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MUTLULUKTA ULUSAL KÜLTÜRÜN ROLÜ: KÜLTÜREL BOYUTLAR-MUTLULUK PUANI İLİŞKİ MODELLERİ

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 34, 53 - 67, 28.11.2021
https://doi.org/10.20875/makusobed.907187

Öz

Bu çalışma ülkelerin kültürel özellikleri ile mutluluk düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkileri çözümlemeyi konu almıştır. Literatür bağlamında; kültür-mutluluk ilişkisinde, en fazla ele alınmış Hofstede’nin kültür boyutları (güç mesafesi, bireycilik-toplulukçuluk, erillik-dişilik, uzun-kısa vade yönelimi, belirsizlikten kaçınma, tolerans) bu araştırmanın bağımsız değişkenlerini oluşturmuştur. Birleşmiş Milletlerin düzenli olarak 8 yıldır yayınladığı ülkelerin mutluluk skorları da ölçümlenen boyutlar (kişi başına GSYİH, sosyal destek, sağlıklı yaşam beklentisi, yaşam seçimi özgürlüğü, cömertlik, yolsuzluk algısı) bağlamında bağımlı değişkenleri oluşturmuştur. Yapısal eşitlik modellemesine göre kurulan modeller, veriler sonucu önerilen modellerle revize edilmiştir. Bulgulara göre ülkelerin toplam mutluluk skoru üzerinde doğrudan etkisi olan iki boyut güç mesafesi ve bireyciliktir. Ayrıca farklı mutluluk boyutları üzerinde; belirsizlikten kaçınma ve uzun dönem yönelimli olma kültür değişkenlerinin de önemli etkiler oluşturduğu söylenebilir. Kültürün toplam mutluluk skorları ve mutluluk boyutları üzerindeki açıklayıcı varyans değerleri, kültürün mutluluğu belirleyici etkisinin ne denli yüksek olabileceğini göstermiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Ahuvia, A. C. (2002). Individualism/collectivism and cultures of happiness: A theoretical conjecture on the relationship between consumption, culture and subjective well-being at the national level. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3(1), 23-36.
  • Alparslan, A. M., Yastıoğlu, S. & Taş, M.A. (2019), Mutlu eden yöneticiler: Pozitif psikoloji bağlamında araştırmalar ve öneriler. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık: Ankara.
  • Bartels, M., & Salo, E. (2018). How does culture influence experiences of happiness and well-being?: A comparative study of Chinese and Swedish perceptions (Unpublished bachelor thesis). Jönköping University, Jönköping.
  • Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS. (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Carl, D., Gupta, V. & Javidan, M. (2004). Power distance. In House, R.J., Hanges, P.J., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P.W. & Gupta, V. (Eds.), Culture, leadership, and organizations: The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies, (pp.513-563). London: Sage Publication Thousand Oaks.
  • Delle Fave, A., Brdar, I., Wissing, M. P., Araujo, U., Castro Solano, A., Freire, T., & Nakamura, J. (2016). Lay definitions of happiness across nations: The primacy of inner harmony and relational connectedness. Frontiers in psychology, 7(30). 1-23.
  • DeNeve, K. M., & Cooper, H. (1998). The happy personality: A meta-analysis of 137 personality traits and subjective wellbeing. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 197-229.
  • Diener, E., & Suh, E. M. (2003). National differences in subjective well-being. In D. Kahneman, E. Diener, & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology (pp. 434- 450). New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
  • Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Lucas, R. E. (2003). Personality, culture, and subjective well-being: Emotional and cognitive evaluations of life. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 403-425.
  • Dittmar, H., Bond, R., Hurst, M., & Kasser, T. (2014). The relationship between materialism and personal well-being: A metaanalysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 107(5), 879-924.
