU-US relations, Journal of European Integration, 40:5, 505-521.
  • Rizzo, R. (2020). The Transatlantic Relationship: A Call to the Next Generation, Erişim adresi https://eu.boell.org/en/2020/07/30/transatlantic-relationship-call-next-generation.
  • Rose, G. (2018). Letting Go. Trump, America, and the World. Foreign Affairs, 97 (2): 1–192.
  • Schake, K., (2012). US Retrenchment and Europe, All alone? What US retrenchment means for Europe and NATO, Tomas Valasek (ed), Centre for European Reform (CER), London, Erişim adresi https://www.cer.eu/sites/default/files/publications/attachments/pdf/2012/rp_089_km-6278.pdf
  • Shanker, T. (10 Haziran 2011). Defense Secretary Warns NATO of ‘Dim’ Future, NewYork Times, Erişim adresi https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/11/world/europe/11gates.html.
  • Shapiro, J. Ve Gordon, P. (2020). Trump And The Rise Of Sadistic Diplomacy, Foreign Policy, Erişim adresi https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/08/17/trump-the-death-of-the-deal/.
  • Smith, M. (2011). A liberal Grand Strategy in a realist world? Power, purpose and the EU’s changing global role, Journal of European Public Policy,18 (2) : 144-163.
  • Sola, N. ve Smith M. (2009). Perceptions And Policy in Transatlantic Relations Prospective Visions From The US And Europe, Routledge. Splenger, O. (1978). Batının Çöküşü, İ(çev: Giovanni Scognamillo) İstanbul: Dergâh Yayınları. Steenderen, A., Koster, K. (2011). US–EU Defence Relations: Competitors – or Partners in Crime?. Socialism and Democracy, 25:2.
  • Şahin, Y. (2017). Brexit ve Trump Çağında AB Güvenlik ve Savunma Politikaları. İKV Değerlendirme Notu, İstanbul.
  • T.C. Başbakanlık Avrupa Birliği Genel Sekreterliği (2011). Avrupa Birliği Anlaşması ve Avrupa Birliği’nin İşleyişi Hakkında Anlaşma, Ankara Erişim adresi https://www.ab.gov.tr/files/pub/antlasmalar.pdf.
  • Terriff, T. (2004). Fear and Loathing in NATO: The Atlantic Alliance After the Crisis over Iraq. Perspectives on European Politics and Society, Cilt 5, Sayı 3, 419–446.
  • Turan, İ. (04 Eylül 2018). Avoiding Further Deterioration in Turkish–U.S. Relations: Less Emotion, More Wisdom, No 009, GMF, Erişim adresi https://www.gmfus.org/publications/avoiding-further-deterioration-turkish-us-relations-less-emotion-more-wisdom
  • Walt, S. (2017). In Praise of a Transatlantic Divorse. Foreign Policy, Erişim adresi https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/05/30/in-praise-of-a-transatlantic-divorce-trump-merkel-europe-nato/.
  • Welfens, P, J.J. (2020). The Global Trump, Structural US Populism And Economic Conflicts With Europe And Asia, Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Wike, R., Stokes, B, Pouchter, J. Silver L., Fetterolf, J., Devlin, K. (2018). Trump’s International Ratings Remain Low, Espicially Among Key Allies, PEW Research Center.
  • Zakaria, F. (27 Ocak 2017). Fdr Started The Long Peace. Under Trump, İt May Be Coming To An End, The Washington Post, Erişim adresi https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-opinions/fdr-started-the-long-peace-under-trump-it-may-be-coming-to-an-end/2017/01/26/2f0835e2-e402-11e6-ba11-63c4b4fb5a63_story.html.

WESTLESSNESS AND TRANSATLANTIC RELATIONS IN TRUMP'S SHADOW

Year 2022, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 385 - 405, 23.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.30798/makuiibf.912072

Abstract

After World War II, both sides of the Atlantic Ocean built a relationship through diplomacy, economy, security and common values. This partnership, which has diversified over time, has been dragged into crisis in many ways, both due to the tensions after the end of the Cold War and the post-9/11 environment; it has become even more problematic after the Iraq War. The 2008 economic crisis, the new conjuncture following the weakening of unipolarism, the global fight against terrorism and finally the coronavirus epidemic has changed the direction of relations between transatlantic allies. In this article, the reasons of this transformation in relations are tried to be analyzed through the concept of Westlessness, which has recently come to the fore. The main purpose of the article is to set out the characteristics of the relations between the European Union and the United States during Donald Trump's presidency. In addition, the role that the United States can or will want to undertake in the post-Trump era and the sustainability of alliance with Europe are discussed. As a result, it reveals serious evidence that EU-US relations have weakened over the Trump period and the tendency towards Westleesness increased.

