Polipropilen/kamış unu hibrit nano WPC'nin fiziksel ve mekanik özellikleri üzerine karbon nanotüplerin etkisi
Öz
Bu çalışmada, çok katmanlı karbon nanotüplerin (MWCNT) polipropilen/kamış unu (PP/RF) kompozitlerine katılmasının mekanik ve fiziksel performans üzerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Kompozitler, farklı MWCNT oranlarıyla (0, 1, 2, 3, ve 5 phr) hazırlanmış ve mekanik testler, su emme analizi ve taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM) ile karakterize edilmiştir. MWCNT ilavesi, özellikle eğilme ve çekme özelliklerinde belirgin iyileşmeler sağlamıştır; çekme mukavemeti 2 phr'de (yaklaşık 15% artış), eğilme mukavemeti ise 3 phr'de (yaklaşık 15% artış) en yüksek düzeye ulaşmıştır. Darbe dayanımı da 2 phr'da en yüksekti (kontrol ile karşılaştırıldığında yaklaşık %10 artış). MWCNT aglomerasyonu nedeniyle mekanik performans 5 phr'de düşmesine rağmen, bu formülasyon en düşük su emilimini (yaklaşık %12 azalma) ve kalınlık şişmesini göstererek hidrofobisitede iyileşme gösterdi. SEM mikrografları, daha düşük konsantrasyonlarda daha iyi dolgu dağılımı ve daha yüksek yüklemelerde aglomera oluşumunu doğruladı. Sonuçlar, MWCNT'lerin özellikle 2-3 phr'de hem yapısal dayanıklılığı hem de nem direncini iyileştirmede güçlendirme potansiyelini vurgulamaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Polipropilen/kamış unu (PP/KU) kompozitleri çok katmanlı karbon nanotüpler çekme ve eğilme dayanımı darbe direnci nem emilimi kalınlık şişmesi
Teşekkür
The authors wish to thank for the support of the Department of Wood Science and Paper Technology, Ka.C., Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran.
Kaynakça
- Abdelmouleh, M., Boufis, S., Belgacem, M.N., and Dufresne, A., (2007). Short natural-fibre reinforced polyethylene and natural rubber composites: Effect of silane coupling agents and fibre loading, Composites Science and Technology, 67(7-8), 1627-1639. DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2006.07.003
- Bal, B.C., (2023). Comparative study of some properties of wood plastic composite materials produced with polyethylene, wood flour, and glass flour, Furniture and Wooden Material Research Journal, 6(1), 70 79, DOI: 10.33725/mamad.1301384
- Cataldo, F., Ursini, O., and Angelini, G., (2009). MWCNTs elastomer nanocomposite, Part 1: The addition of MWCNTs to a natural rubber-based carbon black-filled rubber compound, Fullerenes, Nanotubes and Carbon Nanostructures, 17, 38-54, DOI: 10.1080/15363830802515907
- Coleman, J.N., Khan, U., and Gun’Ko, Y.K., (2006). Mechanical reinforcement of polymers using carbon nanotubes, Advanced Materials, 18(6), 689-706, DOI: 10.1002/adma.200501851
- Dhakal, H.N., Zhang, Z.Y., and Richardson, M.W., (2007). Effect of water absorption on the mechanical properties of hemp fiber reinforced unsaturated polyester composites, Composites Science and Technology, 67(7-8), 1674-1683. DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2006.06.019
- Eitan, A., Jiang, K., Dukes, D., Andrews, R., and Schadler, L.S., (2003). Surface modification of multi-walled carbon nanotubes: towards the tailoring of the interface in polymer composites, Chemistry of Materials, 15(16), 3198-3201, DOI: 10.1021/cm020975d
- Espert, A., Vilaplana, F., and Karlsson, S., (2004). Comparison of water absorption in natural cellulosic fibres from wood and one-year crops in polypropylene composites and its influence on their mechanical properties, Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 35(11), 1267-1276, DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2004.04.004
- Farsi, M., and Sani, F., (2014). Effects of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on the physical and mechanical properties of high-density polyethylene/wood lour nanocomposites, Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, 27(8), 1139-1154, DOI: 10.1177/0892705713515899
