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UV sistem parke verniği uygulanmış limon ahşabında shore D sertlik değeri ve yüzey pürüzlülüğü üzerine yapay yaşlandırmanın etkisi

Yıl 2022, , 131 - 141, 26.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.33725/mamad.1186904

Öz

Günümüzde farklı ağaç türlerine çeşitli ultraviyole (UV) sistem vernikleri uygulanmaktadır. Limon ağacının ahşabı, salon mobilyası ve kaliteli mobilya yapımında kullanılmasının yanı sıra, torna ve kakma işlerinde de değerlendirilmektedir. Bahsedilen bu alanlarda önemli özelliklere ait olan limon ahşabı üzerinde vernik, boya veya UV sistem vernik çalışmalarının kısıtlı olduğu görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada, endüstriyel uygulamalara uygun olarak 3 ve 5 kat olmak üzere UV sistem parke vernikleri limon (Citrus limon (L.) Burm.) odunu yüzeylerine uygulanmıştır. Daha sonra elde edilen kaplanmış malzemeler hızlandırılmış yaşlandırma cihazında 144, 288 ve 432 saat süreleri boyunca UV ışınlarına maruz bırakılmıştır. Daha sonrasında yüzeyler üzerinde meydana gelen değişikler ile yüzey pürüzlülüğü parametreleri ve shore D sertlik özellikleri araştırılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, yüzey pürüzlülüğü parametreleri için Ra, Rq ve Rz değerlerinin yaşlandırma süresinin artması ile her iki vernik türünde artışların görüldüğü bildirilmiştir. Buna ek olarak, shore D sertlik değerleri her iki tür vernik uygulaması için yaşlandırma süreleri karşısında farklılıklar göstermiştir. 

