COVİD-19 PANDEMİSİNDE TRAVMA SONRASI STRES BELİRTİLERİNİN ÇEŞİTLİ PSİKOLOJİK FAKTÖRLERLE İLİŞKİSİ

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 41, 86 - 102, 30.05.2025

Ezgi Ünal

https://doi.org/10.20875/makusobed.1558427

Öz

Pandemilerin travmatik yaşantılar olarak algılanabilmesi nedeniyle, pandemilerde travma sonrası stres belirtileri yaygın şekilde görülebilmektedir. Yakın dönemde yaşanan Covid-19 pandemisi de bu boyutuyla ruh sağlığı alanında öne çıkmıştır. Ayrıca, travma sonrası stres belirtilerinin çeşitli psikolojik faktörlerle ilişkili olduğu bilinmektedir. Buradan hareketle, bu çalışmada, Covid-19 pandemisinde üniversite öğrencilerinde; stresle başa çıkma tarzı, psikolojik sağlamlık, travmayla başa çıkabilme algısı ve Covid-19 korkusu değişkenlerinden hangilerinin, ne düzeyde travma sonrası stres belirtilerini yordadığını belirlemek amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma, 274’ü kadın, 250’si erkek 524 katılımcıyla yürütülmüştür. Çalışma sonucunda, yordama gücüne göre sırasıyla; Covid-19 korkusunun, psikolojik sağlamlığın, travma odaklı travma ile başa çıkabilme algısının ve son olarak da boyun eğici ve çaresiz tarzda stresle baş etme yöntemlerinin travma sonrası stres belirtilerini yordadığı saptanmıştır. Bulgular ışığında, pandemi dönemlerinde, travma sonrası stres belirtilerini önlemek için pandemi korkusunu gidermeye, psikolojik sağlamlığı artırmaya, travma ile başa çıkmada travma odağını ve işlevsel olmayan stresle başa çıkma tarzlarının kullanımını azaltmaya yönelik girişimlerden fayda görüleceği söylenebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Covid-19 , Travma Sonrası Stres Belirtileri , Stresle Başa Çıkma Tarzları , Psikolojik Sağlamlık , Travma ile Başa Çıkabilme Algısı , Covid-19 Korkusu

THE RELATION OF POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS SYMPTOMS WITH VARIOUS PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS IN THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Öz

Since pandemics can be perceived as traumatic experiences, post-traumatic stress symptoms can be seen in pandemics. Hence, the recent Covid-19 pandemic has come forward in the field of mental health. These symptoms are known to be associated with various psychological factors. Therefore, it was aimed to determine which of the variables of coping style, psychological resilience, perception of coping with trauma and fear of Covid-19 predict post-traumatic stress symptoms in university students during the Covid-19 pandemic. The study was conducted with 524 participants. As a result, it was found that fear of Covid-19, psychological resilience, trauma-focused perception, and submissive & helpless methods of coping predicted the symptoms. Thus, during pandemics, interventions aimed at eliminating the fear of the pandemic, increasing psychological resilience, reducing the focus on trauma in coping with trauma and the use of dysfunctional stress coping styles will be beneficial in order to prevent post-traumatic stress symptoms.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Covid-19 , Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms , The Ways of Coping , Psychological Resilience , The Perceived Ability to Cope with Trauma , The Fear of Covid-19