- Giraldo, L.F., Brostow, W., Davaux, E., López, B.L., and Pérez, L.D., (2008). Scratch and wear resistance of polyamide 6 reinforced with multiwall carbon nanotubes, Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 8(6), 3176-3183, DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2008.092
- Hazarika, A., and Maji, T.K., (2014). Strain sensing behavior and dynamic mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes/nanoclay reinforced wood polymer nanocomposites, Chemical Engineering Journal, 247, 33-41, DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2014.02.069
- Hollertz, R., Catterjee, S., Gutmann, H., Geiger, T.,Nüesch,F.A., and Chu, B.T.T., (2011). Improvement of toughness and electrical properties of epoxy composites with carbon nanotubes prepared by industrially relevant processes, Nanotechnology, 22(12), 125702-125711, DOI:10.1088/0957-4484/22/12/125702
- HosseiniHashemi, S.K., Badritala, A., and Akhtari, M., (2025). Improving durability and mechanical resistance of wood/plastic composites through boric acid treatment, Furniture and Wooden Material Research Journal, 8(1), 172 187, DOI: 10.33725/mamad.1710675
- Hosseinihashemi, S.K., and Arwinfar, F., (2023). Effect of fungal infection on physico mechanical resistance of WPC made from thermally treated wood/PP, Furniture and Wooden Material Research Journal, 6(1), 90 103, DOI: 10.33725/mamad.1300208
- Huang, H., Liu, C.H., Wu, Y., and Fan, S., (2005). Aligned carbon nanotube composite films for thermal management, Advanced Materials, 17(13), 1652-1656, DOI: 10.1002/adma.200500467
- Hull, D., and Clyne, T.W., (1996). An Introduction to Composite Materials, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, DOI: 10.1017/CBO9781139170130
- Jian, B., Mohrmann, S., Li, H., Li, Y., Ashraf, M., Zhou, J., and Zheng, X., (2022). A review on flexural properties of wood-plastic composites, Polymers, 14(19), 3942, DOI: 10.3390/polym14193942
- Jin, S., and Matuana, L.M., (2010). Wood/plastic composites co-extruded with multi-walled carbon nanotube-filled rigid poly(vinyl chloride) cap layer, Polymer International, 59(5), 648-657, DOI: 10.1002/pi.2745
- Kim, B.J., (2012). The effect of inorganic fillers on the properties of wood plastic composites, PhD Dissertation, Louisiana State University, DOI: 10.31390/gradschool_ dissertations.2399
- Kim, J.K., and Mai, Y.W., (1998). Engineering Interfaces in Fiber-Reinforced Composite, Elsevier, Oxford. Kingston, C., Zepp, R., Andrady, A., Boverhof, D., Fehir, R., Hawkins, D., Roberts, J., Sayre, P., Shelton, B., Sultan, Y., and Vejins, V., (2014). Release characteristics of selected carbon nanotube polymer composites, Carbon, 68, 33-57, DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2013.11.042
- Klyosov, A.A., (2004). Wood-plastic Composites, Wiley, Hoboken. DOI: 10.1002/9780470165935 Kord, B., Jamshidi, M., and Hosseinihashemi, S.K., (2017). Effect of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on viscoelastic properties of PP/reed flour composites, Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 25, 1313-1320, DOI: 10.1007/s10924-016-0909-x
- Kordkheili, H.Y., Hiziroglu, S., and Farsi, M., (2012). Some of the physical and mechanical properties of cement composites manufactured from carbon nanotubes and bagasse fiber, Materials & Design, 33, 395-398, DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2011.04.027
- Li, G.Y., Wang, P.M., and Zhao, X., (2007). Pressure-sensitive properties and microstructure of carbon nanotube reinforced cement composites, Cement and Concrete Composites, 29(5), 377-382, DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2006.12.011
- Lu, J.Z.,Wu, Q., and McNabb, H.S., (2000). Chemical coupling in wood fiber and polymer composites: a review of coupling agents and treatments, Wood and Fiber Science, 32, 88-104.
