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Application of wood plastic composite in the construction sector

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 188 - 203, 30.06.2025

Beytullah Başeğmez

https://doi.org/10.33725/mamad.1632080

Öz

As with all products, minimizing the negative environmental impact of building materials is crucial. Wood-plastic composites (WPCs) are a promising alternative and sustainable material to conventional materials, contributing to ecological efficiency. This innovative composite, combining thermoplastics and natural fibers, benefits from the low density, cost-effectiveness, and workability of wood, while the thermoplastic component prevents moisture ingress and biological attacks. Recycled thermo-plastics are also used in the production of this composite, thus developing circular economy. Wood fibers or powder can be sourced from waste generated during the manufacturing processes of lumber and furniture manufacturers. In window applications, various polymers can be used in the composite mixture, with PVC being widely accepted. The most common manufacturing method is extrusion although injection and molding techniques are also utilized. WPCs may contain 30% to 60% wood particles, with a 50:50 wood-to-plastic ratio being most common. The increasing adoption of WPCs is expected to significantly reduce the use of petroleum-based polymers. As a result of this study, WPC, largely unknown and used minimally in Türkiye, will become widespread and accepted in the construction sector.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Composite Wood Construction Plastic Waste

Kaynakça

  • Adhikary, K.B., Pang, S., & Staiger, M.P., (2008). Dimensional stability and mechanical behaviour of wood–plastic composites based on recycled and virgin high-density polyethylene (HDPE), Composites: Part B, 39(5), pp. 807–815, DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2007.10.005
  • Ashori, A., & Nourbakhsh, A., (2009). Characteristics of wood–fiber plastic composites made of recycled materials, Waste Management, 29(4), pp. 1291–1295, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.09.012 Avcı, E., (2012). Ahşap plastik kompozitlerin kullanım performansları üzerine araştırmalar, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, İstanbul, Türkiye.
  • Bal, B.C., (2023). Comparative study of some properties of wood plastic composite materials produced with polyethylene, wood flour and glass flour, Furniture and Wooden Material Research Journal, 6(1), 70-79, DOI: 10.33725/mamad.1301384
  • Bala, E., (2018). Ahşap plastik kompozit malzemelerden üretilen bazı birleştirme elemanlarının mekanik performans özellikleri, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Muğla, Türkiye.
  • Bayer, J., Granda, L.A., Méndez, J.A., Pelach, M.A., Vilaseca, F., & Mutjé, P., (2017). Cellulose polymer composites (WPC), Advanced High Strength Natural Fibre Composites in Construction, pp. 115-139, Elsevier, DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-08-100411-1.00005-4
  • Chen, H.C., Chen, T.Y., & Hsu, C.H., (2006). Effects of wood particle size and mixing ratios of HDPE on the properties of the composites, Holz Roh Werkst, 64(3), pp. 172–177, DOI: 10.1007/s00107-005-0072-x
  • Clyne, T.W., & Hull, D., (2019). An Introduction to Composite Materials (3rd ed.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, ISBN: 9780521860956.
  • Çolak Bayram, G., (2024). Ahşap-plastik kompozitlerin endüstriyel üretim sürecine ilişkin yaşam döngüsü çevresel sürdürülebilirlik analizi, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bilecik, Türkiye.
  • Eder, A., (2010). Wood-plastic composite markets in Europe: presentation, The Fourth China International Summit of WPC, pp. 22.
  • Fabiyi, J.S., & McDonald, A.G., (2010). Effect of wood species on property and weathering performance of wood plastic composites, Composites: Part A, 41, pp. 1434–1440, DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2010.06.004