  • Dulababu T (2017). Global happiness: Continental and cross-cultural models perspective. Journal of Global Economics, 5(268), 2-7.
  • Ekehammar, B., Akrami, N., Gylje, M., & Zakrisson, I. (2004). What matters most to prejudice: Big Five personality, social dominance orientation, or right-wing authoritarianism? European Journal of Personality, 18, 463-482.
  • Erkenekli, M., (2015). Toplumsal kültür. In Ü. Sığrı & S. Gürbüz (Eds.), Örgütsel davranış, İstanbul: Beta Yayınları.
  • Güler M. & Dönmez A. (2011). İyi olma hali bağlamında uyum düzeyi kuramı ve hedonik döngü. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 14 (27), 38-45. Getz, K. & Volkema, J. (2001). Culture, perceived corruption, and economics. Business & Society, 40(1), 7-30.
  • Haslam, N., Whelan, J., & Bastian, B. (2009). Big Five traits mediate associations between values and subjective well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 46, 40-42.
  • Husted, B. W. (1999). Wealth, culture, and corruption. Journal of International Business Studies, 30, 339-359
  • Helliwell, J. F., Huang, H., & Wang, S. (2019). Changing world happiness. World Happiness Report 2019.
  • Hershfield, H. E., Mogilner, C., & Barnea, U. (2016). People who choose time over money are happier. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 7(7), 697-706.
  • Hofstede, G. (2010). Geert hofstede. National cultural dimensions, (1-6).
  • Hofstede, G., & Bond, M. H. (1984). Hofstede's culture dimensions: An independent validation using Rokeach's value survey. Journal of cross-cultural psychology, 15(4), 417-433.
  • Hofstede, G., & Bond, M. H. (1988). The Confucius connection: From cultural roots to economic growth. Organizational Dynamics, 16(4), 5-21.
  • Jin, H. (2010). Culture and personality on psychology well-being research. Multicultural Education Review, 2(1), 121-139.
  • Karababa, A., (2015). Kuramsal temelde değer. In B. Dilmaç & H. H. Bircan (Eds.). Değerler ve değerler psikolojisi, Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Kešeljević, A. (2016). Institutional origins of subjective well-being: Estimating the effects of economic freedom on national happiness. Journal of happiness studies, 17(2), 659-712.
  • Khan, R. (2009). The perception of happiness: Role of age and culture (Doctoral dissertation), Kean University.
  • Kitayama, S., Markus, H. R., & Kurokawa, M. (2000). Culture, emotion, and well-being: Good feelings in Japan and the United States. Cognition & Emotion, 14(1), 93-124.
  • Labroo, A. A., & Mukhopadhyay, A. (2009). Lay theories of emotion transience and the search for happiness: A fresh perspective on affect regulation. Journal of Consumer Research, 36(2), 242-254.
  • Lee, S. M., & Peterson, S. J. (2000). Culture, entrepreneurial orientation, and global competitiveness. Journal of World Business, 35(4), 401-416.
  • Lu, L. (2006). Cultural fit: Individual and societal discrepancies in values, beliefs, and subjective well-being. The Journal of Social Psychology, 146(2), 203-221.
  • Lu, L., & Gilmour, R. (2004). Culture and conceptions of happiness: Individual oriented and social oriented SWB. Journal of Happiness Studies, 5(3), 269-291.
  • Lu, L., Gilmour, R., & Kao, S. F. (2001). Cultural values and happiness: An East-West dialogue. The Journal of Social Psychology, 141(4), 477-493.
  • Lundwall, C., Fairborn, S., Quinones-Camacho, L., Estep, J., & Davis, E. (2019). Self-regulation mechanisms explain how dispositional mindfulness promotes well-Being. Journal of Positive Psychology and Wellbeing, 3(2), 153-164.
  • Markus, H. R. & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224-253.