- Łukawski, D., Hochmańska-Kaniewska, P., Janiszewska-Latterini, D., and Lekawa-Raus A., (2023). Functional materials based on wood, carbon nanotubes, and graphene: manufacturing, applications, and green perspectives, Wood Science and Technology, 57, 989-1037, DOI: 10.1007/s00226-023-01484-4
- Ma, P.C., Mo, S.Y., Tang, B.Z., and Kim, J.K., (2010). Dispersion, interfacial interaction and re-agglomeration of functionalized carbon nanotubes in epoxy composites, Carbon, 48(6), 1824-1834, DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2010.01.028
- Makar, J., Margeson, J., and Luh, J., (2005). Carbon nanotube/cement composites-early results and potential applications, Paper presented at the proceeding of the 3rd international conference on construction materials: performance, innovations and structural implications, Vancouver, Canada.
- Mohanty, A.K., Misra, M., and Drzal, L.T., (2001). Surface modification of natural fibers and performance of the resulting biocomposites: An overview, Composite Interfaces, 8(5), 313-343, DOI: 10.1163/156855401753255422
- Musso, S., Tulliani, J.M., Ferro, G., and Tagliaferro, A., (2009). Influence of carbon nanotubes structure on the mechanical behavior of cement composites, Composites Science and Technology, 69(11-12), 1985-1990, DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2009.05.002
- Park, M., Jang, J.U., Park, J.H., Yu, J., and Kim, S.Y., (2020). Enhanced tensile properties of multi-walled carbon nanotubes filled polyamide 6 composites based on interface modification and reactive extrusion, Polymers, 12(5), 997, DOI: 10.3390/polym12050997
- Saarela, O., Airasmaa, I., Kokko, J., Skrifvars, M., and Komppa, V., (2007). Komposiittirakenteet, Muoviyhdistys ry, Hakapaino Oy, Helsinki.
- Salvetat, J.P., Kulik, A.J., Bonard, J.M., Briggs, G.A.D., Stockli, T., Metenier, K., Bonnamy, S., Beguin, F., Burnham, N.A., and Forro, L., (1999). Elastic modulus of ordered and disordered multiwalled carbon nanotubes, Advanced Materials, 11(2), 161-165, DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4095(199902)11:2%3C161::AID-ADMA161%3E3.0.CO;2-J
- Selke, S.E., and Wichman, I., (2004). Wood fiber/polyolefin composites, Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 35(3), 321-326. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2003.09.010
- Seshadri, M., and Saigal, S., (2007). Crack bridging in polymer nanocomposites, Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 133(8), 911-918, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2007)133:8(911)
- Shinoj, S., Panigrahi, S., and Visvanathan, R., (2010). Water absorption pattern and dimensional stability of oil palm fiber-linear low density polyethylene composites, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 117(2), 1064-1075, DOI: 10.1002/app.31765
- Siró, I., and Plackett, D., (2010). Microfibrillated cellulose and new nanocomposite materials: a review, Cellulose, 17(3), 459-494, DOI: 10.1007/s10570-010-9405-y
- Sun, L.Y., Gibson, R.F., Gordaninejad, F., and Suhr, J., (2009). Energy absorption capability of nanocomposites: A review, Composites Science and Technology, 69(14), 2392-2409, DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2009.06.020
- Tavasoli Farsheh, A., Talaeipour, M., Hemmasi, A.H., Khademieslam, H., and Ghasemi, I. (2011). Investigation on the mechanical and morphological properties of foamed nanocomposites based on wood flour/PVC/multi-walled carbon nanotubes, BioResources, 6(1), 841-852, DOI: 10.15376/biores.6.1.841-852
- Vuorinen, J., (2007). Komposiitit [Composites], Muovialan perustietoutta, Muovi- ja elastomeeritekniikan kesäseminaari, Vammala.
