Araştırma Makalesi
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Kitlesel Lüks Algısı Ölçeği Kültürel Adaptasyonu Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Analizi

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1 , 89 - 113 , 30.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.31200/makuubd.1851038
https://izlik.org/JA54MU56GP

Öz

Bu çalışmada, Ishaq vd. (2023) tarafından geliştirilen Kitlesel Lüks Algısı Ölçeği'nin (MasCal)
Türkçeye uyarlanması ve psikometrik özelliklerinin Türk kültüründe test edilmesi
amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma üç aşamalı bir metodolojik süreçle yürütülmüştür: Pilot uygulama
(n=43), Açıklayıcı Faktör Analizi (AFA, n=270) ve Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (DFA, n=306).
Toplam 619 katılımcıdan kolayda örnekleme yöntemiyle çevrimiçi anket formu aracılığıyla
veri toplanmıştır. AFA sonuçları, ölçeğin orijinal beş faktörlü yapısını büyük ölçüde
koruduğunu göstermiştir. Orijinal 23 maddeden 2'si düşük faktör yükleri nedeniyle çıkarılmış
ve 21 maddelik Türkçe form elde edilmiştir. Beş faktörlü yapı toplam varyansın %61,807'sini
açıklamaktadır. Faktörler; Benlik Uyumu (6 madde, α=.918), Marka Bilgisi (6 madde, α=.866),
Yüksek Fiyat Ödeme İstekliliği (3 madde, α=.843), Marka Sadakati (3 madde, α=.766) ve
Prestij (3 madde, α=.842) olarak adlandırılmıştır. Bulgular, Kitlesel Lüks Algısı Ölçeği'nin
Türkçe formunun Türk kültüründe geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçüm aracı olduğunu ortaya
koymuştur.

Etik Beyan

Bu araştırma için Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Alanı Bilimsel Araştırma Etiği Kurulu'ndan 08.10.2025 tarihli ve 19 sayılı karar ile etik kurul izni alınmıştır. Tüm katılımcılara bilgilendirilmiş onam formu sunulmuş ve "Yükseköğretim Kurumları Bilimsel Araştırma ve Yayın Etiği Yönergesi"ne uyulmuştur.

Destekleyen Kurum

Herhangi bir kurumdan destek alınmamıştır.

Teşekkür

Asraştırmanın çeviri ve geri çeviri aşamasında uzman olarak destek saplayan Prof. Dr. Ali Öztürk, Prof. Dr. Kenan Güllü, Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Arak, Doç. Dr. Filiz Eroğlu, Doç. Dr. Mehmet Akif Çakırer, Doç. Dr. Mehmet Kahyaoğlu, Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Mustafa Çakır, Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Mustafa Altıntaş, Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Levent Kaya, Öğr. Gör. Dr. Zekeriya Kazancı, Öğr Gör. Aysem Öktem Avcı’ya katkılarından dolayı teşşekür ederim.