  • Gardner, D. J., Han, Y., & Ed., P., Meier. (2010). Towards structural wood plastic composites: Technical innovations, in Proceedings of the 6th Meeting of the Nordic-Baltic Network In Wood Material Science and Engineering (Wse), 21-22 October 2010, pp. 7-22, Tallinn, Estonia, ISBN 978-9949-23-033-4.
  • Hamel, S.E., Hermanson, J.C., & Cramer, S.M., (2013). Mechanical and time-dependent behavior of wood–plastic composites subjected to tension and compression, Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, 26(7), pp. 968–987, DOI: 10.1177/0892705711432362
  • Harper, D., & Wolcott, M., (2004). Interaction between coupling agent and lubricants in wood–polypropylene composites, Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 35(3), pp. 385–394, DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2003.09.018
  • Hauschild, M., Jeswiet, J., & Alting, L., (2005). From life cycle assessment to sustainable production: status and perspectives, CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology, 54(2), pp. 1-21, DOI: 10.1016/S0007-8506(07)60017-1
  • Hung, K.C., Yeh, H., Yang, T.C., Wu, T.L., Xu, J.W., & Wu, J.H., (2017). Characterization of wood-plastic composites made with different lignocellulosic materials that vary in their morphology, chemical composition and thermal stability, Polymers, 9(12), pp. 726, DOI: 10.3390/polym9120726
  • Kumari, R., Ito, H., Takatani, M., Uchiyama, M., & Okamoto, T., (2007). Fundamental studies on wood/cellulose–plastic composites: effects of composition and cellulose dimension on the properties of cellulose/PP composite, The Japan Wood Research Society, 53, pp. 470–480, DOI: 10.1007/s10086-007-0889-5
  • Leu, S.Y., Yang, T.H., Lo, S.F., & Yang, T.H., (2012). Optimized material composition to improve the physical and mechanical properties of extruded wood–plastic composites (WPCs), Construction and Building Materials, 29, pp. 120–127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.09.013
  • Liukko, T., Salila, T., Platt, S., & Kärki, T., (2007). Wood plastic composites in europe: an introduction to wood plastic composite markets and products, Baltic Forestry, 13(1), pp. 131-136.
  • Lopez, Y.M., Gonçalves, F.G., Paes, J.B., Gustave, D., Segundinho, P.G.A., Latorraca, J.V.F., Silva, E.S.G., Nantet, A.C.T., & Filho, C.M.P. (2022). Comparative study of different technological processes on the physical-mechanical properties and flammability of wood plastic composite, Journal of Building Engineering, 52, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104391
  • Markarian, J., (2005). Wood-plastic composites: current trends in materials and processing, Plastics, Additives and Compounding, 7(5), 20-26, DOI:10.1016/S1464-391X(05)70453-0
  • Mengeloǧlu, F., & Karakuş, K., (2008). Some properties of eucalyptus wood flour filled recycled high density polyethylene polymer-composites, Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 32(6), 537-546, Available online: https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/agriculture/vol32/iss6/9
  • Ramli, R.A., (2024). A comprehensive review on utilization of waste materials in wood plastic composite, Materials Today Sustainability, 27(2), DOI: 10.1016/j.mtsust.2024.100889
  • Ratanawilai, T., & Srivabut, C., (2022). Physico-mechanical properties and long-term creep behavior of wood-plastic composites for construction materials: effect of water immersion times, Case Studies in Construction Materials, 16, pp. 1-15, DOI: 10.1016/j.cscm.2021.e00791
  • Rowell, R.M., Young, R.A., & Rowell, J.K., (1997). Paper and Composites from Agro – Based Resources, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, ISBN:1-56670-235-6.
  • Şahin, M., (2023). Aralama çalışması sonrasında elde edilen kayın odunlarının ve kupulasının odun plastik kompozit (OPK) üretiminde değerlendirilmesi, Kütahya Dumlupınar Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Kütahya, Türkiye.