- Zhao, Z., Zhang, Z., Wang, H., Li, C., Le, L., and Liu, M., (2025). Functional wood-plastic composites: A review of research progress on flame retardancy, weather resistance and antimicrobial properties, Industrial Crops and Products, 223, 120196, DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2024.120196
Influence of carbon nanotubes on physical and mechanical properties of polypropylene/reed flour hybrid nano WPC
Öz
This study investigated the effect of incorporating multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) into polypropylene/reed flour (PP/RF) composites, aiming to enhance their mechanical and physical performance. Composites were prepared using various MWCNT concentrations (0, 1, 2, 3, and 5 phr) and characterized through mechanical testing, water absorption analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The addition of MWCNTs significantly improved flexural and tensile properties, with peak tensile strength observed at 2 phr (approximately 15% higher than the control) and maximum flexural strength at 3 phr (approximately 15% higher). Impact resistance was also highest at 2 phr (around 10% increase compared to control). Although mechanical performance declined at 5 phr due to MWCNT agglomeration, this formulation exhibited the lowest water absorption (approximately 12% reduction) and thickness swelling, indicating improved hydrophobicity. SEM micrographs confirmed better filler dispersion at lower concentrations and agglomerate formation at higher loadings. The results highlight the reinforcing potential of MWCNTs, particularly at 2-3 phr, in improving both structural strength and moisture resistance.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Polypropylene/reed flour (PP/RF) composites multi-walled carbon nanotubes tensile and flexural strength impact resistance moisture absorption thickness swelling
Teşekkür
The authors wish to thank for the support of the Department of Wood Science and Paper Technology, Ka.C., Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran.
Kaynakça
- Abdelmouleh, M., Boufis, S., Belgacem, M.N., and Dufresne, A., (2007). Short natural-fibre reinforced polyethylene and natural rubber composites: Effect of silane coupling agents and fibre loading, Composites Science and Technology, 67(7-8), 1627-1639. DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2006.07.003
- Bal, B.C., (2023). Comparative study of some properties of wood plastic composite materials produced with polyethylene, wood flour, and glass flour, Furniture and Wooden Material Research Journal, 6(1), 70 79, DOI: 10.33725/mamad.1301384
- Cataldo, F., Ursini, O., and Angelini, G., (2009). MWCNTs elastomer nanocomposite, Part 1: The addition of MWCNTs to a natural rubber-based carbon black-filled rubber compound, Fullerenes, Nanotubes and Carbon Nanostructures, 17, 38-54, DOI: 10.1080/15363830802515907
- Coleman, J.N., Khan, U., and Gun’Ko, Y.K., (2006). Mechanical reinforcement of polymers using carbon nanotubes, Advanced Materials, 18(6), 689-706, DOI: 10.1002/adma.200501851
- Dhakal, H.N., Zhang, Z.Y., and Richardson, M.W., (2007). Effect of water absorption on the mechanical properties of hemp fiber reinforced unsaturated polyester composites, Composites Science and Technology, 67(7-8), 1674-1683. DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2006.06.019
- Eitan, A., Jiang, K., Dukes, D., Andrews, R., and Schadler, L.S., (2003). Surface modification of multi-walled carbon nanotubes: towards the tailoring of the interface in polymer composites, Chemistry of Materials, 15(16), 3198-3201, DOI: 10.1021/cm020975d
- Espert, A., Vilaplana, F., and Karlsson, S., (2004). Comparison of water absorption in natural cellulosic fibres from wood and one-year crops in polypropylene composites and its influence on their mechanical properties, Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 35(11), 1267-1276, DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2004.04.004