Kaynakça

  • Aydın Ünal, Ö. (2023). Kitle lüks pazarlaması (masstige): Kavramsal bir çerçeve. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, (40), 66–82. doi:10.18092/ulikidince.1272502
  • Bearden, W. O., & Netemeyer, R. G. (1999). Handbook of marketing scales: Multi-item measures for marketing and consumer behavior research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Beaton, D. E., Bombardier, C., Guillemin, F., & Ferraz, M. B. (2000). Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine, 25(24), 3186–3191. doi:10.1097/00007632-200012150-00014
  • Becker, K., Lee, J. W., & Nobre, H. M. (2018). The concept of luxury brands and the relationship between consumer and luxury brands. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 5(3), 51–63.
  • Boisvert, J., Khan, Z., & Hemetsberger, A. (2023). Masstige: A review and research agenda. Journal of Business Research, 157, 113595. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.113595
  • Brislin, R. W. (1980). Translation and content analysis of oral and written materials. In H. C. Triandis & J. W.
  • Berry (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology: Vol. 2. Methodology (pp. 389–444). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
  • Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sociological Methods & Research, 21(2), 230–258. doi:10.1177/0049124192021002005
  • Can, A. (2017). SPSS ile bilimsel araştırma sürecinde nicel veri analizi (5. Baskı). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Chaurasia, S., Verma, S., Kumar, A., & Paul, J. (2024). A bibliometric review of masstige marketing: Evolution, trends and future research directions. Journal of Business Research, 171, 114393. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.114393
  • Churchill, G. A. (1979). A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. Journal of Marketing Research, 16(1), 64–73. doi:10.1177/002224377901600110
  • Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (1992). A first course in factor analysis. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Coşkun, R., Altunışık, R., & Yıldırım, E. (2019). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri: SPSS uygulamalı. Sakarya: Sakarya Yayıncılık.
  • Dinc, S. (2025). A systematic literature review of masstige marketing: Conceptualization, measures, and future research agenda. Journal of Global Marketing. doi:10.1080/08911762.2024.2449046
  • Field, A. (2018). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (5th ed.). London: SAGE.
  • Fiori Carones, G. (2025). Smith and Kant: An enquiry into the ambivalences of luxury. Itinera, (30). doi:10.54103/2039-9251/30250
  • Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. doi:10.1177/002224378101800104
  • Genç, Z. H., Bozgeyikli, Ç., & Kaymakçıoğlu, B. N. (2025). Kitlesel lüks (masstige) pazarlama: Sistematik bir literatür taraması. Işık Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(1), 1–29.
  • Gökdemir, F., & Yılmaz, T. (2023). Likert tipi ölçekleri kullanma, modifiye etme, uyarlama ve geliştirme süreçleri. Journal of Nursology, 26(2), 148–160. doi:10.5152/JANHS.2023.22260
  • Hambleton, R. K., & Patsula, L. (1998). Adapting tests for use in multiple languages and cultures. Social Indicators Research, 45(1), 153–171. doi:10.1023/A:1006941729637
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate data analysis. Andover: Cengage Learning.
  • Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance- based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115–135. doi:10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
  • Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118
  • Husain, R., Ahmad, A., & Khan, B. M. (2022). The role of status consumption and brand equity. Global Business and Organizational Excellence, 41(4), 48–67.
  • Ishaq, M. I., Raza, A., Bartikowski, B., & Sarwar, N. (2023). Development and validation of the masstige perception scale (MasCal). Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 74, 103403. doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2023.103403
  • Japutra, A., Loureiro, S. M. C., Molinillo, S., & Ekinci, Y. (2019). Travellers' mindfulness. Tourism Management Perspectives, 30, 23–34. doi:10.1016/j.tmp.2019.01.003
  • Kapferer, J. N., & Bastien, V. (2017). The specificity of luxury management. In J. N. Kapferer et al. (Eds.), Advances in luxury brand management. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-51127-6_5
  • Kastanakis, M. N., & Balabanis, G. (2012). Between the mass and the class. Journal of Business Research, 65(10), 1399–1407. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.10.005
  • Keller, K. L. (1993). Customer-based brand equity. Journal of Marketing, 57(1), 1–22. doi:10.1177/002224299305700101
  • Kharas, H., Hamel, K., & Caballero-Reina, J. (2023). How the world consumer class will grow. Brookings Institution.
  • Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Kressmann, F., Sirgy, M. J., Herrmann, A., Huber, F., Huber, S., & Lee, D. J. (2006). Self-image congruence. Journal of Business Research, 59(9), 955–964. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2006.06.001
  • Kumar, A., & Paul, J. (2018). Mass prestige value. International Business Review, 27(5), 969–981. doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2018.03.003
  • Küçük, E. (2021). Kitlesel lüks. In S. A. Tüfekci et al. (Eds.), İletişim, kültür ve sanat alanında teori ve araştırmalar(ss. 73–92). Ankara: Gece Kitaplığı.
  • Marsh, H. W., Hau, K. T., & Wen, Z. (2004). In search of golden rules. Structural Equation Modeling, 11(3), 320– 341. doi:10.1207/s15328007sem1103_2
  • Nair, M., & Nair, J. (2025). Luxury purchase intention. Journal of Decision Systems, 34(1). doi:10.1080/12460125.2025.2484537
  • Netemeyer, R. G., et al. (2004). Customer-based brand equity. Journal of Business Research, 57(2), 209–224. doi:10.1016/S0148-2963(01)00303-4
  • Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
  • Odin, Y., Odin, N., & Valette-Florence, P. (2001). Brand loyalty. Journal of Business Research, 53(2), 75–84. doi:10.1016/S0148-2963(99)00076-4
  • Öztürk, A. (2023). Digital-awareness age. Sosyolojik Bağlam Dergisi, 4(3), 217–237. doi:10.52108/2757- 5942.4.3.1
  • Paul, J. (2015). Masstige marketing redefined. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 33(5), 691–706. doi:10.1108/MIP-02-2014-0028
  • Paul, J. (2018). Toward a masstige theory. European Journal of International Management, 12(5/6), 722–745. doi:10.1504/EJIM.2018.094466
  • Paul, J. (2019). Masstige model. European Management Journal, 37, 299–312. doi:10.1016/j.emj.2018.07.003 Pietrzak, J. (2019). Mass prestige brands. Ekonomia Międzynarodowa, (27), 187–198.
  • Purohit, S., & Radia, K. N. (2022). Masstige buying behavior. Journal of Business Research, 142, 886–898. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.12.078
  • Purohit, S., Arora, A., & Paul, J. (2024). Masstige brand behaviour. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 48(2), e12978. doi:10.1111/ijcs.12978
  • Schultz, M. D., & Seele, P. (2024). Managing sustainable luxury and digitalization. Routledge.
  • Silverstein, M. J., & Fiske, N. (2003). Luxury for the masses. Harvard Business Review, 81(4), 48–59.
  • Steenkamp, J. B. E., Batra, R., & Alden, D. L. (2003). Brand globalness. Journal of International Business Studies, 34(1), 53–65. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400002
  • Stępień, B. (2021). Value of luxury. In The value of luxury. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-3-030- 51218-7_2
  • Tang, Y. (2023). Chinese luxury consumers. Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media, 4(1), 523–529. doi:10.54254/2753-7048/4/2022171
  • Truong, Y., McColl, R., & Kitchen, P. J. (2009). Masstige brands. Journal of Brand Management, 16(5/6), 375– 382. doi:10.1057/bm.2009.1
  • Turancı, E., Gürbüz, A., & Küçükköylü, İ. (2022). Y kuşağı ve masstige. Manas Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 11(2), 783–798. doi:10.33206/mjss.1001891
  • UBS. (2025). Global wealth report 2025.
  • Ünalmış, S., & Tuluk, G. (2023). Masstige stratejisi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (50), 171–189. doi:10.52642/susbed.1279726
  • Wang, Z., Yuan, R., Luo, J., & Liu, M. J. (2022). Masstige consumption. Journal of Business Research, 143, 239– 254. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.11.062
  • World Bank. (2025a). World Bank group income classifications FY2026.
  • World Bank. (2025b). Global economic prospects. Washington, DC: World Bank.
  • Vigneron, F., & Johnson, L. W. (2004). Brand luxury perceptions. Journal of Brand Management, 11(6), 484– 506. doi:10.1057/palgrave.bm.2540194

