Değişen emprenye ve reaksiyon süreleri altında asetillenmiş kayın odununun (Fagus orientalis L.) dinamik özelliklerinin tahribatsız değerlendirilmesi
Öz
Bu çalışmanın amacı, tahribatsız titreşim testleri kullanarak, asetilasyon sırasında emprenye ve reaksiyon sürelerinin kayın ağacının dinamik mekanik ve akustik özellikleri üzerindeki etkisini incelemektir. Katkısız olarak asetik anhidrit ile emprenye yöntemiyle asetillenmiş katı kayın (Fagus orientalis L.) örnekleri hazırlanmıştır. Fırın kurusu, kusursuz örnekler (20 × 20 × 360 mm3; R × T × L) 120 ± 3 °C’de fırın kurusu koşullarında 60 veya 180 dakikalık emprenye süreleri ve 60 veya 120 dakikalık reaksiyon süreleri ile muamele edilmiştir. Modifiye ve modifiye edilmemiş örneklerin dinamik özellikleri, radyal ve teğet yönlerde serbest eğilme ve boyuna titreşim testleri ile ölçülmüştür. Emprenye ve reaksiyon süreleri, fiziksel ve dinamik özellikleri önemli ölçüde etkilemiştir. Uzun emprenye süresi (Im180) yoğunluk ve ağırlık kazanımını (WPG ≈ %4) artırmış, daha fazla kimyasal alımı ve azalmış gözenekliliği göstermiştir. Buna karşılık, uzun reaksiyon süresi (Re120) dinamik elastik modülü ve akustik katsayıyı yaklaşık %6-8 azaltmış, yüksek asetilasyon yoğunluğunda kısmi sertlik kaybını işaret etmiştir. Kütle kazanımı, sertlik korunumu ve akustik performans arasındaki en uygun denge, orta düzey koşullarda (Im60-Re60) sağlanmıştır.
Teşekkür
The authors wish to thank for the support of the Department of Wood Science and Paper Technology, Ka.C., Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran.
Kaynakça
- Belt, T., Awais, M.,(2025). Progressive degradation of acetylated wood by the brown rot fungi Coniophoraputeana and Rhodonia placenta, Wood Science and Technology, 59, Article number: 13. DOI: 10.1007/s00226-024-01620-8
- Brancheriau, L., Bailleres, H., (2002). Natural vibration analysis of clear wooden beams: a theoretical review, Wood Science and Technology, 36, 347-365. DOI: 10.1007/s00226-002-0143-7
- Brémaud, I., Gril, J., Thibaut, B., (2011). Anisotropy of wood vibrational properties: dependence on grain angle and review of literature data, Wood Science and Technology, 45(4), 735-754. DOI: 10.1007/s00226-010-0393-8
- Bucur, V., (2016).Introduction. In: Handbook of Materials for String Musical Instruments, Springer, Cham. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-32080-9_1
- Emenike, C.U., He, Q., Koushika, K., (2024). Pentachlorophenol and its effect on different environmental matrices: the need for an alternative wood preservative, Sustainable Earth Reviews, 7, Article number: 22, DOI: 10.1186/s42055-024-00090-x
- Guo, J., Wang, C., Li, C., Liu, Y., (2022). Effect of acetylation on the physical and mechanical performances of mechanical densified spruce wood, Forests, 13, 1620, DOI: 10.3390/f13101620
- Haines, D.W., Leban, J.M., (1997). Evaluation of the MOE of Norway spruce by the resonance flexure method, Forest Products Journal, 47, 91-93
- Hassan, K. T., Horáèek, P., Tippner, J., (2013). Evaluation of stiffness and strength of Scots pine wood using resonance frequency and ultrasonic techniques, BioResources, 8(2), 1634-1645, DOI: 10.15376/biores.8.2.1634-1645
- He, S., Zhao, X., Wang, E.Q., Chen, G.S., Chen, P.Y., Hu, L., (2023).Engineered wood: Sustainable technologies and applications, Annual Review of Materials Research, 53, 1-30, DOI: 10.1146/annurev-matsci-010622-105440
- Hill, C.A.S. (2006). Wood Modification: Chemical, Thermal and Other Processes, Wiley Series in Renewable Resorces, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
- Hosseini, S.M., MastariFrahani, M.R., (2012). Decay resistance of propionylated Iranian beech wood against white rot fungus (Trametes versicolor), Iranian Journal of Wood and Paper Science Research, 27(2), 319-325, DOI: 10.22092/ijwpr.2012.
- Huang, C., Qin, Q., Liu, Y., Duan, G., Xiao, P., Huang, Y., Mei, C., Han, X., Han, J., He, S., Jiang, S., (2025).
- Physicochemical, polymeric and microbial modifications of wood toward advanced functional applications: a review, Chemical Society Reviews, PMID: 40926734, DOI: 10.1039/d5cs00046g
- ISO, 3129., (1975). Wood – Sampling Methods and General Requirements for Physical and Mechanical Tests, International Standard, 4 pp.