- Farsi, M., and Sani, F., (2014). Effects of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on the physical and mechanical properties of high-density polyethylene/wood lour nanocomposites, Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, 27(8), 1139-1154, DOI: 10.1177/0892705713515899
- Giraldo, L.F., Brostow, W., Davaux, E., López, B.L., and Pérez, L.D., (2008). Scratch and wear resistance of polyamide 6 reinforced with multiwall carbon nanotubes, Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 8(6), 3176-3183, DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2008.092
- Hazarika, A., and Maji, T.K., (2014). Strain sensing behavior and dynamic mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes/nanoclay reinforced wood polymer nanocomposites, Chemical Engineering Journal, 247, 33-41, DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2014.02.069
- Hollertz, R., Catterjee, S., Gutmann, H., Geiger, T.,Nüesch,F.A., and Chu, B.T.T., (2011). Improvement of toughness and electrical properties of epoxy composites with carbon nanotubes prepared by industrially relevant processes, Nanotechnology, 22(12), 125702-125711, DOI:10.1088/0957-4484/22/12/125702
- HosseiniHashemi, S.K., Badritala, A., and Akhtari, M., (2025). Improving durability and mechanical resistance of wood/plastic composites through boric acid treatment, Furniture and Wooden Material Research Journal, 8(1), 172 187, DOI: 10.33725/mamad.1710675
- Hosseinihashemi, S.K., and Arwinfar, F., (2023). Effect of fungal infection on physico mechanical resistance of WPC made from thermally treated wood/PP, Furniture and Wooden Material Research Journal, 6(1), 90 103, DOI: 10.33725/mamad.1300208
- Huang, H., Liu, C.H., Wu, Y., and Fan, S., (2005). Aligned carbon nanotube composite films for thermal management, Advanced Materials, 17(13), 1652-1656, DOI: 10.1002/adma.200500467
- Hull, D., and Clyne, T.W., (1996). An Introduction to Composite Materials, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, DOI: 10.1017/CBO9781139170130
- Jian, B., Mohrmann, S., Li, H., Li, Y., Ashraf, M., Zhou, J., and Zheng, X., (2022). A review on flexural properties of wood-plastic composites, Polymers, 14(19), 3942, DOI: 10.3390/polym14193942
- Jin, S., and Matuana, L.M., (2010). Wood/plastic composites co-extruded with multi-walled carbon nanotube-filled rigid poly(vinyl chloride) cap layer, Polymer International, 59(5), 648-657, DOI: 10.1002/pi.2745
- Kim, B.J., (2012). The effect of inorganic fillers on the properties of wood plastic composites, PhD Dissertation, Louisiana State University, DOI: 10.31390/gradschool_ dissertations.2399
- Kim, J.K., and Mai, Y.W., (1998). Engineering Interfaces in Fiber-Reinforced Composite, Elsevier, Oxford. Kingston, C., Zepp, R., Andrady, A., Boverhof, D., Fehir, R., Hawkins, D., Roberts, J., Sayre, P., Shelton, B., Sultan, Y., and Vejins, V., (2014). Release characteristics of selected carbon nanotube polymer composites, Carbon, 68, 33-57, DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2013.11.042
- Klyosov, A.A., (2004). Wood-plastic Composites, Wiley, Hoboken. DOI: 10.1002/9780470165935 Kord, B., Jamshidi, M., and Hosseinihashemi, S.K., (2017). Effect of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on viscoelastic properties of PP/reed flour composites, Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 25, 1313-1320, DOI: 10.1007/s10924-016-0909-x
- Kordkheili, H.Y., Hiziroglu, S., and Farsi, M., (2012). Some of the physical and mechanical properties of cement composites manufactured from carbon nanotubes and bagasse fiber, Materials & Design, 33, 395-398, DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2011.04.027
- Li, G.Y., Wang, P.M., and Zhao, X., (2007). Pressure-sensitive properties and microstructure of carbon nanotube reinforced cement composites, Cement and Concrete Composites, 29(5), 377-382, DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2006.12.011
- Lu, J.Z.,Wu, Q., and McNabb, H.S., (2000). Chemical coupling in wood fiber and polymer composites: a review of coupling agents and treatments, Wood and Fiber Science, 32, 88-104.