Cultural Adaptation, Validity and Reliability Analysis of the Masstige Perception Scale

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1 , 89 - 113 , 30.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.31200/makuubd.1851038
https://izlik.org/JA54MU56GP

Öz

This study aimed to adapt the Masstige Perception Scale (MasCal), developed by Ishaq et al.
(2023), into Turkish and to test its psychometric properties in Turkish culture. The research was
conducted through a three-stage methodological process: Pilot application (n=43), Exploratory
Factor Analysis (EFA, n=270), and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA, n=306). Data were
collected from a total of 619 participants through an online questionnaire using convenience
sampling. EFA results showed that the scale largely preserved its original five-factor structure.
Two of the original 23 items were removed due to low factor loadings, resulting in a 21-item
Turkish form. The five-factor structure explained 61.807% of the total variance. The factors
were named Self-Congruity (6 items, α=.918), Brand Knowledge (6 items, α=.866), Premium
Price Willingness (3 items, α=.843), Brand Loyalty (3 items, α=.766), and Prestige (3 items,
α=.842). The findings revealed that the Turkish form of the Masstige Perception Scale is a valid
and reliable measurement instrument in Turkish culture.

Etik Beyan

Ethics approval for this study was obtained from the Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University Scientific Research Ethics Committee for Social and Human Sciences with Decision No. 19 dated 08.10.2025. An informed consent form was provided to all participants, and the “Directive on Scientific Research and Publication Ethics of Higher Education Institutions” was followed.

Destekleyen Kurum

No financial or institutional support was received from any organization.

Teşekkür

I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Ali Öztürk, Prof. Dr. Kenan Güllü, Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Arak, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Filiz Eroğlu, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mehmet Akif Çakırer, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mehmet Kahyaoğlu, Asst. Prof. Dr. Mustafa Çakır, Asst. Prof. Dr. Mustafa Altıntaş, Asst. Prof. Dr. Levent Kaya, Lecturer Dr. Zekeriya Kazancı, and Lecturer Aysem Öktem Avcı for their valuable contributions as experts during the translation and back-translation stages of this study.