  • McShane, S. L. & Von Glinow, M. A. (2016). Örgütsel davranış. (Trans. A. Günsel & S. Bozkurt, Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
  • Minkov, M. (2009). Predictors of differences in subjective well-being across 97 nations. Cross-Cultural Research, 43(2), 152-179.
  • Ohbuchi, K. I., & Takahashi, Y. (1994). Cultural styles of conflict management in Japanese and Americans: Passivity, covertness, and effectiveness of strategies. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 24(15), 1345–1366.
  • Oishi, S., & Diener, E. (2003). Culture and well-being: The cycle of action, evaluation, and decision. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(8), 939-949.
  • Oishi, S., & Diener, E. (2009). Goals, culture, and subjective well-being. In Culture and well-Being (pp. 93-108). Dordrecht: Springer.
  • Ouweneel, P., &Veenhoven, R. (1991). Cross-national differences in happiness: Cultural bias or societal quality? In N. Bleichrodt&P. J.D. Drenth (Eds.), Contemporary issues in cross-cultural psychology (pp. 168-84). Amsterdam: Swets and Zeitlinger.
  • Oyserman, D., Coon, H. M., & Kemmelmeier, M. (2002). Rethinking individualism and collectivism: evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses. Psychology Bulletin, 128, 3–72.
  • Özkul, A. S., (2007). Yaşam ve çevre değerlerini etkileyen değerler SDÜ öğrencileri üzerine bir araştırma (Unpublished mastesr’s thesis) Süleyman Demirel University, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Turkey, Isparta.
  • Pflug, J. (2009). Folk theories of happiness: A cross-cultural comparison of conceptions of happiness in Germany and South Africa. Social Indicators Research, 92(3), 551-563.
  • Rego, A., & Cunha, M. P. (2009). How individualism–collectivism orientations predict happiness in a collectivistic context. Journal of Happiness Studies, 10(1), 19-35.
  • Rice, T. W., & Steele, B. J. (2004). Subjective well-being and culture across time and space. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology, 35(6), 633-647.
  • Robbins, S. & Judge, T. A., (2015). Örgütsel davranış (Trans. İ. Erdem). Ankara: Nobel Yayınları.
  • Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudemonic wellbeing. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 141-166.
  • Senik, C. (2014). The French unhappiness puzzle: The cultural dimension of happiness. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 106, 379-401.
  • Steel, P., Taras, V., Uggerslev, K., & Bosco, F. (2018). The happy culture: A theoretical, meta-Analytic, and empirical review of the relationship between culture and wealth and subjective well-being. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 22(2), 128-169.
  • Tam, K. P., Lau, H. P. B., & Jiang, D. (2012). Culture and subjective well-being: A dynamic constructivist view. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 43(1), 23-31.
  • Ünal, M. (2017). Geert Hendrick Hofstede. In Ö. Livvarçin & D. Kurt (Eds.), Yönetim biliminde 49 insan 49 teori. İstanbul: Beta Yayıncılık.
  • Veenhoven, R., & Dumludağ, D. (2015). İktisat ve mutluluk. İktisat ve Toplum Dergisi, 58, 46-51.
  • Warr, P. (2011). Work, happiness, and unhappiness. UK: Taylor & Francis e-Library.
  • Wong, Y. J., Ho, M. R., Wang, S. Y., & Miller, I. S. (2017). Metaanalyses of the relationship between conformity to masculine norms and mental health-related outcomes. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 64, 80-93.
  • Ye, D., Ng, Y. K., & Lian, Y. (2015). Culture and happiness. Social Indicators Research, 123(2), 519-547.
  • Żemojtel-Piotrowska, M., Piotrowski, J., Clinton, A., Cieciuch, J., Różycka-Tran, J., & Ha, T. T. K. (2015). Entitlement and subjective well-being: a three-nations study. Health Psychology Report, 3(2), 140-14