- Łukawski, D., Hochmańska-Kaniewska, P., Janiszewska-Latterini, D., and Lekawa-Raus A., (2023). Functional materials based on wood, carbon nanotubes, and graphene: manufacturing, applications, and green perspectives, Wood Science and Technology, 57, 989-1037, DOI: 10.1007/s00226-023-01484-4
- Ma, P.C., Mo, S.Y., Tang, B.Z., and Kim, J.K., (2010). Dispersion, interfacial interaction and re-agglomeration of functionalized carbon nanotubes in epoxy composites, Carbon, 48(6), 1824-1834, DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2010.01.028
- Makar, J., Margeson, J., and Luh, J., (2005). Carbon nanotube/cement composites-early results and potential applications, Paper presented at the proceeding of the 3rd international conference on construction materials: performance, innovations and structural implications, Vancouver, Canada.
- Mohanty, A.K., Misra, M., and Drzal, L.T., (2001). Surface modification of natural fibers and performance of the resulting biocomposites: An overview, Composite Interfaces, 8(5), 313-343, DOI: 10.1163/156855401753255422
- Musso, S., Tulliani, J.M., Ferro, G., and Tagliaferro, A., (2009). Influence of carbon nanotubes structure on the mechanical behavior of cement composites, Composites Science and Technology, 69(11-12), 1985-1990, DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2009.05.002
- Park, M., Jang, J.U., Park, J.H., Yu, J., and Kim, S.Y., (2020). Enhanced tensile properties of multi-walled carbon nanotubes filled polyamide 6 composites based on interface modification and reactive extrusion, Polymers, 12(5), 997, DOI: 10.3390/polym12050997
- Saarela, O., Airasmaa, I., Kokko, J., Skrifvars, M., and Komppa, V., (2007). Komposiittirakenteet, Muoviyhdistys ry, Hakapaino Oy, Helsinki.
- Salvetat, J.P., Kulik, A.J., Bonard, J.M., Briggs, G.A.D., Stockli, T., Metenier, K., Bonnamy, S., Beguin, F., Burnham, N.A., and Forro, L., (1999). Elastic modulus of ordered and disordered multiwalled carbon nanotubes, Advanced Materials, 11(2), 161-165, DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4095(199902)11:2%3C161::AID-ADMA161%3E3.0.CO;2-J
- Selke, S.E., and Wichman, I., (2004). Wood fiber/polyolefin composites, Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 35(3), 321-326. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2003.09.010
- Seshadri, M., and Saigal, S., (2007). Crack bridging in polymer nanocomposites, Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 133(8), 911-918, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2007)133:8(911)
- Shinoj, S., Panigrahi, S., and Visvanathan, R., (2010). Water absorption pattern and dimensional stability of oil palm fiber-linear low density polyethylene composites, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 117(2), 1064-1075, DOI: 10.1002/app.31765
- Siró, I., and Plackett, D., (2010). Microfibrillated cellulose and new nanocomposite materials: a review, Cellulose, 17(3), 459-494, DOI: 10.1007/s10570-010-9405-y
- Sun, L.Y., Gibson, R.F., Gordaninejad, F., and Suhr, J., (2009). Energy absorption capability of nanocomposites: A review, Composites Science and Technology, 69(14), 2392-2409, DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2009.06.020
- Tavasoli Farsheh, A., Talaeipour, M., Hemmasi, A.H., Khademieslam, H., and Ghasemi, I. (2011). Investigation on the mechanical and morphological properties of foamed nanocomposites based on wood flour/PVC/multi-walled carbon nanotubes, BioResources, 6(1), 841-852, DOI: 10.15376/biores.6.1.841-852
- Vuorinen, J., (2007). Komposiitit [Composites], Muovialan perustietoutta, Muovi- ja elastomeeritekniikan kesäseminaari, Vammala.
- Zhao, Z., Zhang, Z., Wang, H., Li, C., Le, L., and Liu, M., (2025). Functional wood-plastic composites: A review of research progress on flame retardancy, weather resistance and antimicrobial properties, Industrial Crops and Products, 223, 120196, DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2024.120196
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Kompozit ve Hibrit Malzemeler, Ahşap Esaslı Kompozitler |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makalesi |
| Yazarlar | |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 20 Temmuz 2025 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 19 Eylül 2025 |
| Erken Görünüm Tarihi | 15 Kasım 2025 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 16 Aralık 2025 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2025 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2 |
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3. Yazar İsimleri 12 Punto ve sadece ilk harfler büyük, normal yazılmalıdır (Bold değil).