Teşekkür

Yazar, UV vernik uygulamaları için Düzce’deki KPS fabrikasına teşekkür etmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Aksoy, B., Joyce, M.K., Fleming, P.D., (2003), Comparative study of brightness/whiteness using various analytical methods on coated papers containing colorants, in: Proceedings of the TAPPI Spring Technical Conference and Trade Fair, Chicago, May 2003.
  • ASTM D 2240, (2010), Standard test method for rubber property-durometer hardness, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, United States.
  • ASTM G 154-06, (2006), Standard practice for operating fluorescent light apparatus for UV exposure of nonmetallic materials, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
  • Ayata, Ü., (2014), Isıl işlem görmüş (ThermoWood) bazı ağaç türlerinde kullanılan su-bazlı vernik katmanlarının hızlandırılmış UV yaşlandırma etkisine karşı direncinin belirlenmesi, Düzce Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Orman Endüstri Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, Doktora Tezi, Düzce.
  • Ayata, Ü., Çakıcıer, N., Gürleyen, L., (2021a), İç mekânda kullanılan UV sistem parke verniği uygulamasına sahip kayısı odununda yapay yaşlandırma performansının belirlenmesi, Mobilya ve Ahşap Malzeme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(1), 40-50. DOI: 10.33725/mamad.922311.
  • Ayata, Ü., Çakıcıer, N., Gürleyen, L., (2021b), UV kürlenmeli vernik uygulanmış sedir odununun yapay yaşlandırma uygulaması sonrasında bazı yüzey özelliklerinin belirlenmesi, Mobilya ve Ahşap Malzeme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(2), 145-154. DOI: 10.33725/mamad.1005120.
  • Bongiovanni, R., Montefusco, F., Priola, A., Macchioni, N., Lazzeri, S., Sozzi, L., Ameduri, B., (2002), High performance UV-cured coatings for wood protection, Progress in Organic Coatings, 45(4), 359-363. DOI: 10.1016/S0300-9440(02)00119-4.
  • Bulian, F., Graystone, J.A., (2009), Wood Coatings. Theory and Practice, Elsevier Science Ltd., Amsterdam.
  • Chudnoff, M., (1979), Tropical Timbers of the World (Report No. 1979) U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI.
  • Cristea, M.V., Riedl, B., Blanchet, P., (2010), Enhancing the performance of exterior waterborne coatings for wood by inorganic nanosized UV absorbers, Progress in Organic Coatings, 69(4), 432-441. DOI: 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2010.08.006.
  • Çakcıer, N., (2007), Ağaç malzeme yüzey işlemi katmanlarında yaşlanma sonucu belirlenen değişikler, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Orman Endüstri Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı, Orman Endüstri Makineleri ve İşletme Bilim Dalı, Doktora Tezi, İstanbul.
  • Decker, C., (1987), UV-curing chemistry: past, present and future, Journal of Coatings Technology, 59(751), 97-106.
  • Decker, C., (2001), Specialty polymer additives - principles and applications: photostabilization of UV-curable coatings and thermosets, S. Al-Malaika, A. Golovoy, C.A. Wilkie (Eds.), Blackwell Science Ltd, UK, p. 139.
  • DIN EN ISO/IEC 17025, (2016), General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories, German Institute for Standardization, Berlin, Germany.
  • Evans, P.D., Thay, P.D., Schmalzl, K.J., (1996), Degradation of wood surfaces during natural weathering. Effects on lignin and cellulose and on the adhesion of acrylic latex primers, Wood Science and Technology, 30, 411-422.
  • Feist, W.C., (1990), Outdoor wood weathering and protection. In: Rowell RM, Barbour JR (eds) Archaeological wood: properties, chemistry, and preservation. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.
  • Feist, W.C., Hon, D.S., (1984), Chemistry of weathering and protection. In The Chemistry of Solid Wood; Rowell, R.M., Ed.; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, USA, 207, 401-451.
  • Fengel, D., Wegener, G., (1984), Wood Chemistry, Ultrastructure, Reactions; Walter de Gruyter: Berlin, Germany.
  • Fibiger, W., (1998), Coating Technology. III. Industrial Coatings, 3rd Edn, W. Fibiger, A.C., Boyce Eds., pp.VH-1, ITE Consultants, Canada.
  • Gobakken, L.R., Vestøl, G.I., (2012), Surface mould and blue stain fungi on coated Norway spruce cladding, International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 75, 181-186. DOI: 10.1016/j.ibiod.2012.10.001.
  • Grellmann, W., Seidler, S., (2014), Part 3: Mechanical and Thermomechanical Properties of Polymers: Subvolume A: Polymer Solids and Polymer Melts (Landolt-Börnstein: Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology - New Series) 2014th Edition, Karl-Friedrich Arndt (Editor), Manfred Dieter Lechner (Editor), Christian Bierögel (Contributor), Ines Kotter (Contributor), Ralf Lach (Contributor), Beate Langer (Contributor), Katrin Reincke (Contributor), Vasiliki-Maria Archodoulaki (Contributor). DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6.