Kaynakça

  • Aydın Ünal, Ö. (2023). Kitle lüks pazarlaması (masstige): Kavramsal bir çerçeve. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, (40), 66–82. doi:10.18092/ulikidince.1272502
  • Bearden, W. O., & Netemeyer, R. G. (1999). Handbook of marketing scales: Multi-item measures for marketing and consumer behavior research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Beaton, D. E., Bombardier, C., Guillemin, F., & Ferraz, M. B. (2000). Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine, 25(24), 3186–3191. doi:10.1097/00007632-200012150-00014
  • Becker, K., Lee, J. W., & Nobre, H. M. (2018). The concept of luxury brands and the relationship between consumer and luxury brands. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 5(3), 51–63.
  • Boisvert, J., Khan, Z., & Hemetsberger, A. (2023). Masstige: A review and research agenda. Journal of Business Research, 157, 113595. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.113595
  • Brislin, R. W. (1980). Translation and content analysis of oral and written materials. In H. C. Triandis & J. W.
  • Berry (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology: Vol. 2. Methodology (pp. 389–444). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
  • Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sociological Methods & Research, 21(2), 230–258. doi:10.1177/0049124192021002005
  • Can, A. (2017). SPSS ile bilimsel araştırma sürecinde nicel veri analizi (5. Baskı). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Chaurasia, S., Verma, S., Kumar, A., & Paul, J. (2024). A bibliometric review of masstige marketing: Evolution, trends and future research directions. Journal of Business Research, 171, 114393. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.114393
  • Churchill, G. A. (1979). A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. Journal of Marketing Research, 16(1), 64–73. doi:10.1177/002224377901600110
  • Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (1992). A first course in factor analysis. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Coşkun, R., Altunışık, R., & Yıldırım, E. (2019). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri: SPSS uygulamalı. Sakarya: Sakarya Yayıncılık.
  • Dinc, S. (2025). A systematic literature review of masstige marketing: Conceptualization, measures, and future research agenda. Journal of Global Marketing. doi:10.1080/08911762.2024.2449046
  • Field, A. (2018). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (5th ed.). London: SAGE.
  • Fiori Carones, G. (2025). Smith and Kant: An enquiry into the ambivalences of luxury. Itinera, (30). doi:10.54103/2039-9251/30250
  • Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. doi:10.1177/002224378101800104
  • Genç, Z. H., Bozgeyikli, Ç., & Kaymakçıoğlu, B. N. (2025). Kitlesel lüks (masstige) pazarlama: Sistematik bir literatür taraması. Işık Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(1), 1–29.
  • Gökdemir, F., & Yılmaz, T. (2023). Likert tipi ölçekleri kullanma, modifiye etme, uyarlama ve geliştirme süreçleri. Journal of Nursology, 26(2), 148–160. doi:10.5152/JANHS.2023.22260
  • Hambleton, R. K., & Patsula, L. (1998). Adapting tests for use in multiple languages and cultures. Social Indicators Research, 45(1), 153–171. doi:10.1023/A:1006941729637
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate data analysis. Andover: Cengage Learning.
  • Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance- based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115–135. doi:10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
  • Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118
  • Husain, R., Ahmad, A., & Khan, B. M. (2022). The role of status consumption and brand equity. Global Business and Organizational Excellence, 41(4), 48–67.
  • Ishaq, M. I., Raza, A., Bartikowski, B., & Sarwar, N. (2023). Development and validation of the masstige perception scale (MasCal). Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 74, 103403. doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2023.103403
  • Japutra, A., Loureiro, S. M. C., Molinillo, S., & Ekinci, Y. (2019). Travellers' mindfulness. Tourism Management Perspectives, 30, 23–34. doi:10.1016/j.tmp.2019.01.003
  • Kapferer, J. N., & Bastien, V. (2017). The specificity of luxury management. In J. N. Kapferer et al. (Eds.), Advances in luxury brand management. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-51127-6_5
  • Kastanakis, M. N., & Balabanis, G. (2012). Between the mass and the class. Journal of Business Research, 65(10), 1399–1407. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.10.005
  • Keller, K. L. (1993). Customer-based brand equity. Journal of Marketing, 57(1), 1–22. doi:10.1177/002224299305700101
