ENTEGRE NEHİR HAVZASINI YÖNETME DENEYİMLERİNİN KARŞILAŞTIRMALI ANALİZİ: ABD VE TÜRKİYE ÖRNEKLERİ - THE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE INTEGRATED RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT EXPERIENCES: USA AND TURKEY SAMPLES

Öz

Su havzalarını geliştirmek ve değerlendirmek için geliştirilen yaklaşımlardan biri, entegre nehir havzasını yönetme (IRBM) yaklaşımıdır. IRBM, kısaca nehir havzasının su ve toprak kaynaklarının entegre bir şekilde geliştirilmesi ve kullanılmasıdır. Dünyanın en eski ve en ünlü IRBM örneği, 1933 yılında ABD’de kurulan Tennessee Vadisi Yönetimi’dir (TVA). TVA, çok sayıda ülkede benzer projelere öncülük etmiştir. Bunlardan biri, Türkiye’de Güneydoğu Anadolu Projesi’dir (GAP).

TVA, ABD’nin Tennessee Vadisi’nin ekonomik kalkınmasını hızlandırmak için kurulmuştur. Özel teşebbüsün girişkenliğine ve esnekliğine sahip bir şekilde kurulan TVA, bölgesel kalkınma yaklaşımı temelinde IRBM yaklaşımını uygulamıştır. Bu çerçevede çok sayıda baraj ve sulama kanalları inşa etmiş; elektrik enerjisi üretmiş; bölgenin kalkınmasına katkıda bulunmuştur. 

GAP, Türkiye’nin çok sektörlü, entegre bölgesel kalkınma projesidir. Fırat ve Dicle nehirlerinde barajlar ve sulama kanalları yapmak için 1977 yılında geliştirilmiştir. 40 yıllık süreçte tamamlanamayan GAP’ın enerji projelerinde % 78, sulama projelerinde ise % 52 oranında gerçekleşme sağlanmıştır. 

Bu çalışmada TVA ve GAP, kuruluş süreci, amacı, yönetimi, finansmanı ve faaliyetleri bakımından karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmiş; benzer ve farklı yönleri ortaya konmuştur. Konu, doküman analizi tekniğiyle incelenmiştir. Analizle iki projenin başlıca benzerliklerinin, uygulanan IRBM yaklaşımı; başlıca farklılıkların ise, finansman ve yönetim yapıları ile faaliyetlerinde olduğu gözlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Tennessee Vadisi Yönetimi (TVA),Entegre Nehir Havzasını Yönetme (IRBM),Güneydoğu Anadolu Projesi (GAP),ABD,Türkiye

THE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE INTEGRATED RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT EXPERIENCES: USA AND TURKEY SAMPLES - ENTEGRE NEHİR HAVZASINI YÖNETME DENEYİMLERİNİN KARŞILAŞTIRMALI ANALİZİ: ABD VE TÜRKİYE ÖRNEKLERİ

Öz

One of the approaches developed to develop and evaluate watersheds is the integrated river basin management (IRBM) approach. IRBM is the development and use of water and soil resources in an integrated way. The world’s oldest and most famous IRBM example is Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) that is founded in 1933 in the USA. TVA has pioneered similar projects in many countries. One of them is the Southeast Anatolia Project in Turkey (GAP).

TVA has been established to accelerate the economic development of the Tennessee Valley. Established in a way that has the initiative and flexibility of private enterprise TVA has implemented the IRBM approach on the basis of regional development approach. In this context, he built many dams and irrigation canals; produced electrical energy; contributed to the development of the region.

GAP, Turkey’s multi-sectoral, integrated regional development project. It was developed in 1977 to make dams and irrigation canals in the Euphrates and Tigris rivers. 78 % of the energy projects of the GAP which could not be completed in 40 years, and 52 % of the irrigation projects were realized.

In this study, TVA and GAP were examined comparatively in terms of establishment process, purpose, management, financing and activities. similar and different aspects have been revealed. Subject was examined by document analysis technique. The main similarities of the two projects were the IRBM approach; The main differences were observed in financing and management structures and activities.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM),Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA),Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP),USA,Turkey

Kaynakça

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