Kaynakça

• Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C. Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D. ve Pakpour, A. H. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 scale: development and initial validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20, 1537–1545. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8
• Arı, E. ve Soysal, G. C. (2019). Travma ile başa çıkabilme algısı ölçeğinin (TBÇA) Türkçeye uyarlanması, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi, 3(1), 17-25. https://doi.org/10.5455/kpd.2602443806062019m000007
• Bayraktar, S. (2016). Psikolojik travma. Nobel Tıp Kitapevleri.
• Block, J. ve Kremen, A. M. (1996). IQ and ego resiliency: Conceptual and empirical connections and separateness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(2), 349-361.
• Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? American Psychologist, 59(1), 20–28
• Bonanno, G. A., Galea, S., Bucciarelli, A. & Vlahov, D. (2007). What predicts psychological resilience after disaster? The role of demographics, resources and life stres. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75(5), 671-682.
• Bonanno, G. A., Pat-Horenczyk, R. ve Noll, J. (2011). Coping flexibility and trauma: The perceived ability to cope with trauma (PACT) Scale. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 3(2), 117-129.
• Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., ve Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395(10227), 912-920. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8
• Chen, C., Li, C., Chen, M., Wang, L., Zhu, Y., ve Zhu, Z. (2022). Coping and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms among Chinese youth in the peak and remission periods of COVID-19. Children and Youth Services Review, 143, 106690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2022.106690
• Çorapçıoğlu, A., Yargıç, İ., Geyran, P. ve Kocabaşoğlu N. (2006). Olayların etkisi ölçeği (IES-R) Türkçe versiyonunun geçerlilik ve güvenilirliği. New Symposium Journal, 44, 14-22.
• Dehelean, L., Papava, I., Musat, M. I., Bondrescu, M., Bratosin, F., Bucatos, B. O., ... Laza, R. (2021). Coping strategies and stress related disorders in patients with COVID-19. Brain Sciences, 11(10), 1287. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11101287
• Doğan, T. (2015). Kısa Psikolojik Sağlamlık Ölçeği’nin Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 3(1), 93-102.
• Dünya Sağlık Örgütü. What is a pandemic?. (2010). https://www.who.int/csr/disease/swineflu/frequently_asked_questions/pandemic/en/
• Folkman, S. ve Lazarus R., S. (1980.) An analysis of coping in a middleaged community sample. Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 21, 219–239. https://doi.org/10.2307/2136617
• Fredrickson, B. L., Tugade, M. M., Waugh, C. E. ve Larkin, G. R. (2003). What good are positive emotions in crisis? A prospective study of resilience and emotions following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11th, 2001. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(2), 365-376.
• Horowitz, M., Wilner, N. ve Alvarez, W. (1979). Impact of event scale: A measure of subjective stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 41(3), 209-218.
• Horowitz, M. J., Wilner, N., Kaltreider, N., & Alvarez, W. (1980). Signs and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 37(1), 85-92. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1980.01780140087010
• Georgieva, I., Lepping, P., Bozev, V., Lickiewicz, J., Pekara, J., Wikman, S., Loseviča M., Raveesh N. B., Mihai A. ve Lantta, T. (2021). Prevalence, new incidence, course, and risk factors of PTSD, depression, anxiety, and panic disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic in 11 countries. Healthcare, 9(6), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9060664
• Gizir, C. A. (2007). Psikolojik sağlamlık, risk faktörleri ve koruyucu faktörler üzerinde bir derleme çalışması. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 3(28), 113-128.
• Gonzalez, P., & Martinez, K. G. (2014). The role of stress and fear on the development of psychopathology. The Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 37(4), 535-546.
• Günlü, A., Asıcı, E., & Çetinkaya, M. (2021). Türkiye’de covid-19 salgınının ikinci evresinde ebeveynlerde depresyon, anksiyete, stres ve travma sonrası stres bozukluğunun incelenmesi. Aile Psikolojik Danışmanlığı Dergisi, 4(1), 94-124.
• Jiang, Y., Hu, B., Tu, B. ve Zhuang, Q. (2021). Late‐onset PTSD and coping strategies for frontline nurses during the COVID‐19 epidemic in China. Nursing Open, 8(6), 3055-3064. https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.1018
• Jones, J. C. ve Barlow, D. H. (1990). The etiology of posttraumatic stress disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 10(3), 299-328. https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-7358(90)90064-H
• Keane, T. M., Marshall, A. D. ve Taft, C. T. (2006). Posttraumatic stress disorder: etiology, epidemiology, and treatment outcome. Annual Review Clinical Psychology, 2, 161-197. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.2.022305.095305
• Lazarus, S. R., & Folkman S. (1984) Stress, appraisal, and coping, Springer Publishing Company.
• Luna-Rodríguez, G. L., Peláez-Hernández, V., Orea-Tejeda, A., Ledesma-Ruíz, C. D., Casarín-López, F., Rosas- Trujillo, A., Domínguez-Trejo B. ve Tepepa-Flores, L. E. (2022). Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder, emotional impairments, and fear in COVID-19 surviving patients. Frontiers in Virtual Reality, 3, 927058. https://doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2022.927058