- Kubojima, Y., Sonoda, S., Kato, H., (2022). Application of a bending vibration method without weighing specimens to the practical wooden members conditions, Journal of Wood Science, 68, 39, DOI: 10.1186/s10086-022-02046-1
- Lebow, S., Lebow, P., Woodward, B., Kirker G., Arango, R., (2015). Fifty-year durability evaluation of posts treated with industrial wood preservatives, Forest Products Journal, 65(7-8), 307-313, DOI: 10.13073/FPJ-D-15-00002
- Liang, S. Q., Fu, F., (2007).Comparative study on three dynamic modulus of elasticity and static modulus of elasticity for Lodgepole pine lumber, Journal of Forestry Research, 18(4), 309-312, DOI: 10.1007/s11676-007-0062-4
- Liu, F., Xu, P., Zhang, H., Guan, C., Feng, D., Wang, X., (2019).Use of time-of-flight ultrasound to measure wave speed in poplar seedlings, Forests, 10(8), 682, DOI: 10.3390/f10080682
- Momohara, I., Sakai, H., Kubo, Y., (2021). Comparison of durability of treated wood using stake tests and survival analysis, Journal of Wood Science, 67, 63, DOI: 10.1186/s10086-021-01996-2
- Machado, J., Palma, P., Simões, S., (2009). Ultrasonic indirect method for evaluating clear wood strength and stiffness, in: Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Non-destructive Testing in Civil Engineering, Nantes, France, pp. 969-974.
- Nagarajappa, G.B., Nair, S., Srinivas, K., Rao, A.N.S., Pandey, K.K., (2020). Photostability of acetylated wood coated with nano zinc oxide, Maderas: Ciencia y Tecnologia, 22(3), 365-374,DOI: 10.4067/S0718-221X2020005000310
- Oberhofnerová, E., Arnetová, K., Holeček, T., Borůvka, V., Bomba, J., (2016). Determination of correlation between destructive and nondestructive test methods applied on modified wood exposed to natural weathering, BioResources, 11(2), 5155-5168, DOI: 10.15376/biores.11.2.5155-5168
- Petrillo, M., Sandak, J., Grossi, P., Sandak, A., (2019). Chemical and appearance changes of wood due to artificial weathering – Dose–response model, J. Near Infrared Spec., 27(1), 26-37, DOI: 10.1177/0967033518825364
- Popović J., Điporović-Momčilović M., (2012). Influence of chemical treatment on dimensional stability of narrow-leaved ash - part one: tangential swelling, Bull. Facul. Forestry, 106, 151-168, DOI: 10.2298/GSF1206151P
- Rowell, R.M., (2006). Chemical modification of wood: A short review, Wood Material Science and Engineering, 1(1), 29-33, DOI: 10.1080/17480270600670923
- Rowell, R.M., (2012). Handbook of wood chemistry and wood composites(2nd ed.), CRC Press, DOI: 10.1201/b12487
- Rowell, R.M., (2013). Acoustical properties of acetylated wood, Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 7, 834-841.
- Sandak, A., Földvári-Nagy, E., Poohphajai, F., Diaz, R.H., Gordobil, O., Sajinèiè, N., Ponnuchamy, V., Sandak, J., (2021). Hybrid approach for wood modification: Characterization and evaluation of weathering resistance of coatings on acetylated wood, Coatings, 11(6), 658, DOI: 10.3390/coatings11060658
- Sandberg, D., Kutnar, A., Karlsson, O., Jones, D., (2021). Wood modification technologies: principles, sustainability, and the need for innovation, CRC Press - Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton.
- Slabohm, M., Brischke, C., Militz, H., (2023). The durability of acetylated beech (Fagussylvatica L.) laminated veneer lumber (LVL) against wood-destroying basidiomycetes, European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, 81, 911-921, DOI: 10.1007/s00107-023-01962-3
- Teder, M., Pilt, K., Miljan, M., Lainurm, M., Kruuda, R., (2011). Overview of some non-destructive methods for in-situ assessment of structural timber, in: 3rd International Conference Civil Engineering, Latvia University of Agriculture, Latvia, pp. 137-143.