  • Şahin, Y., (2000). Kompozit malzemelere giriş, Gazi Kitabevi, Ankara, Türkiye.
  • Stark, N., (2001). Influence of moisture absorption on mechanical properties of wood flour-polypropylene composites, Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, 14(5), DOI: 10.1106/UDKY-0403-626E-1H4P
  • URL 1. (2024) Green dot Bioplastics, Wood-plastic composites. Accessed: 11.12.2024. Available online: https://www.greendotbioplastics.com/materials/wood-composites/
  • URL 2. (2024) Hardyplast, WPC Raw materials. Accessed: 17.12.2024. Available online: https://www.hardyplast.com/Natural-Fibers-for-WPC.html
  • URL 3. (2024) Petkim, Ürünler. Accessed: 17.12.2024. Available online: https://www.petkim.com.tr/urunler
  • URL 4. (2024) Markets and Markets, Wood plastic composites market. Accessed: 11.12.2024. Available online: https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/wood-plastic-composite-market-170450806.html
  • URL 5. (2024) AİMSAD, Ahşap kompozit kriz dinlemiyor, Türkiye’deki büyümesini sürdürüyor. Accessed: 13.12.2024. Available online: https://www.aimsad.org/istatistikler/ahsap-kompozit-kriz-dinlemiyor-turkiye-deki-buyumesini-surduruyor
  • URL 6. (2024) Hekim Yapı, Hekim Board ürün grupları. Accessed: 21.12.2024. Available online: https://www.hekimyapi.com/hekimboard/
  • URL 7. (2024) Therra Wood, Ürünler. Accessed: 21.12.2024. Available online: https://www.therrawood.com/
  • URL 8. (2024) Make WPC, Ürünler. Accessed: 21.12.2024. Available online: https://makewpc.com/urunler/
  • URL 9. (2024) Bur Deck, Ürünler. Accessed: 21.12.2024. Available online: https://burdeck.com/
  • URL 10. (2024) Konfor Deck, WPC (Ahşap plastik kompozit) nedir?. Accessed: 09.12.2024. Available online: https://konfordeck.com/wpc-ahsap-plastik-kompozit-nedir/
  • URL 11. (2024) Hosung Deck, Wood-plastic composite material – an overview 10 aspects. Accessed: 09.12.2024. Available online: https://www.hosungdeck.com/wpc-industry-trends/10-aspects-of-wood-plastic-composite-material/
  • URL 12. (2024) Polmak Plastik, WPC - Ahşap plastik kompozit nedir? Accessed: 09.12.2024. Available online: https://www.polmakplastik.com/tr/kitaplik-detay-wpc---ahsap-plastik-kompozit-nedir-151.html
  • URL 13. (2024) Güney Kompozit, Ahşap kompozit deck. Accessed: 10.12.2024. Available online: https://guneykompozit.com/ahsap-kompozit-deck/
  • URL 14. (2024) Hardyplast, WPC furniture gallery. Accessed: 17.12.2024. Available online: https://www.hardyplast.com/wpc-furniture.html
  • URL 15. (2024) Are Wood, Ahşap kompozit - wall panel. Accessed: 12.12.2024. Available online: https://arewood.com/urunlerimiz/wall-panel
  • URL 16. (2024) Andersen Windows, Composite windows & doors. Accessed: 12.12.2024. Available online: https://www.andersenwindows.com/windows-and-doors/materials/composite-windows-doors/
  • URL 17. (2024) Hardyplast, Rectangular WPC window frame. Accessed: 17.12.2024. Available online: https://www.hardyplast.in/wpc-frames.html
  • URL 18. (2024) Are Wood, Ahşap kompozit genel özellikleri. Accessed: 12.12.2024. Available online: https://arewood.com/ahsap-kompozit-genel-ozellikleri
  • URL 19. (2024) George Panel, MDF wall panels vs WPC wall panels: which is better?. Accessed: 09.12.2024. Available online: https://www.georgepanel.com/mdf-wall-panels-vs-wpc-wall-panels-which-is-better/
  • URL 20. (2024) Woodpecker, Pisos deck. Accessed: 09.12.2024. Available online: https://woodpecker.com.co/productos/pisos-deck/
  • URL 21. (2024) Jwell Machine, WPC door profile extrusion machine. Accessed: 12.12.2024. Available online: https://www.jwellmachine.com/tr/wpc-door-profile-extrusion-machine/
  • Xue, Y., Veazie, D.R., Glinsey, C., Horstemeyer, M.F., & Rowell, R.M., (2007). Environmental effects on the mechanical and thermomechanical properties of aspen fiber–polypropylene composites, Composites: Part B, 38(2), 152–158, DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2006.07.005