4. Makale ilk sayfasında “Öz” ve “Abstract” konumu doğru ve bu kelimeler koyu yazılmalıdır (Bold)
5. Öz ve Abstract en az 150 ve en fazla 180 kelime olarak yazılmalıdır.
6. Anahtar kelimeler en az 3 en fazla 5 kelime verilmelidir.
7. Makale maksimum sayfa sayısı 16'dır.
8. Makale ilk sayfasının alt bilgi kısmında yazar bilgileri ve atıf bilgisi verilmelidir.
9. İlk sayfa alt bilgide satırlar alt çizgi ile ayrılmalıdır. (Örnek)
10. Giriş kısmına, makalenin ikinci sayfasından başlanmalıdır. Giriş kısmının son paragrafında çalışmanın amacı net olarak verilmelidir (Bu çalışmanın amacı...........dır).
11. Başlık numaralandırması doğru olarak verilmelidir.
12. Yazı stili "Times new roman" ve büyüklüğü "12 punto" yapılmalıdır (Makale başlıkları hariç). Çizelge içeriği, sığdırmak için 8 puntoya kadar küçültülebilir.
13. İtalik yazılması gereken ifadeler italik yapılmalıdır.
14. Paragraf başı girinti miktarları 0,5 cm ve paragraflar arası 6 nk yapılmalıdır.
15. Makalenin tüm bölümlerinde satır aralığı 1 olmalıdır.
16. Sayfa kenar boşlukları üstten ve alttan 3, diğer kenarlardan 2.5 yapılmalıdır.
17. Metin içinde yapılan atıflar doğru verilmelidir (Ali, Ayşe, Can,..1999 yanlış) (Ali ve ark., 1999 doğru) (Ali vd., 1999 yanlış).
18. Metin içinde aynı parantez içinde verilen atıflar arası noktalı virgül “;” kullanılmalıdır.
19. Formüller ve numaraları doğru verilmelidir. Formüller resim formatında verilmemelidir.
20. Şekil ve çizelge numaraları sırası doğru verilmelidir.
21. Şekil ve Çizelge başlıklarında Şekil 1 ve Çizelge 1 kelimeleri koyu (bold) verilmelidir.
22. Şekil ve Çizelge başlıkları soldan içerde verilmemelidir (paragraf girintisi 0).
23. Her şekil ve çizelgeye atıf yapılmalıdır.
24. Şekil ve çizelgeler ortalı konumda olmalıdır.
25. Şekillerde başlık alta ve çizelgelerde başlık üste yazılmalıdır.
26. Sonuçlar kısmı maddeler halinde verilmelidir.
27. Gerekli ise, teşekkür kısmı ve varsa proje numarası verilmelidir.
28. Metin içerisinde ve çizelge içeriğindeki rakamlarda ondalık ayırıcı nokta olarak verilmelidir.
29. Kaynaklarda “and” ifadesi ve “ve” ifadesi kullanılmalıdır (Örnek: Babiak, M., and Kúdela, J. Bal B.C., ve Efe F.T.)
30. Kaynaklar listesinde, yazar isimleri nokta ve virgül ile (Bal B.C.,), yıl parantez içinde (1999). parantezden sonra “.” ifadesi ile, sayı numarasından sonra parantezi takiben virgül “2(3), 25-35” sayfa numaraları arası tire (-) ifadesi ile, her bir kaynak satırı arasında 6 nk boşluk ile yazılmalıdır. Dergi, kitap ve tez isimleri italik yazılmalıdır. Kaynak bildiri ise tamamı dik yazılmalıdır. Kaynak çalışmanın ilk harfi hariç küçük harf olarak verilmelidir. Dergi isimleri tam veya kıda adı verilebilir. Atıf yapılan makalenin varsa DOI numarası verilmelidir.