  • Grieve, M. (1984), A Modern Herbal, Penguin, London, UK.
  • Gurau, L., Irle, M., (2017), Surface Roughness Evaluation Methods for Wood Products: a Review, Current Forestry Reports, 3, 119-131. DOI: 10.1007/s40725-017-0053-4.
  • Hon, D.N.-S., (1981), Photochemical degradation of lignocellulosic materials. In: Grassi N (ed) Developments in Polymer Degradation, Applied Science Publishers, London, pp 229-281.
  • Hon, D.N.-S., (2001), Weathering and photochemistry of wood, In: Hon DN-S, Shiraishi N (eds) Wood and cellulose chemistry, Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 513-546.
  • ISO 16610-21 (2011), Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS)-Filtration-Part 21: Linear Profile Filters: Gaussian Filters, Standard.
  • Kaboorani, A., Auclair, N., Riedl, B., Landry, V., (2016), Physical and morphological properties of UV-cured cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) based nanocomposite coatings for wood furniture, Progress in Organic Coatings, 93, 17-22. DOI: 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2015.12.009.
  • Kaboorani, A., Auclair, N., Riedl, B., Landry, V., (2017), Mechanical properties of UV-cured cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) nanocomposite coating for wood furniture, Progress in Organic Coatings, 104, 91-96. DOI: 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2016.11.031.
  • Koleske, J.V., (2006). Mechanical properties of solid coatings in encyclopedia of analytical chemistry, 1773-1786. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
  • Mitani, A., Ntalos, G., Koutsianitis, D., Ninikas, K., (2019), Aging effect of some varnish coated wood species on color difference and surface roughness, Pro Ligno, 15(4), 173-178.
  • Morton, J.F., (1987), Lemon, in Fruits of Warm Climates, C.F. Dowling (ed.), J.F. Morton, Ann Arbor, MI, pp. 160-168.
  • Nikolic, M., Lawther, J.M., Sanadi, A.R., (2015), Use of nanofillers in wood coatings: a scientific review, Journal of Coatings Technology and Research, 12(3), 445-461. DOI: 10.1007/s11998-015-9659-2.
  • Norrstrom, H., (1969), Light absorbing properties of pulp and paper, components. Svensk Paperstidn, 72, 25-38.
  • Pappas, S.P., (1992), Radiation Curing, Science and Technology, Plenum Press, New York, Chapter 1.
  • Perrin, F.X., Irigoyen, M., Aragon, E., Vernet, J.L., (2001). Evaluation of accelerated weathering tests for three paint systems: a comparative study of their ageing behaviour, Polymer Degradation and Stability, 72(1), 115-124. DOI: 10.1016/S0141-3910(01)00005-2.
  • Sato, K., (1980). The hardness of coating films, Progress in Organic Coatings, 8(1), 1-18. DOI: 10.1016/0300-9440(80)80002-6
  • Schuler, B., Baumstark, R., Kirsch, S., Pfau, A., Sandor, M., Zosel, A., (2000), Structure and properties of multiphase particles and their impact on the performance of architectural coatings, Progress in Organic Coatings, 40(1-4), 139-150. DOI: 10.1016/S0300-9440(00)00136-3.
  • Singh, R.P., Tomer, N.S., Bhadraiah, S.V., (2001), Photo-oxidation studies on polyurethane coating: effect of additives on yellowing of polyurethane, Polymer Degradation and Stability, 73(3), 443-446. DOI: 10.1016/S0141-3910(01)00127-6.
  • Sögütlü, C., Sönmez, A., (2006). Değişik koruyucular ile işlem görmüş bazı yerli ağaçlarda UV ışınlarının renk değiştirici etkisi, Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(1), 151-159.
  • Şahin, S., Ayata, Ü., Bal, B.C., Esteves, B., Can, A., Sivrikaya, H., (2020), Determination of some wood properties and response to weathering of Citrus limon (L.) Burm wood, Bioresources, 15(3), 6840-6850. DOI: 10.15376/biores.15.3.6840-6850.
  • Şanıvar, N., Zorlu, İ., (1980), Ağaçişleri Gereç Bilgisi Temel Ders Kitabı, Mesleki Ve Teknik Öğretim Kitapları, Milli Eğitim Basımevi, İstanbul, Etüd ve Programlama Dairesi Yayınları No: 43, 472 sayfa.
  • Ulay, G., (2018), Yat ve tekne mobilyalarında kullanılan bazı ağaç türlerine uygulanan termal modifikasyon ve UV yaşlandırma işlemlerinin vernik katman performansları üzerine etkisinin incelenmesi, Düzce Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Orman Endüstri Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı, Doktora Tezi, Düzce.
  • Vidholdová, Z., Slabejová, G., Kaloč, Y., (2017), Influence of wood pre-weathering on selected surface properties of the system wood - coating film, Acta Facultatis Xylologiae Zvolen, 59(2), 67-77. DOI: 10.17423/afx.2017.59.2.07.
  • Wicks, Z.W., Jones, E.N., Pappas, S.P., (1999), Exterior durability: I, Journal of Coatings Technology, 71(888), 53-55.
  • Wiemann, M.C., (2010), Characteristics and availability of commercially important woods, In: Ross, RJ (ed.) Wood Handbook: Wood As an Engineering Material. US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison.
  • Wypych, G., (1995), Handbook of Material Weathering, ChemTec Publishing, Toronto, Canada.