İnşaat sektöründe ahşap plastik kompozitin uygulanması

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 188 - 203, 30.06.2025

Beytullah Başeğmez

https://doi.org/10.33725/mamad.1632080

Öz

Her üründe olduğu gibi yapı malzemelerinde negatif çevresel etkinin minimize edilmesi önemlidir. Ahşap plastik kompozitler (APK), konvansiyonel malzemelere alternatif ve sürdürülebilir malzeme olarak, umut verici bir seçenektir; ekolojik verimliliğin artırılmasına katkı sunar. Termoplastikler ve doğal lifleri (odun vd.) bütünleştiren bu yeni kompozit, odunun düşük yoğunluğu, düşük maliyeti ve işlenebilirlik özelliklerinden faydalanırken; termoplastik bileşen, ürüne nemin girmesini ve biyolojik saldırıyı engeller. Geri dönüştürülmüş termoplastikler de bu kompozitin üretiminde kullanılır, böylece döngüsel ekonomi gelişir. Ahşap lifleri/tozu, kereste ve mobilya üreticilerinin gerçekleştirdiği imalat süresince ortaya çıkan atıklardan elde edilebilir. Pencere uygulamalarında, kompozit karışımda çeşitli polimerler tercih edilebilmekle birlikte PVC kabul görmüştür. Malzemenin en yaygın üretim yöntemi, istenen şekle ekstrüde etmektir, ancak enjeksiyon ve kalıplama da kullanılır. Ahşap-plastik kompozitler (APK), %30’dan %60'a kadar ahşap parçacıkları içerebilir, yaygın şekilde optimum oran olarak %50-%50 uygulanmıştır. Ahşap plastik kompozitler çevre dostu yapılar için giderek daha cazip bir seçenek haline gelmektedir. Bu malzeme kullanımının gelecekte daha da yaygınlaşmasıyla petrol bazlı polimerlerin kullanımının azalmasına büyük bir etki yapacağı muhakkaktır. Bu çalışma sonucunda, Türkiye’de çok sınırlı uygulamada kullanılmış, yeterince tanınmayan APK’nın yaygınlaşarak inşaat sektöründe kabul görmesi hedeflenmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kompozit Ahşap Yapı Plastik Atık