ROLE OF NATIONAL CULTURE IN HAPPINESS: CULTURAL DIMENSIONS-HAPPINESS SCORE RELATIONSHIP MODELS

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 34, 53 - 67, 28.11.2021
https://doi.org/10.20875/makusobed.907187

Öz

This study aims to analyze the relationships between the cultural characteristics and happiness levels of countries. In the context of the literature, the cultural dimensions of Hofstede (power distance, individualism-collectivism, masculinity-femininity, long-short term orientation, uncertainty avoidance, tolerance) that have been most frequently discussed constitutes the independent variables of this study. The happiness scores of countries that have been published regularly for 8 years by the United Nations constitutes the dependent variables in the context of the measured dimensions (GDP per capita, social support, healthy life expectancy, freedom to life choices, generosity, perception of corruption). The models established based on structural equation modeling have been revised with the methods proposed as a result of data. According to the findings, the two dimensions that have a direct effect on the total happiness scores of countries are power distance and individualism. Additionally, it can be stated that the uncertainty avoidance and long-term orientation variables also have significant effects on different dimensions of happiness. The explanatory variance values of culture on the happiness scores and happiness dimensions have shown how high the determining effect of culture on happiness could be.

Kaynakça

  • Ahuvia, A. C. (2002). Individualism/collectivism and cultures of happiness: A theoretical conjecture on the relationship between consumption, culture and subjective well-being at the national level. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3(1), 23-36.
  • Alparslan, A. M., Yastıoğlu, S. & Taş, M.A. (2019), Mutlu eden yöneticiler: Pozitif psikoloji bağlamında araştırmalar ve öneriler. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık: Ankara.
  • Bartels, M., & Salo, E. (2018). How does culture influence experiences of happiness and well-being?: A comparative study of Chinese and Swedish perceptions (Unpublished bachelor thesis). Jönköping University, Jönköping.
  • Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS. (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Carl, D., Gupta, V. & Javidan, M. (2004). Power distance. In House, R.J., Hanges, P.J., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P.W. & Gupta, V. (Eds.), Culture, leadership, and organizations: The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies, (pp.513-563). London: Sage Publication Thousand Oaks.
  • Delle Fave, A., Brdar, I., Wissing, M. P., Araujo, U., Castro Solano, A., Freire, T., & Nakamura, J. (2016). Lay definitions of happiness across nations: The primacy of inner harmony and relational connectedness. Frontiers in psychology, 7(30). 1-23.
  • DeNeve, K. M., & Cooper, H. (1998). The happy personality: A meta-analysis of 137 personality traits and subjective wellbeing. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 197-229.
  • Diener, E., & Suh, E. M. (2003). National differences in subjective well-being. In D. Kahneman, E. Diener, & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology (pp. 434- 450). New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
  • Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Lucas, R. E. (2003). Personality, culture, and subjective well-being: Emotional and cognitive evaluations of life. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 403-425.
  • Dittmar, H., Bond, R., Hurst, M., & Kasser, T. (2014). The relationship between materialism and personal well-being: A metaanalysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 107(5), 879-924.
  • Dulababu T (2017). Global happiness: Continental and cross-cultural models perspective. Journal of Global Economics, 5(268), 2-7.
  • Ekehammar, B., Akrami, N., Gylje, M., & Zakrisson, I. (2004). What matters most to prejudice: Big Five personality, social dominance orientation, or right-wing authoritarianism? European Journal of Personality, 18, 463-482.
  • Erkenekli, M., (2015). Toplumsal kültür. In Ü. Sığrı & S. Gürbüz (Eds.), Örgütsel davranış, İstanbul: Beta Yayınları.
  • Güler M. & Dönmez A. (2011). İyi olma hali bağlamında uyum düzeyi kuramı ve hedonik döngü. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 14 (27), 38-45. Getz, K. & Volkema, J. (2001). Culture, perceived corruption, and economics. Business & Society, 40(1), 7-30.
  • Haslam, N., Whelan, J., & Bastian, B. (2009). Big Five traits mediate associations between values and subjective well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 46, 40-42.
  • Husted, B. W. (1999). Wealth, culture, and corruption. Journal of International Business Studies, 30, 339-359
  • Helliwell, J. F., Huang, H., & Wang, S. (2019). Changing world happiness. World Happiness Report 2019.
  • Hershfield, H. E., Mogilner, C., & Barnea, U. (2016). People who choose time over money are happier. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 7(7), 697-706.
  • Hofstede, G. (2010). Geert hofstede. National cultural dimensions, (1-6).
  • Hofstede, G., & Bond, M. H. (1984). Hofstede's culture dimensions: An independent validation using Rokeach's value survey. Journal of cross-cultural psychology, 15(4), 417-433.
  • Hofstede, G., & Bond, M. H. (1988). The Confucius connection: From cultural roots to economic growth. Organizational Dynamics, 16(4), 5-21.
  • Jin, H. (2010). Culture and personality on psychology well-being research. Multicultural Education Review, 2(1), 121-139.
  • Karababa, A., (2015). Kuramsal temelde değer. In B. Dilmaç & H. H. Bircan (Eds.). Değerler ve değerler psikolojisi, Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Kešeljević, A. (2016). Institutional origins of subjective well-being: Estimating the effects of economic freedom on national happiness. Journal of happiness studies, 17(2), 659-712.
