Retracted: Production of tar from cedar wood (Cedrus libani A. Richard) and its uses in public health

Bu makale 26 Aralık 2022 tarihinde geri çekildi. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/mamad/article/1189281

Öz

People have been closely interested in nature and especially plants since ancient times. In this context, they were used for food, fuel, medicine, etc. The knowledge about the medicinal use of plants from the past to the present has been transferred as medical folklore and their importance has begun to be better understood in modern times. Cedar (Cedrus libani A. Richard), one of these plants, is one of Turkey's most important endemic tree species. It is referred to as Lebanon Cedar or Taurus Cedar. Taurus Cedar is grown naturally in Lebanon, Syria, and the Cilician Taurus mountains of southern Anatolia or modern-day Turkey. The wood of Taurus Cedar, especially the heartwood, is quite biologically resistant to fungi and insect attacks. Due to its biological durability, this wood has been used extensively in the past to build various structures, such as temples, palaces, and ships. Moreover, the wood contains many different extractive materials that ensure its biological durability. Tar is one of the materials that can be extracted from Taurus Cedar wood, and this has been done for many years and continues today. The ancient Egyptians used this tar to mummify the corpses of their Pharaohs. In addition, cedar tar has been used to heal wounds in folk medicine. This study provides information about the traditional production of cedar tar, its properties, and its usage in folk medicine. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Cedar tar
• Medical folklore
• Taurus cedar

Sedir Odunundan (Cedrus Libani A. Richard) Katran Üretimi ve Halk Sağlığında Kullanım Alanları

Bu makale 26 Aralık 2022 tarihinde geri çekildi. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/mamad/article/1189281

Öz

İnsanlar antik çağlardan beri doğayla ve özellikle bitkilerle yakından ilgilenmiştir. Bu kapsamda onları gıda, yakıt, ilaç vb. amaçlarla kullanmıştır. Geçmişten günümüze bitkilerin tıbbi amaçlı kullanımına dair bilgi birikimi tıbbi folklor olarak aktarılmış ve modern zamanlarda onların önemi daha iyi anlaşılmaya başlanmıştır. Bu bitkilerden biri olan Sedir (Cedrus libani A. Richard), Türkiye’nin önemli endemik ağaç türlerinden biridir. Lübnan sediri veya Toros sediri olarak da bilinir. Lübnan, Suriye ve Türkiye’nin güneyindeki Kilikya Toros dağlarında doğal olarak yetişir. Toros sedirinin özellikle öz odunu mantar ve böceklere karşı biyolojik olarak oldukça dayanıklıdır. Biyolojik dayanıklılığından dolayı bu ağacın odunu geçmişte tapınaklar, saraylar ve gemiler gibi çeşitli yapıların inşasında yaygın olarak kullanıldı. Hâlihazırda döşeme, lambri, ahşap kamelya ve pergola dâhil birçok kullanım alanı vardır. Sedir odunu el ve makinelerle kolaylıkla işlenebilir. Ayrıca onun biyolojik dayanıklılığını sağlayan birçok ekstraktif madde içerir. Katran, Toros Sedir ağacından çıkarılabilen malzemelerden biridir ve bu uzun yıllardır yapılmaktadır ve günümüzde de devam etmektedir. Eski Mısırlılar bu katranı firavunlarının cesetlerini mumyalamak için kullandılar. Ayrıca halk hekimliğinde yaraları iyileştirmek için sedir katranı kullanılmıştır. Bu çalışmada sedir katranının geleneksel üretimi, özellikleri ve halk hekimliğinde kullanımı hakkında bilgi verilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Toros sediri
• Cedrus Libani
• katran üretimi

Kaynakça

1. Aiello, A.S, Dosmann, M.S., (2007), The quest for the Cedar of Lebanon, Arnoldia: The magazine of the Arnold Arboretum, 65(1), 26-35.
2. Akkemik, Ü., (2003). Tree rings of Cedrus libani at the northern boundary of its natural distribution. IAWA Journal, 24(1), 63-73.
3. Anonim, (2015), Some Cedrus libani trees, http://kahramanmaras.ormansu.gov.tr, Son erişim: 24.01.2015.
4. Anşin, R., Küçük, M., (1990), Floristic investigations on the natural cedar stand in Niksar and Erbaa. Proceedings of 22 Yaman International Cedar Symposium, 22–27 October 1990, 1–11. Antalya, Turkey.
5. Atalay, I., (1987), General ecological properties of natural occurrence areas of cedar (Cedrus libani A. Rich.) forests and regioning of seed transfer of cedar in Turkey. Publication of Ministry of Forestry, Ankara.
6. Avcı, A., Özen, R., (2016), “Kara Hekim: Katran”ın Antalya Veteriner Hekimliği Folklorunda Hayvan Hastalıklarının Tedavisinde Kullanımı. F.Ü Sağ. Bil. Vet. Derg. 2016; 30 (1), 39-44.
7. Aytuğ, B., Görcelioğlu, E., (1987), Wood and wooden furniture found in the royal tomb at Gordion. Review of the Faculty of Forestry, University of Istanbul 37: 1–27.
8. Boydak, M., (2003), Regeneration of Lebanon Cedar (Cedrus libani A. Rich.) on Karstic Lands in Turkey, Forest Ecology and Management, 178, 231-243.