Kaynakça

  • Adhikary, K.B., Pang, S., & Staiger, M.P., (2008). Dimensional stability and mechanical behaviour of wood–plastic composites based on recycled and virgin high-density polyethylene (HDPE), Composites: Part B, 39(5), pp. 807–815, DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2007.10.005
  • Ashori, A., & Nourbakhsh, A., (2009). Characteristics of wood–fiber plastic composites made of recycled materials, Waste Management, 29(4), pp. 1291–1295, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.09.012 Avcı, E., (2012). Ahşap plastik kompozitlerin kullanım performansları üzerine araştırmalar, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, İstanbul, Türkiye.
  • Bal, B.C., (2023). Comparative study of some properties of wood plastic composite materials produced with polyethylene, wood flour and glass flour, Furniture and Wooden Material Research Journal, 6(1), 70-79, DOI: 10.33725/mamad.1301384
  • Bala, E., (2018). Ahşap plastik kompozit malzemelerden üretilen bazı birleştirme elemanlarının mekanik performans özellikleri, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Muğla, Türkiye.
  • Bayer, J., Granda, L.A., Méndez, J.A., Pelach, M.A., Vilaseca, F., & Mutjé, P., (2017). Cellulose polymer composites (WPC), Advanced High Strength Natural Fibre Composites in Construction, pp. 115-139, Elsevier, DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-08-100411-1.00005-4
  • Chen, H.C., Chen, T.Y., & Hsu, C.H., (2006). Effects of wood particle size and mixing ratios of HDPE on the properties of the composites, Holz Roh Werkst, 64(3), pp. 172–177, DOI: 10.1007/s00107-005-0072-x
  • Clyne, T.W., & Hull, D., (2019). An Introduction to Composite Materials (3rd ed.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, ISBN: 9780521860956.
  • Çolak Bayram, G., (2024). Ahşap-plastik kompozitlerin endüstriyel üretim sürecine ilişkin yaşam döngüsü çevresel sürdürülebilirlik analizi, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bilecik, Türkiye.
  • Eder, A., (2010). Wood-plastic composite markets in Europe: presentation, The Fourth China International Summit of WPC, pp. 22.
  • Fabiyi, J.S., & McDonald, A.G., (2010). Effect of wood species on property and weathering performance of wood plastic composites, Composites: Part A, 41, pp. 1434–1440, DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2010.06.004
  • Gardner, D. J., Han, Y., & Ed., P., Meier. (2010). Towards structural wood plastic composites: Technical innovations, in Proceedings of the 6th Meeting of the Nordic-Baltic Network In Wood Material Science and Engineering (Wse), 21-22 October 2010, pp. 7-22, Tallinn, Estonia, ISBN 978-9949-23-033-4.
  • Hamel, S.E., Hermanson, J.C., & Cramer, S.M., (2013). Mechanical and time-dependent behavior of wood–plastic composites subjected to tension and compression, Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, 26(7), pp. 968–987, DOI: 10.1177/0892705711432362
  • Harper, D., & Wolcott, M., (2004). Interaction between coupling agent and lubricants in wood–polypropylene composites, Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 35(3), pp. 385–394, DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2003.09.018
  • Hauschild, M., Jeswiet, J., & Alting, L., (2005). From life cycle assessment to sustainable production: status and perspectives, CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology, 54(2), pp. 1-21, DOI: 10.1016/S0007-8506(07)60017-1
  • Hung, K.C., Yeh, H., Yang, T.C., Wu, T.L., Xu, J.W., & Wu, J.H., (2017). Characterization of wood-plastic composites made with different lignocellulosic materials that vary in their morphology, chemical composition and thermal stability, Polymers, 9(12), pp. 726, DOI: 10.3390/polym9120726
  • Kumari, R., Ito, H., Takatani, M., Uchiyama, M., & Okamoto, T., (2007). Fundamental studies on wood/cellulose–plastic composites: effects of composition and cellulose dimension on the properties of cellulose/PP composite, The Japan Wood Research Society, 53, pp. 470–480, DOI: 10.1007/s10086-007-0889-5
  • Leu, S.Y., Yang, T.H., Lo, S.F., & Yang, T.H., (2012). Optimized material composition to improve the physical and mechanical properties of extruded wood–plastic composites (WPCs), Construction and Building Materials, 29, pp. 120–127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.09.013
  • Liukko, T., Salila, T., Platt, S., & Kärki, T., (2007). Wood plastic composites in europe: an introduction to wood plastic composite markets and products, Baltic Forestry, 13(1), pp. 131-136.
  • Lopez, Y.M., Gonçalves, F.G., Paes, J.B., Gustave, D., Segundinho, P.G.A., Latorraca, J.V.F., Silva, E.S.G., Nantet, A.C.T., & Filho, C.M.P. (2022). Comparative study of different technological processes on the physical-mechanical properties and flammability of wood plastic composite, Journal of Building Engineering, 52, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104391
  • Markarian, J., (2005). Wood-plastic composites: current trends in materials and processing, Plastics, Additives and Compounding, 7(5), 20-26, DOI:10.1016/S1464-391X(05)70453-0
  • Mengeloǧlu, F., & Karakuş, K., (2008). Some properties of eucalyptus wood flour filled recycled high density polyethylene polymer-composites, Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 32(6), 537-546, Available online: https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/agriculture/vol32/iss6/9