• Luthar, S. S., Sawyer, J. A. ve Brown, P. J. (2006). Conceptual issues in studies of resilience. Past, present and future research. Annuals New York Academy of Sciences, 1094, 105-115. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1376.009
• MacDonald, H. Z. (2022). Risk and resilience factors associated with college students’ psychological distress and PTSD symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of American College Health, 3, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2022.2155053
• Öztürk, O. M. ve Uluşahin A. (2008). Ruh sağlığı ve bozuklukları, Nobel Tıp Kitapevleri.
• Padmanabhanunni, A., ve Pretorius, T. B. (2023). Fear of COVID-19, Perceived stress, and PTSD: The serial mediating role of sense of coherence. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 13(11), 2399-2409. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe13110169
• Prati, G., ve Mancini, A. D. (2021). The psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns: a review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies and natural experiments. Psychological Medicine, 51(2), 201-211. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291721000015
• Presti, G., McHugh, L., Gloster, A., Karekla, M., ve Hayes, S. C. (2020). The dynamics of fear at the time of COVID- 19: A contextual behavioral science perspective. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 17(2), 65-71. https://doi.org/10.36131/CN20200206
• Ruppert F. (2016). Travmatik yaşantılar, Kaknüs Yayınları
• Satıcı, B., Göçet-Tekin, E., Deniz, M. E., ve Satıcı, S. A. (2021). Adaptation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Its association with psychological distress and life satisfaction in Turkey. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 19, 1980-1988. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00294-0
• Sharif-Esfahani, P., Hoteit, R., El Morr, C., & Tamim, H. (2022). Fear of COVID-19 and depression, anxiety, stress, and PTSD among Syrian refugee parents in Canada. Journal of Migration and Health, 5, 100081. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmh.2022.100081
• Sayar, K. (Ed.). (2020). Kaygı çağı-salgın zamanında ruh sağlığı. Kapı Yayınları.
• Shultz, J. M., Baingana, F., ve Neria, Y. (2015). The 2014 Ebola outbreak and mental health: Current status and recommended response. Jama, 313(6), 567-568. https://doi.org/0.1001/jama.2014.17934
• Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., ve Bernard, J. (2008). The brief resilience scale: assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15(3), 194-200. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705500802222972
• Sommerlad, A., Marston, L., Huntley, J., Livingston, G., Lewis, G., Steptoe, A., ve Fancourt, D. (2022). Social relationships and depression during the COVID-19 lockdown: Longitudinal analysis of the COVID-19 Social Study. Psychological Medicine, 52(15), 3381-3390. https://doi.org/ 10.1017/S0033291721000039
• Şahin, N. H. ve Durak, A. (1995). Üniversite öğrencileri için bir stresle başa çıkma tarzı ölçeği. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 10(34), 56-73.
• Şeker, M., Özer, A., Korkut, C., Tosun, Z ve Doğrul, M. (Ed.). (2020). Covid-19 küresel salgın değerlendirme raporu. Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Yayınları.
• Taştan, C. (Ed.). (2020). Kovid-19 salgını ve sonrası psikolojik ve sosyolojik değerlendirmeler. Polis Akademisi Yayınları.
• Taylor, S. (2022). The psychology of pandemics. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 18, 581-609. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-072720-020131
• Tedeschi, R. G. ve Calhoun, L. G. (2004). Posttraumatic growth: conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli1501_01
• Türkçapar, H., (2020). Covid-19 kaygısı ve travması. K. Sayar (Eds.) içinde, Kaygı çağı: Salgın zamanında ruh sağlığı (ss. 17-43). Kapı Yayınları.
• Velotti, P., Civilla, C., Rogier, G., & Beomonte Zobel, S. (2021). A fear of COVID-19 and PTSD symptoms in pathological personality: the mediating effect of dissociation and emotion dysregulation. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 590021. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.590021
• Weiss, D. ve Marmar, C. (1997). The impact of Event Scale-Revised. J. P. Wilson ve T. M. Keane (Eds.) içinde, Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD (pp. 399-411).Guilford Press.
• Winders, S. (2014). From extraordinary invulnerability to ordinary magic: A literature review of resilience. Journal of European Psychology Students, 5(1), 3-9. https://doi.org/10.5334/jeps.bk
• Wu, K. K., Chan, S. K., ve Ma, T. M. (2005). Posttraumatic stress, anxiety, and depression in survivors of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18(1), 39-42. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20004
• Yazıcıoğlu, Y. ve Erdoğan, S. (2004). Spss uygulamalı bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Detay Yayıncılık.
• Zammitti, A., Imbrogliera, C., Russo, A., Zarbo, R., & Magnano, P. (2021). The psychological impact of Coronavirus pandemic restrictions in Italy. The mediating role of the fear of COVID-19 in the relationship between positive and negative affect with positive and negative outcomes. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 11(3), 697-710. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe11030050
• Zhang, D., Qin, L., Huang, A., Wang, C., Yuan, T., Li, X., Yang L., Li, J., Lei Y., Sun L., Liu M., Liu H. ve Zhang, L. (2023). Mediating effect of resilience and fear of COVID-19 on the relationship between social support and post- traumatic stress disorder among campus-quarantined nursing students: A cross-sectional study. BMC Nursing, 22, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-023-01319-4