References

  • Anderson, J., Ikenberry, G. J., Risse, T. (2008). The End Of The West? - Crises And Change in The Atlantic Order, NewYork: Cornell University Press.
  • Barack Obama Says World Needs A United Europe, 25 Nisan 2016, The Guardian, Erişim adresi https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/apr/25/barack-obama-says-world-needs-a-united-europe.
  • Binnendijk, H. (Ed.). (2014). A Transatlantic Pivot to Asia: Towards New Trilateral Partnerships. Washington, DC: Center for Transatlantic Relations.
  • Brzezinski, Z. (16 Aralık 2008). The Global Political Awakening, The New York Times, Erişim adresi Https://Www.Nytimes.Com/2008/12/16/Opinion/16iht-Yebrzezinski.1.18730411.Html
  • Cliffe, J. (8 Eylül 2020). Westlessness: How Cracks Within Nato Signal A New Balance Of Global Power, NewStatesman, Erişim adresi https://www.newstatesman.com/world/north-america/2020/09/westlessness-how-cracks-within-nato-signal-new-balance-global-power.
  • Defence Expenditure of NATO Countries (2012-2019). Erişim adresi https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/pdf_2019_06/20190625_pr2019-069-en.pdf
  • Demirkıran, T. (29 Ağustos 2017). Macaristan, Rusya İçin Avrupa'da Bir Köprübaşı Olabilir Mi, Erişim adresi https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-41077710.
  • Dinç, C, Esentürk, N. (2018). Avrupa ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Arasındaki İlişkide Dönüşümler (2001-2017). Gazi Akademik Bakış, 11 (22), 41-76. DOI: 10.19060/gav.437764.
  • Dirsus, M. (2018). A new Counterweight?., Berlin Policy Journal, Erişim adresi https://berlinpolicyjournal.com/a-new-counterweight/.
  • Duclos, M. (2020). Europe At The Helm Of A New Transatlantic Agenda, Erişim adresi https://www.institutmontaigne.org/en/blog/europe-helm-new-transatlantic-agenda.
  • EIU Democracy Index (2020). https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2020/. Gitlin, T. (1995). The Twilight of Common Dreams: Why America is Wracked By Culture Wars. New York: Metropolitan Books.
  • Goldberg, J. (2016), The Obama Doctrine. The Atlantic’s, Erişim adresi https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2016/04/the-obama-doctrine/471525/
  • Güvenç, S. (2015). NATO’nun Evrimi ve Türkiye’nin Transatlantik Güvenliğe Katkıları, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Cilt 12, Sayı 45, 101-119.
  • Heisbourg, F. (2012). The defence of Europe: Towards a new transatlantic division of responsibilities, All alone? What US retrenchment means for Europe and NATO, Tomas Valasek (Ed). Centre for European Reform (CER), London, Erişim adresi https://www.cer.eu/sites/default/files/publications/attachments/pdf/2012/rp_089_km-6278.pdf.
  • Ikenberry, G. J. (2018). The End of Liberal International Order?. International Affairs 94 (1): 7–23. doi:10.1093/ia/iix241.
  • İba Gürsoy, S. , Hocaoğlu Bahadır, N. (2021). Brexit Sonrası Transatlantik İlişkilerde Olası Tahminler, Europolitika, Yıl:5, Sayı 6: 16-25.
  • Jean-Claude Juncker, (14 Eylül 2017). “State of the Union Address 2016: Towards a better Europe - a Europe that protects, empowers and defends”, Avrupa Komisyonu.
  • Jia, W. (2020). Westlessness or Restlessness?, Erişim adresi https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1182777.shtml.
  • Karaosmanoğlu, A. (2014). NATO’nun Dönüşümü. Uluslararası İlişkiler, Özel Sayı: NATO'nun Dönüşümü ve 21. Yüzyılda Güvenlik , Cilt 10, Sayı: 40, 2-38 .
  • Kennedy, L. (2020). “Westlessness: Europe and the post-American World”, Erişim adresi, https://www.ucdclinton.ie/commentary-content/westlessness-europe-and-the-post-american-world.
  • Kocamaz, S. (2020). Donald Trump Döneminde Avrupa Birliği-ABD İlişkileri: Liberal Dünya Düzeni, Krizler ve Ayrışan Politikalar, Marmara Üniversitesi Avrupa Topluluğu Enstitüsü Avrupa Araştırmaları Dergisi , 28 (2) , 221-253.
  • Legarda, H. (2020). Will China be a driver of Westlessness?. Erişim adresi https://merics.org/en/press-release/will-china-be-driver-westlessness. Michta, A. (2017). A Common Threat Assessment for NATO?. Erişim adresi http://carnegieeurope.eu/strategiceurope/68017.
  • Michta, A. (2017). What Europeneeds to do - Five Priorities for Europe’s Transatlantic Strategy. Erişim adresi https://www.the-american-interest.com/2017/09/22/five-priorities-europes-transatlantic-strategy/.
  • Munich Security Report, (2020). Erişim adresi https://securityconference.org/assets/user_upload/MunichSecurityReport2020.pdf.
  • Ntousas, V., Lamond, J. (2021). In Our Hands Progressive Ideas For A Renewed And Repurposed Trans-Atlantic Bond, Erişim adresi https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/security/reports/2021/01/22/494777/in-our-hands/.2