9. Boydak, M., (2007), Reforestation of Lebanon Cedar (Cedrus libani A. Rich.) in Bare Karstic Lands by Broadcast Seeding in Turkey, In Options méditerranéennes, Series A: Mediterranean Seminars, (No. 75, pp. 33-43).
10. Bridgwater, A.V., (2003), Renewable fuels and chemicals by thermal processing of biomass. Chemical Engineering Journal, 91(2-3), 87-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1385-8947(02)00142-0.
11. Cardona, F., Sultan, M.T.H., (2016), "Characterization of environmentally sustainable resole phenolic resins synthesized with plant-based bioresources," BioResources, 11(1), 965-983.
12. Davis, P.H. (1949), A journey in South-West Anatolia, pt I. Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society 74, 104–115.
13. Efe, F.T., Bal, B.C., (2016), Tar production from cedar wood (Cedrus libani A. Richard) and the usage areas of cedar tar in folk medicine, European Non-Wood Forest Products (NWFPs) Network COST Action FP1203- 4th Workshop and 5th Management Committee Meeting, 17-19 February, Antalya/Türkiye.
14. Egenberg, I.M., A.K., Holtekjolen, E., Lundanes, (2003), Characterization of Naturally and Artificially Weathered Pine Tar Coatings by Visual Assessment and Gas Chromatography— Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Cultural Heritage 4, 221–241.
15. Farjon, A., (2001), World Checklist and Bibliography of Conifers, 2nd ed. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London.
16. Hajar, L., François L., Khater C., Jomaa, I., Deque, M., Cheddadi, R., (2010), Cedrus libani (A. Rich) distribution in Lebanon: Past, present and future, Comptes Rendus Biologies, 333, 622-630, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2010.05.003.
17. Hjulstrom, B., Isaksson, S., Hennius, A., (2006), Organic Geochemical Evidence for Pine Tar Production in Middle Eastern Sweden during the Roman Iron Age. Journal of Archaeological Science 33:283–294.
18. Huş, S., (1945) Ormanlarımızdan katran ve zift çıkarılması imkânları (Possibilities of Katran and Pitch Production from Our Forests) (in Turkish). Orman ve Av 6, 176–180.
19. Kayacık, H., Aytuğ, B., (1968), A study on the wooden materials of the Gordian royal tomb with special reference to forestry. Review of the Faculty of Forestry, University of İstanbul 18, 37–54.
20. Kurt, Y, Kaçar, M.S., Işık, K., (2008), Traditional tar production from Cedrus libani A. Rich on the Taurus mountains in southern Turkey, Economic Botany, 62 (4) 615-620.
21. Li, J., Yan, R., Xiao, B., Liang, T.D., Lee, D.H., (2008), Preparation of Nano-NiO particles and evaluation of their catalytic activity in pyrolyzing biomass components. Energy&Fuels, 22(1), 16-23, https://doi.org/10.1021/ef700283j.
22. Loizzo, M. R., Saab, A. M., Tundis, R., Statti, G. A., Menichini, F., Lampronti, I., Gambari, R., Cinatl, J., Doerr, H.W., 2008. Phytochemical Analysis and in vitro Evaluation of the Biological Activity against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV–1) of Cedrus libani A. Rich. Phytomedicine 151–2:79–83, https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.200890045.
23. Masri, R., (1995), Change in the Cedar Forest of Ain Zhalta, Jabal el-Barouk, Lebanon, 1965–1994. National Report on the Environment and Development in Lebanon. Duke University.
24. Mayer, H., Sevim, M., (1959), Lübnan sediri, Lübnan’daki 5000 yıllık tahribatı, Anadolu’da bugünkü yayılış sahası ve bu ağaç türünün Alplere tekrar getirilmesi hakkında düşünceler (Çeviren: Necmettin Çepel), İ.Ü. Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 1959. Seri B, 10 (2): 111-142.
25. Reunanen, M., Raine, E., Markku, H., (1989), Analysis of Finnish Pine Tar and Tar from the Wreck of Frigate St. Nikolai. Holzforschung, 43, 33-39. https://doi.org/10.1515/hfsg.1989.43.1.33.
26. Reunanen, M., Raine, E., Markku, H., (1990), Long-term Alteration of Pine Tar in a Marine Enviroment. Holzforschung, 44, 277-278. https://doi.org/10.1515/hfsg.1990.44.4.277.
27. Reunanen, M., Holmbom, B., Edgren, T., (1993), Analysis of Archaeological Birch Bark Pitches. Holzforschung, 47, 175-177. https://doi.org/10.1515/hfsg.1993.47.2.175.
28. Schwarz, O., (1944), Anatolica I. Feddes, Repertorium novarum specierum regni vegetabilis, 54(1), 26-34. DOI: 10.1002/fedr.19440540104.
29. URL1 https://www.conifers.org/pi/Cedrus_libani.php Son erişim: 22.06.2022.
30. URL2 https://www.sondakika.com/ekonomi/haber-sedir-agaclari-topragin-icine-gomulu-varillerde-13861513/ Son erişim: 13.06.2022.
31. URL3 https://www.iletisim.gov.tr/turkce/yerel_basin/detay/antalyanin-elmali-ilcesinde-sedir-agacindan-atalardan-kalma-damitma-yontemiyle-katran-yagi-uretiliyor#:~:text=Katran%20ya%C4%9F%C4%B1%20%C3%BCretimi%20i%C3%A7in%2C%20ormanda,k%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk%20odun%20par%C3%A7alar%C4%B1%20haline%20getiriliyor. Son erişim: 13.06.2022.
32. Usta, M., Kara, Z., (1997), The chemical composition of wood and bark of Cedrus libani A. Rich, Holz als Roh-und Werstoff 5, 268-268.
33. Wang, Z., Cao, J., Wang, J., (2009), Pyrolytic characteristics of pine wood in a slowly heating and gas sweeping fi xed-bed reactor. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 84(2), 179-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2009.02.001.
34. Yılmaz, N., Alma, M.H., Nitz, S., Kollmannsberger, H., Efe, F.T., (2005), Chemical Composition of the Essential Oils from Oleoresin on Cones of Cedrus libani, Asian Journal of Chemistry Vol. 17, No. 4, 2300-2306.