  • Kharas, H., Hamel, K., & Caballero-Reina, J. (2023). How the world consumer class will grow. Brookings Institution.
  • Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Kressmann, F., Sirgy, M. J., Herrmann, A., Huber, F., Huber, S., & Lee, D. J. (2006). Self-image congruence. Journal of Business Research, 59(9), 955–964. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2006.06.001
  • Kumar, A., & Paul, J. (2018). Mass prestige value. International Business Review, 27(5), 969–981. doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2018.03.003
  • Küçük, E. (2021). Kitlesel lüks. In S. A. Tüfekci et al. (Eds.), İletişim, kültür ve sanat alanında teori ve araştırmalar(ss. 73–92). Ankara: Gece Kitaplığı.
  • Marsh, H. W., Hau, K. T., & Wen, Z. (2004). In search of golden rules. Structural Equation Modeling, 11(3), 320– 341. doi:10.1207/s15328007sem1103_2
  • Nair, M., & Nair, J. (2025). Luxury purchase intention. Journal of Decision Systems, 34(1). doi:10.1080/12460125.2025.2484537
  • Netemeyer, R. G., et al. (2004). Customer-based brand equity. Journal of Business Research, 57(2), 209–224. doi:10.1016/S0148-2963(01)00303-4
  • Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
  • Odin, Y., Odin, N., & Valette-Florence, P. (2001). Brand loyalty. Journal of Business Research, 53(2), 75–84. doi:10.1016/S0148-2963(99)00076-4
  • Öztürk, A. (2023). Digital-awareness age. Sosyolojik Bağlam Dergisi, 4(3), 217–237. doi:10.52108/2757- 5942.4.3.1
  • Paul, J. (2015). Masstige marketing redefined. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 33(5), 691–706. doi:10.1108/MIP-02-2014-0028
  • Paul, J. (2018). Toward a masstige theory. European Journal of International Management, 12(5/6), 722–745. doi:10.1504/EJIM.2018.094466
  • Paul, J. (2019). Masstige model. European Management Journal, 37, 299–312. doi:10.1016/j.emj.2018.07.003 Pietrzak, J. (2019). Mass prestige brands. Ekonomia Międzynarodowa, (27), 187–198.
  • Purohit, S., & Radia, K. N. (2022). Masstige buying behavior. Journal of Business Research, 142, 886–898. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.12.078
  • Purohit, S., Arora, A., & Paul, J. (2024). Masstige brand behaviour. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 48(2), e12978. doi:10.1111/ijcs.12978
  • Schultz, M. D., & Seele, P. (2024). Managing sustainable luxury and digitalization. Routledge.
  • Silverstein, M. J., & Fiske, N. (2003). Luxury for the masses. Harvard Business Review, 81(4), 48–59.
  • Steenkamp, J. B. E., Batra, R., & Alden, D. L. (2003). Brand globalness. Journal of International Business Studies, 34(1), 53–65. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400002
  • Stępień, B. (2021). Value of luxury. In The value of luxury. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-3-030- 51218-7_2
  • Tang, Y. (2023). Chinese luxury consumers. Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media, 4(1), 523–529. doi:10.54254/2753-7048/4/2022171
  • Truong, Y., McColl, R., & Kitchen, P. J. (2009). Masstige brands. Journal of Brand Management, 16(5/6), 375– 382. doi:10.1057/bm.2009.1
  • Turancı, E., Gürbüz, A., & Küçükköylü, İ. (2022). Y kuşağı ve masstige. Manas Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 11(2), 783–798. doi:10.33206/mjss.1001891
  • UBS. (2025). Global wealth report 2025.
  • Ünalmış, S., & Tuluk, G. (2023). Masstige stratejisi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (50), 171–189. doi:10.52642/susbed.1279726
  • Wang, Z., Yuan, R., Luo, J., & Liu, M. J. (2022). Masstige consumption. Journal of Business Research, 143, 239– 254. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.11.062
  • World Bank. (2025a). World Bank group income classifications FY2026.
  • World Bank. (2025b). Global economic prospects. Washington, DC: World Bank.
  • Vigneron, F., & Johnson, L. W. (2004). Brand luxury perceptions. Journal of Brand Management, 11(6), 484– 506. doi:10.1057/palgrave.bm.2540194
Toplam 58 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Bütünleşik Pazarlama İletişimi, Fiyatlandırma , Ürün ve Marka Yönetimi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Fikret Işık 0000-0002-5471-5381

Gönderilme Tarihi 29 Aralık 2025
Kabul Tarihi 28 Mart 2026
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Mart 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.31200/makuubd.1851038
IZ https://izlik.org/JA54MU56GP
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2026 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Işık, F. (2026). Kitlesel Lüks Algısı Ölçeği Kültürel Adaptasyonu Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Analizi. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Uygulamalı Bilimler Dergisi, 10(1), 89-113. https://doi.org/10.31200/makuubd.1851038