The effect of artificial weathering on shore D hardness value and surface roughness in lemon wood treated with UV system parquet varnish

Yıl 2022, , 131 - 141, 26.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.33725/mamad.1186904

Öz

Today, various ultraviolet (UV) system varnishes are applied to different tree species. The wood of the lemon tree is used in the production of living room furniture and quality furniture, as well as in turning and inlay works. It is seen that varnish, paint or UV system varnish works are rarely done on lemon wood, which has important properties in these areas. In this study, 3 and 5 layers of UV system parquet varnishes were applied to lemon (Citrus limon (L.) Burm.) wood surfaces in accordance with industrial applications. Then, the obtained coated materials were exposed to UV rays for 144, 288 and 432 hours in the accelerated aging device. Afterwards, the changes on surface roughness parameters and shore D hardness properties in the perpendicular and parallel directions to the fibers were investigated. According to the results obtained, it was reported that the Ra, Rq, and Rz values for the surface roughness parameters increased with the increase of the aging time in both varnish types. In addition, the shore D hardness values differed in terms of aging times for both types of varnish applications.

Kaynakça

  • Aksoy, B., Joyce, M.K., Fleming, P.D., (2003), Comparative study of brightness/whiteness using various analytical methods on coated papers containing colorants, in: Proceedings of the TAPPI Spring Technical Conference and Trade Fair, Chicago, May 2003.
  • ASTM D 2240, (2010), Standard test method for rubber property-durometer hardness, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, United States.
  • ASTM G 154-06, (2006), Standard practice for operating fluorescent light apparatus for UV exposure of nonmetallic materials, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
  • Ayata, Ü., (2014), Isıl işlem görmüş (ThermoWood) bazı ağaç türlerinde kullanılan su-bazlı vernik katmanlarının hızlandırılmış UV yaşlandırma etkisine karşı direncinin belirlenmesi, Düzce Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Orman Endüstri Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, Doktora Tezi, Düzce.
  • Ayata, Ü., Çakıcıer, N., Gürleyen, L., (2021a), İç mekânda kullanılan UV sistem parke verniği uygulamasına sahip kayısı odununda yapay yaşlandırma performansının belirlenmesi, Mobilya ve Ahşap Malzeme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(1), 40-50. DOI: 10.33725/mamad.922311.
  • Ayata, Ü., Çakıcıer, N., Gürleyen, L., (2021b), UV kürlenmeli vernik uygulanmış sedir odununun yapay yaşlandırma uygulaması sonrasında bazı yüzey özelliklerinin belirlenmesi, Mobilya ve Ahşap Malzeme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(2), 145-154. DOI: 10.33725/mamad.1005120.
  • Bongiovanni, R., Montefusco, F., Priola, A., Macchioni, N., Lazzeri, S., Sozzi, L., Ameduri, B., (2002), High performance UV-cured coatings for wood protection, Progress in Organic Coatings, 45(4), 359-363. DOI: 10.1016/S0300-9440(02)00119-4.
  • Bulian, F., Graystone, J.A., (2009), Wood Coatings. Theory and Practice, Elsevier Science Ltd., Amsterdam.
  • Chudnoff, M., (1979), Tropical Timbers of the World (Report No. 1979) U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI.
  • Cristea, M.V., Riedl, B., Blanchet, P., (2010), Enhancing the performance of exterior waterborne coatings for wood by inorganic nanosized UV absorbers, Progress in Organic Coatings, 69(4), 432-441. DOI: 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2010.08.006.
  • Çakcıer, N., (2007), Ağaç malzeme yüzey işlemi katmanlarında yaşlanma sonucu belirlenen değişikler, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Orman Endüstri Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı, Orman Endüstri Makineleri ve İşletme Bilim Dalı, Doktora Tezi, İstanbul.