  • Khan, R. (2009). The perception of happiness: Role of age and culture (Doctoral dissertation), Kean University.
  • Kitayama, S., Markus, H. R., & Kurokawa, M. (2000). Culture, emotion, and well-being: Good feelings in Japan and the United States. Cognition & Emotion, 14(1), 93-124.
  • Labroo, A. A., & Mukhopadhyay, A. (2009). Lay theories of emotion transience and the search for happiness: A fresh perspective on affect regulation. Journal of Consumer Research, 36(2), 242-254.
  • Lee, S. M., & Peterson, S. J. (2000). Culture, entrepreneurial orientation, and global competitiveness. Journal of World Business, 35(4), 401-416.
  • Lu, L. (2006). Cultural fit: Individual and societal discrepancies in values, beliefs, and subjective well-being. The Journal of Social Psychology, 146(2), 203-221.
  • Lu, L., & Gilmour, R. (2004). Culture and conceptions of happiness: Individual oriented and social oriented SWB. Journal of Happiness Studies, 5(3), 269-291.
  • Lu, L., Gilmour, R., & Kao, S. F. (2001). Cultural values and happiness: An East-West dialogue. The Journal of Social Psychology, 141(4), 477-493.
  • Lundwall, C., Fairborn, S., Quinones-Camacho, L., Estep, J., & Davis, E. (2019). Self-regulation mechanisms explain how dispositional mindfulness promotes well-Being. Journal of Positive Psychology and Wellbeing, 3(2), 153-164.
  • Markus, H. R. & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224-253.
  • McShane, S. L. & Von Glinow, M. A. (2016). Örgütsel davranış. (Trans. A. Günsel & S. Bozkurt, Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
  • Minkov, M. (2009). Predictors of differences in subjective well-being across 97 nations. Cross-Cultural Research, 43(2), 152-179.
  • Ohbuchi, K. I., & Takahashi, Y. (1994). Cultural styles of conflict management in Japanese and Americans: Passivity, covertness, and effectiveness of strategies. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 24(15), 1345–1366.
  • Oishi, S., & Diener, E. (2003). Culture and well-being: The cycle of action, evaluation, and decision. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(8), 939-949.
  • Oishi, S., & Diener, E. (2009). Goals, culture, and subjective well-being. In Culture and well-Being (pp. 93-108). Dordrecht: Springer.
  • Ouweneel, P., &Veenhoven, R. (1991). Cross-national differences in happiness: Cultural bias or societal quality? In N. Bleichrodt&P. J.D. Drenth (Eds.), Contemporary issues in cross-cultural psychology (pp. 168-84). Amsterdam: Swets and Zeitlinger.
  • Oyserman, D., Coon, H. M., & Kemmelmeier, M. (2002). Rethinking individualism and collectivism: evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses. Psychology Bulletin, 128, 3–72.
  • Özkul, A. S., (2007). Yaşam ve çevre değerlerini etkileyen değerler SDÜ öğrencileri üzerine bir araştırma (Unpublished mastesr’s thesis) Süleyman Demirel University, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Turkey, Isparta.
  • Pflug, J. (2009). Folk theories of happiness: A cross-cultural comparison of conceptions of happiness in Germany and South Africa. Social Indicators Research, 92(3), 551-563.
  • Rego, A., & Cunha, M. P. (2009). How individualism–collectivism orientations predict happiness in a collectivistic context. Journal of Happiness Studies, 10(1), 19-35.
  • Rice, T. W., & Steele, B. J. (2004). Subjective well-being and culture across time and space. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology, 35(6), 633-647.
  • Robbins, S. & Judge, T. A., (2015). Örgütsel davranış (Trans. İ. Erdem). Ankara: Nobel Yayınları.
  • Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudemonic wellbeing. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 141-166.
  • Senik, C. (2014). The French unhappiness puzzle: The cultural dimension of happiness. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 106, 379-401.
  • Steel, P., Taras, V., Uggerslev, K., & Bosco, F. (2018). The happy culture: A theoretical, meta-Analytic, and empirical review of the relationship between culture and wealth and subjective well-being. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 22(2), 128-169.
  • Tam, K. P., Lau, H. P. B., & Jiang, D. (2012). Culture and subjective well-being: A dynamic constructivist view. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 43(1), 23-31.
  • Ünal, M. (2017). Geert Hendrick Hofstede. In Ö. Livvarçin & D. Kurt (Eds.), Yönetim biliminde 49 insan 49 teori. İstanbul: Beta Yayıncılık.
  • Veenhoven, R., & Dumludağ, D. (2015). İktisat ve mutluluk. İktisat ve Toplum Dergisi, 58, 46-51.
  • Warr, P. (2011). Work, happiness, and unhappiness. UK: Taylor & Francis e-Library.
  • Wong, Y. J., Ho, M. R., Wang, S. Y., & Miller, I. S. (2017). Metaanalyses of the relationship between conformity to masculine norms and mental health-related outcomes. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 64, 80-93.
  • Ye, D., Ng, Y. K., & Lian, Y. (2015). Culture and happiness. Social Indicators Research, 123(2), 519-547.
  • Żemojtel-Piotrowska, M., Piotrowski, J., Clinton, A., Cieciuch, J., Różycka-Tran, J., & Ha, T. T. K. (2015). Entitlement and subjective well-being: a three-nations study. Health Psychology Report, 3(2), 140-14
Toplam 55 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Ali Murat Alparslan 0000-0002-1682-4202

Seher Yastıoğlu 0000-0001-8166-4172

Mehmet Ali Taş 0000-0001-9714-7188

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Kasım 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 31 Mart 2021
Kabul Tarihi 1 Haziran 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Sayı: 34

Kaynak Göster

APA Alparslan, A. M., Yastıoğlu, S., & Taş, M. A. (2021). ROLE OF NATIONAL CULTURE IN HAPPINESS: CULTURAL DIMENSIONS-HAPPINESS SCORE RELATIONSHIP MODELS. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(34), 53-67. https://doi.org/10.20875/makusobed.907187