  • Nye, J. (08 Mart 2020). The Dangers of Westlessness”, Erişim adresi https://thediplomat.com/2020/03/the-dangers-of-westlessness/.
  • Oğuzlu, T. (12 Mayıs 2017), Trump Dönemi ABD Dış Politikası ve Liberal Dünya Düzeninin Geleceği, Erişim adresi https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/analiz-haber/trump-donemi-abd-dis-politikasi-ve-liberal-dunya-duzeninin-gelecegi/816901.
  • Özdikmenli, İ., Ovalı, Ş. (2008). Irak Savaşı Sonrasında Liberal Dünyanın Yapay İkiliği . Uluslararası İlişkiler, 5 (19) , 89-118.
  • Özel, S. (5 Ağustos 2018). “Trump ve Trumpizm”, Cumhuriyet.
  • Peterson, J. (2018). Europe and America: Partners and Rivals in International Relations. Rowman and Littlefield.
  • Peterson, J ve Pollack M. (2003), Europe, Amerika, Bush, Transatlantic Relations in the Twenty-First Century, Routledge.
  • Rachman, G. (2016). Easternisation: War and Peace in the Asian Century, Vintage Digital.
  • Riddervold, M., Newsome, A. (2018). Transatlantic relations in times of uncertainty: crises and EU-US relations, Journal of European Integration, 40:5, 505-521.
  • Rizzo, R. (2020). The Transatlantic Relationship: A Call to the Next Generation, Erişim adresi https://eu.boell.org/en/2020/07/30/transatlantic-relationship-call-next-generation.
  • Rose, G. (2018). Letting Go. Trump, America, and the World. Foreign Affairs, 97 (2): 1–192.
  • Schake, K., (2012). US Retrenchment and Europe, All alone? What US retrenchment means for Europe and NATO, Tomas Valasek (ed), Centre for European Reform (CER), London, Erişim adresi https://www.cer.eu/sites/default/files/publications/attachments/pdf/2012/rp_089_km-6278.pdf
  • Shanker, T. (10 Haziran 2011). Defense Secretary Warns NATO of ‘Dim’ Future, NewYork Times, Erişim adresi https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/11/world/europe/11gates.html.
  • Shapiro, J. Ve Gordon, P. (2020). Trump And The Rise Of Sadistic Diplomacy, Foreign Policy, Erişim adresi https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/08/17/trump-the-death-of-the-deal/.
  • Smith, M. (2011). A liberal Grand Strategy in a realist world? Power, purpose and the EU’s changing global role, Journal of European Public Policy,18 (2) : 144-163.
  • Sola, N. ve Smith M. (2009). Perceptions And Policy in Transatlantic Relations Prospective Visions From The US And Europe, Routledge. Splenger, O. (1978). Batının Çöküşü, İ(çev: Giovanni Scognamillo) İstanbul: Dergâh Yayınları. Steenderen, A., Koster, K. (2011). US–EU Defence Relations: Competitors – or Partners in Crime?. Socialism and Democracy, 25:2.
  • Şahin, Y. (2017). Brexit ve Trump Çağında AB Güvenlik ve Savunma Politikaları. İKV Değerlendirme Notu, İstanbul.
  • T.C. Başbakanlık Avrupa Birliği Genel Sekreterliği (2011). Avrupa Birliği Anlaşması ve Avrupa Birliği’nin İşleyişi Hakkında Anlaşma, Ankara Erişim adresi https://www.ab.gov.tr/files/pub/antlasmalar.pdf.
  • Terriff, T. (2004). Fear and Loathing in NATO: The Atlantic Alliance After the Crisis over Iraq. Perspectives on European Politics and Society, Cilt 5, Sayı 3, 419–446.
  • Turan, İ. (04 Eylül 2018). Avoiding Further Deterioration in Turkish–U.S. Relations: Less Emotion, More Wisdom, No 009, GMF, Erişim adresi https://www.gmfus.org/publications/avoiding-further-deterioration-turkish-us-relations-less-emotion-more-wisdom
  • Walt, S. (2017). In Praise of a Transatlantic Divorse. Foreign Policy, Erişim adresi https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/05/30/in-praise-of-a-transatlantic-divorce-trump-merkel-europe-nato/.
  • Welfens, P, J.J. (2020). The Global Trump, Structural US Populism And Economic Conflicts With Europe And Asia, Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Wike, R., Stokes, B, Pouchter, J. Silver L., Fetterolf, J., Devlin, K. (2018). Trump’s International Ratings Remain Low, Espicially Among Key Allies, PEW Research Center.
  • Zakaria, F. (27 Ocak 2017). Fdr Started The Long Peace. Under Trump, İt May Be Coming To An End, The Washington Post, Erişim adresi https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-opinions/fdr-started-the-long-peace-under-trump-it-may-be-coming-to-an-end/2017/01/26/2f0835e2-e402-11e6-ba11-63c4b4fb5a63_story.html.
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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Sezin İba Gürsoy 0000-0001-5795-9982

Publication Date March 23, 2022
Submission Date April 8, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 9 Issue: 1

Cite

APA İba Gürsoy, S. (2022). BATISIZLIK VE TRUMP’UN GÖLGESİNDE TRANSATLANTİK İLİŞKİLER. Journal of Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Economics and Administrative Sciences Faculty, 9(1), 385-405. https://doi.org/10.30798/makuiibf.912072

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