  • Decker, C., (1987), UV-curing chemistry: past, present and future, Journal of Coatings Technology, 59(751), 97-106.
  • Decker, C., (2001), Specialty polymer additives - principles and applications: photostabilization of UV-curable coatings and thermosets, S. Al-Malaika, A. Golovoy, C.A. Wilkie (Eds.), Blackwell Science Ltd, UK, p. 139.
  • DIN EN ISO/IEC 17025, (2016), General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories, German Institute for Standardization, Berlin, Germany.
  • Evans, P.D., Thay, P.D., Schmalzl, K.J., (1996), Degradation of wood surfaces during natural weathering. Effects on lignin and cellulose and on the adhesion of acrylic latex primers, Wood Science and Technology, 30, 411-422.
  • Feist, W.C., (1990), Outdoor wood weathering and protection. In: Rowell RM, Barbour JR (eds) Archaeological wood: properties, chemistry, and preservation. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.
  • Feist, W.C., Hon, D.S., (1984), Chemistry of weathering and protection. In The Chemistry of Solid Wood; Rowell, R.M., Ed.; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, USA, 207, 401-451.
  • Fengel, D., Wegener, G., (1984), Wood Chemistry, Ultrastructure, Reactions; Walter de Gruyter: Berlin, Germany.
  • Fibiger, W., (1998), Coating Technology. III. Industrial Coatings, 3rd Edn, W. Fibiger, A.C., Boyce Eds., pp.VH-1, ITE Consultants, Canada.
  • Gobakken, L.R., Vestøl, G.I., (2012), Surface mould and blue stain fungi on coated Norway spruce cladding, International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 75, 181-186. DOI: 10.1016/j.ibiod.2012.10.001.
  • Grellmann, W., Seidler, S., (2014), Part 3: Mechanical and Thermomechanical Properties of Polymers: Subvolume A: Polymer Solids and Polymer Melts (Landolt-Börnstein: Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology - New Series) 2014th Edition, Karl-Friedrich Arndt (Editor), Manfred Dieter Lechner (Editor), Christian Bierögel (Contributor), Ines Kotter (Contributor), Ralf Lach (Contributor), Beate Langer (Contributor), Katrin Reincke (Contributor), Vasiliki-Maria Archodoulaki (Contributor). DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6.
  • Grieve, M. (1984), A Modern Herbal, Penguin, London, UK.
  • Gurau, L., Irle, M., (2017), Surface Roughness Evaluation Methods for Wood Products: a Review, Current Forestry Reports, 3, 119-131. DOI: 10.1007/s40725-017-0053-4.
  • Hon, D.N.-S., (1981), Photochemical degradation of lignocellulosic materials. In: Grassi N (ed) Developments in Polymer Degradation, Applied Science Publishers, London, pp 229-281.
  • Hon, D.N.-S., (2001), Weathering and photochemistry of wood, In: Hon DN-S, Shiraishi N (eds) Wood and cellulose chemistry, Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 513-546.
  • ISO 16610-21 (2011), Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS)-Filtration-Part 21: Linear Profile Filters: Gaussian Filters, Standard.
  • Kaboorani, A., Auclair, N., Riedl, B., Landry, V., (2016), Physical and morphological properties of UV-cured cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) based nanocomposite coatings for wood furniture, Progress in Organic Coatings, 93, 17-22. DOI: 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2015.12.009.
  • Kaboorani, A., Auclair, N., Riedl, B., Landry, V., (2017), Mechanical properties of UV-cured cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) nanocomposite coating for wood furniture, Progress in Organic Coatings, 104, 91-96. DOI: 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2016.11.031.
  • Koleske, J.V., (2006). Mechanical properties of solid coatings in encyclopedia of analytical chemistry, 1773-1786. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
  • Mitani, A., Ntalos, G., Koutsianitis, D., Ninikas, K., (2019), Aging effect of some varnish coated wood species on color difference and surface roughness, Pro Ligno, 15(4), 173-178.