  • Ramli, R.A., (2024). A comprehensive review on utilization of waste materials in wood plastic composite, Materials Today Sustainability, 27(2), DOI: 10.1016/j.mtsust.2024.100889
  • Ratanawilai, T., & Srivabut, C., (2022). Physico-mechanical properties and long-term creep behavior of wood-plastic composites for construction materials: effect of water immersion times, Case Studies in Construction Materials, 16, pp. 1-15, DOI: 10.1016/j.cscm.2021.e00791
  • Rowell, R.M., Young, R.A., & Rowell, J.K., (1997). Paper and Composites from Agro – Based Resources, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, ISBN:1-56670-235-6.
  • Şahin, M., (2023). Aralama çalışması sonrasında elde edilen kayın odunlarının ve kupulasının odun plastik kompozit (OPK) üretiminde değerlendirilmesi, Kütahya Dumlupınar Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Kütahya, Türkiye.
  • Şahin, Y., (2000). Kompozit malzemelere giriş, Gazi Kitabevi, Ankara, Türkiye.
  • Stark, N., (2001). Influence of moisture absorption on mechanical properties of wood flour-polypropylene composites, Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, 14(5), DOI: 10.1106/UDKY-0403-626E-1H4P
  • URL 1. (2024) Green dot Bioplastics, Wood-plastic composites. Accessed: 11.12.2024. Available online: https://www.greendotbioplastics.com/materials/wood-composites/
  • URL 2. (2024) Hardyplast, WPC Raw materials. Accessed: 17.12.2024. Available online: https://www.hardyplast.com/Natural-Fibers-for-WPC.html
  • URL 3. (2024) Petkim, Ürünler. Accessed: 17.12.2024. Available online: https://www.petkim.com.tr/urunler
  • URL 4. (2024) Markets and Markets, Wood plastic composites market. Accessed: 11.12.2024. Available online: https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/wood-plastic-composite-market-170450806.html
  • URL 5. (2024) AİMSAD, Ahşap kompozit kriz dinlemiyor, Türkiye’deki büyümesini sürdürüyor. Accessed: 13.12.2024. Available online: https://www.aimsad.org/istatistikler/ahsap-kompozit-kriz-dinlemiyor-turkiye-deki-buyumesini-surduruyor
  • URL 6. (2024) Hekim Yapı, Hekim Board ürün grupları. Accessed: 21.12.2024. Available online: https://www.hekimyapi.com/hekimboard/
  • URL 7. (2024) Therra Wood, Ürünler. Accessed: 21.12.2024. Available online: https://www.therrawood.com/
  • URL 8. (2024) Make WPC, Ürünler. Accessed: 21.12.2024. Available online: https://makewpc.com/urunler/
  • URL 9. (2024) Bur Deck, Ürünler. Accessed: 21.12.2024. Available online: https://burdeck.com/
  • URL 10. (2024) Konfor Deck, WPC (Ahşap plastik kompozit) nedir?. Accessed: 09.12.2024. Available online: https://konfordeck.com/wpc-ahsap-plastik-kompozit-nedir/
  • URL 11. (2024) Hosung Deck, Wood-plastic composite material – an overview 10 aspects. Accessed: 09.12.2024. Available online: https://www.hosungdeck.com/wpc-industry-trends/10-aspects-of-wood-plastic-composite-material/
  • URL 12. (2024) Polmak Plastik, WPC - Ahşap plastik kompozit nedir? Accessed: 09.12.2024. Available online: https://www.polmakplastik.com/tr/kitaplik-detay-wpc---ahsap-plastik-kompozit-nedir-151.html
  • URL 13. (2024) Güney Kompozit, Ahşap kompozit deck. Accessed: 10.12.2024. Available online: https://guneykompozit.com/ahsap-kompozit-deck/
  • URL 14. (2024) Hardyplast, WPC furniture gallery. Accessed: 17.12.2024. Available online: https://www.hardyplast.com/wpc-furniture.html
  • URL 15. (2024) Are Wood, Ahşap kompozit - wall panel. Accessed: 12.12.2024. Available online: https://arewood.com/urunlerimiz/wall-panel
  • URL 16. (2024) Andersen Windows, Composite windows & doors. Accessed: 12.12.2024. Available online: https://www.andersenwindows.com/windows-and-doors/materials/composite-windows-doors/
  • URL 17. (2024) Hardyplast, Rectangular WPC window frame. Accessed: 17.12.2024. Available online: https://www.hardyplast.in/wpc-frames.html
  • URL 18. (2024) Are Wood, Ahşap kompozit genel özellikleri. Accessed: 12.12.2024. Available online: https://arewood.com/ahsap-kompozit-genel-ozellikleri
  • URL 19. (2024) George Panel, MDF wall panels vs WPC wall panels: which is better?. Accessed: 09.12.2024. Available online: https://www.georgepanel.com/mdf-wall-panels-vs-wpc-wall-panels-which-is-better/
  • URL 20. (2024) Woodpecker, Pisos deck. Accessed: 09.12.2024. Available online: https://woodpecker.com.co/productos/pisos-deck/
  • URL 21. (2024) Jwell Machine, WPC door profile extrusion machine. Accessed: 12.12.2024. Available online: https://www.jwellmachine.com/tr/wpc-door-profile-extrusion-machine/
  • Xue, Y., Veazie, D.R., Glinsey, C., Horstemeyer, M.F., & Rowell, R.M., (2007). Environmental effects on the mechanical and thermomechanical properties of aspen fiber–polypropylene composites, Composites: Part B, 38(2), 152–158, DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2006.07.005
Toplam 49 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Kompozit ve Hibrit Malzemeler, Ahşap Esaslı Kompozitler
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Beytullah Başeğmez 0000-0001-5981-5317

Gönderilme Tarihi 3 Şubat 2025
Kabul Tarihi 28 Nisan 2025
Erken Görünüm Tarihi 30 Haziran 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Başeğmez, B. (2025). Application of wood plastic composite in the construction sector. Mobilya ve Ahşap Malzeme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(1), 188-203. https://doi.org/10.33725/mamad.1632080

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