31. Metin ve çizelgeler içindeki rakamların ayıracı nokta olmalıdır. (12.23 doğru, 12,23 yanlış)
Örnek kaynak gösterimi:
Bal, B. C., (2012). Genç odun ve olgun odunun lif morfolojisindeki farklılıklar üzerine bir araştırma, Düzce Üniversitesi Ormancılık Dergisi, 8(2), 29-35, DOI:....
Çavuş, V., ve Ayata, Ü., (2018). Manolya ağacı, akçaağaç ve tespih ağacı odunlarında vida tutma direnci üzerine bir araştırma. MAMAD, 1(2), 94-102, DOI:.... 10.33725/mamad.496615.
Bal, B.C., ve Kaba, O., (2019). Kahramanmaraş ilindeki ahşap oyma atölyelerinin üretim miktarları üzerine bir araştırma. III. International Mediterranean Forest and Environment Symposium (IMFES2019), 3-5.Ekim.2019, Bildiriler kitabı S:520-524, Kahramanmaraş/ Türkiye.
Omatça, İ., (2006). Ahşabın, oyuncak üretiminde kullanımı ve önemi, Dumlupınar Üniversitesi, Simav Teknik Eğitim Fakültesi, Mobilya ve Dekorasyon Eğitimi Bölümü, Lisans tezi.
ASTM 1761, (2012). Standart test methods for mechanical fasteners in wood,. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Philadelphia.
Bal, B.C., and Bektaş, İ., (2012). The physical properties of heartwood and sapwood of Eucalyptus grandis, ProLigno, 8 (4), 35-43.
Bal, B.C., ve Altuntaş, E., (2013). Masif ağaç malzeme ve tabakalı kaplama kerestenin vida tutma direnci üzerine karşılaştırmalı bir çalışma, Düzce University journal of forestry, 9(2),14-22.
Bozkurt, Y., Göker, Y., ve Erdin, N., (1993). Emprenye tekniği, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Orman Fakültesi Yayınları, No 425, İstanbul,1993.
Çolak, S., Aydın, İ., ve Çolakoǧlu, G., (2003). Okaliptüs (E. camaldulensis) ağacının farklı yüksekliklerinden alınan tomruklardan üretilmiş kontrplakların bazı mekanik özellikleri, Doğu Akdeniz Ormancılık Araştırma Dergisi, 9, 95–111.
Çolak, G., (2024). Ahşap-plastik kompozitlerin endüstriyel üretim sürecine ilişkin yaşam döngüsü çevresel sürdürülebilirlik analizi, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bilecik, Türkiye.
DeCristoforo, R.J., (1988). The complete book of stationary power tool techniques. Sterling Publishing Co., Inc. Two Park Avenue, New York, N. Y. 388p
Gaff, M., Vokaty, V., Babiak, M., and Bal. B.C., (2016). Coefficient of wood bendability as a function of selected factors, Construction and Building Materials, 126 (2016), 630-640, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.09.085
Rammer, D. R., (2010). Fastenings,wood handbook: wood as an engineering material, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-190, Madison, WI (ss. 1–2).
TS 2478, (1976). Odunun statik eğilmede elastiklik modülünün tayini. türk standartları enstitüsü, Ankara.
URL-1, (2020). George III period satinwood work table, 1stDIBS, http://www.onlinegalleries.com/art-and-antiques (last access: 19.02.2020)
Yıldırım, M. N, Karaman, A., and Akınay, A., (2016). Finite element method application of wooden furniture, International conference on research in education science, 19 - 22 Mayıs 2016, ss.1258-1270, Muğla/Türkiye,
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strive to meet the needs of readers and authors.
• strive to improve their journal constantly;
• have processes in place to ensure the quality of the material they publish;
• champion freedom of expression;
• maintain the integrity of the academic record;
• preclude business needs from compromising intellectual and ethical standards;
• be willing to publish corrections, clarifications, retractions, and apologies when needed.
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Dergi hiç bir işlem için ücret talep etmemektedir.
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Diğer Dizinler
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Editör Kurulu Üyeleri
I am a senior researcher at Department of Wood Industry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA Pahang Branch.