  • Morton, J.F., (1987), Lemon, in Fruits of Warm Climates, C.F. Dowling (ed.), J.F. Morton, Ann Arbor, MI, pp. 160-168.
  • Nikolic, M., Lawther, J.M., Sanadi, A.R., (2015), Use of nanofillers in wood coatings: a scientific review, Journal of Coatings Technology and Research, 12(3), 445-461. DOI: 10.1007/s11998-015-9659-2.
  • Norrstrom, H., (1969), Light absorbing properties of pulp and paper, components. Svensk Paperstidn, 72, 25-38.
  • Pappas, S.P., (1992), Radiation Curing, Science and Technology, Plenum Press, New York, Chapter 1.
  • Perrin, F.X., Irigoyen, M., Aragon, E., Vernet, J.L., (2001). Evaluation of accelerated weathering tests for three paint systems: a comparative study of their ageing behaviour, Polymer Degradation and Stability, 72(1), 115-124. DOI: 10.1016/S0141-3910(01)00005-2.
  • Sato, K., (1980). The hardness of coating films, Progress in Organic Coatings, 8(1), 1-18. DOI: 10.1016/0300-9440(80)80002-6
  • Schuler, B., Baumstark, R., Kirsch, S., Pfau, A., Sandor, M., Zosel, A., (2000), Structure and properties of multiphase particles and their impact on the performance of architectural coatings, Progress in Organic Coatings, 40(1-4), 139-150. DOI: 10.1016/S0300-9440(00)00136-3.
  • Singh, R.P., Tomer, N.S., Bhadraiah, S.V., (2001), Photo-oxidation studies on polyurethane coating: effect of additives on yellowing of polyurethane, Polymer Degradation and Stability, 73(3), 443-446. DOI: 10.1016/S0141-3910(01)00127-6.
  • Sögütlü, C., Sönmez, A., (2006). Değişik koruyucular ile işlem görmüş bazı yerli ağaçlarda UV ışınlarının renk değiştirici etkisi, Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(1), 151-159.
  • Şahin, S., Ayata, Ü., Bal, B.C., Esteves, B., Can, A., Sivrikaya, H., (2020), Determination of some wood properties and response to weathering of Citrus limon (L.) Burm wood, Bioresources, 15(3), 6840-6850. DOI: 10.15376/biores.15.3.6840-6850.
  • Şanıvar, N., Zorlu, İ., (1980), Ağaçişleri Gereç Bilgisi Temel Ders Kitabı, Mesleki Ve Teknik Öğretim Kitapları, Milli Eğitim Basımevi, İstanbul, Etüd ve Programlama Dairesi Yayınları No: 43, 472 sayfa.
  • Ulay, G., (2018), Yat ve tekne mobilyalarında kullanılan bazı ağaç türlerine uygulanan termal modifikasyon ve UV yaşlandırma işlemlerinin vernik katman performansları üzerine etkisinin incelenmesi, Düzce Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Orman Endüstri Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı, Doktora Tezi, Düzce.
  • Vidholdová, Z., Slabejová, G., Kaloč, Y., (2017), Influence of wood pre-weathering on selected surface properties of the system wood - coating film, Acta Facultatis Xylologiae Zvolen, 59(2), 67-77. DOI: 10.17423/afx.2017.59.2.07.
  • Wicks, Z.W., Jones, E.N., Pappas, S.P., (1999), Exterior durability: I, Journal of Coatings Technology, 71(888), 53-55.
  • Wiemann, M.C., (2010), Characteristics and availability of commercially important woods, In: Ross, RJ (ed.) Wood Handbook: Wood As an Engineering Material. US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison.
  • Wypych, G., (1995), Handbook of Material Weathering, ChemTec Publishing, Toronto, Canada.
Toplam 46 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Kereste, Hamur ve Kağıt, Orman Endüstri Mühendisliği (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Ümit Ayata 0000-0002-6787-7822

Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Aralık 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 10 Ekim 2022
Kabul Tarihi 11 Aralık 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022

Kaynak Göster

APA Ayata, Ü. (2022). UV sistem parke verniği uygulanmış limon ahşabında shore D sertlik değeri ve yüzey pürüzlülüğü üzerine yapay yaşlandırmanın etkisi. Mobilya Ve Ahşap Malzeme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(2), 131-141. https://doi.org/10.33725/mamad.1186904

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