- Wang, Y., Wang, T., Crocetti, R. Wålinder, M., (2024).Effect of moisture on the edgewise flexural properties of acetylated and unmodified birch plywood: a comparison of strength, stiffness and brittleness properties, European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, 82, 341-355, DOI: 10.1007/s00107-023-02014-6
- Wegst, U.G.K., (2006). Wood for sound, American Journal of Botany, 93(10), 1439-1448. DOI: 10.3732/ajb.93.10.1439
- Xin, Z., Ke, D., Zhang, H., Yu, Y., Liu, F., (2022). Non-destructive evaluating the density and mechanical properties of ancient timber members based on machine learning approach, Construction and Building Materials, 341, 127855, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022. 127855
- Xing, D., Li, Y., Pascal Kamdem, D., (2025). Improving the weathering properties of heat-treated wood by acetylation, Holzforschung, 79(2-3), 138-151, DOI: 10.1515/hf-2024-0098
- Yang, T., Mei, C., Ma, E., Cao, J., (2023).Effects of acetylation on moisture sorption of wood under cyclically changing conditions of relative humidity, European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, 81, 723-731, DOI: 10.1007/s00107-022-01903-6
- Yano, H., Kajita, H., Minato, K., (1997). Acoustic properties of chemically modified wood, Holzforschung,51(2), 143-148, DOI: 10.1515/hfsg.1997.51.2.143
- Yoshihara, H., (2012). Examination of the specimen configuration and analysis method in the flexural and longitudinal vibration tests of solid wood and wood-based materials, Forest Products Journal, 62(3), 191-200, DOI: 10.13073/0015-7473-62.3.191
Non-destructive assessment of dynamic properties of acetylated beech wood (Fagus orientalis L.) under varying impregnation and reaction times
Öz
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of impregnation and reaction times during acetylation on the dynamic mechanical and acoustic properties of beech wood using non-destructive vibration testing. Acetylated solid wood from beech (Fagus orientalis L.) was prepared with acetic anhydride, without catalyst, by soaking impregnation. Oven-dried, defect-free specimens (20 × 20 × 360 mm3; R × T × L) were treated at 120 ± 3 °C under oven-dry conditions with impregnation times of 60 or 180 min and reaction times of 60 or 120 min. Dynamic properties of modified and unmodified samples were measured by free flexural and longitudinal vibration tests in radial and tangential directions. Impregnation and reaction durations significantly affected physical and dynamic properties. Longer impregnation (Im180) increased density and weight percent gain (WPG ≈ 4%), indicating greater chemical uptake and reduced porosity. In contrast, extended reaction time (Re120) reduced the dynamic modulus of elasticity and acoustic coefficient by about 6-8%, suggesting partial stiffness loss at higher acetylation intensity. The best balance between mass gain, stiffness retention, and acoustic performance occurred at moderate conditions (Im60-Re60).
Teşekkür
The authors wish to thank for the support of the Department of Wood Science and Paper Technology, Ka.C., Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran.
Kaynakça
- Belt, T., Awais, M.,(2025). Progressive degradation of acetylated wood by the brown rot fungi Coniophoraputeana and Rhodonia placenta, Wood Science and Technology, 59, Article number: 13. DOI: 10.1007/s00226-024-01620-8
- Brancheriau, L., Bailleres, H., (2002). Natural vibration analysis of clear wooden beams: a theoretical review, Wood Science and Technology, 36, 347-365. DOI: 10.1007/s00226-002-0143-7
- Brémaud, I., Gril, J., Thibaut, B., (2011). Anisotropy of wood vibrational properties: dependence on grain angle and review of literature data, Wood Science and Technology, 45(4), 735-754. DOI: 10.1007/s00226-010-0393-8
- Bucur, V., (2016).Introduction. In: Handbook of Materials for String Musical Instruments, Springer, Cham. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-32080-9_1
- Emenike, C.U., He, Q., Koushika, K., (2024). Pentachlorophenol and its effect on different environmental matrices: the need for an alternative wood preservative, Sustainable Earth Reviews, 7, Article number: 22, DOI: 10.1186/s42055-024-00090-x
- Guo, J., Wang, C., Li, C., Liu, Y., (2022). Effect of acetylation on the physical and mechanical performances of mechanical densified spruce wood, Forests, 13, 1620, DOI: 10.3390/f13101620
- Haines, D.W., Leban, J.M., (1997). Evaluation of the MOE of Norway spruce by the resonance flexure method, Forest Products Journal, 47, 91-93
- Hassan, K. T., Horáèek, P., Tippner, J., (2013). Evaluation of stiffness and strength of Scots pine wood using resonance frequency and ultrasonic techniques, BioResources, 8(2), 1634-1645, DOI: 10.15376/biores.8.2.1634-1645
- He, S., Zhao, X., Wang, E.Q., Chen, G.S., Chen, P.Y., Hu, L., (2023).Engineered wood: Sustainable technologies and applications, Annual Review of Materials Research, 53, 1-30, DOI: 10.1146/annurev-matsci-010622-105440
- Hill, C.A.S. (2006). Wood Modification: Chemical, Thermal and Other Processes, Wiley Series in Renewable Resorces, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
- Hosseini, S.M., MastariFrahani, M.R., (2012). Decay resistance of propionylated Iranian beech wood against white rot fungus (Trametes versicolor), Iranian Journal of Wood and Paper Science Research, 27(2), 319-325, DOI: 10.22092/ijwpr.2012.
- Huang, C., Qin, Q., Liu, Y., Duan, G., Xiao, P., Huang, Y., Mei, C., Han, X., Han, J., He, S., Jiang, S., (2025).
- Physicochemical, polymeric and microbial modifications of wood toward advanced functional applications: a review, Chemical Society Reviews, PMID: 40926734, DOI: 10.1039/d5cs00046g
- ISO, 3129., (1975). Wood – Sampling Methods and General Requirements for Physical and Mechanical Tests, International Standard, 4 pp.
- Kubojima, Y., Sonoda, S., Kato, H., (2022). Application of a bending vibration method without weighing specimens to the practical wooden members conditions, Journal of Wood Science, 68, 39, DOI: 10.1186/s10086-022-02046-1
- Lebow, S., Lebow, P., Woodward, B., Kirker G., Arango, R., (2015). Fifty-year durability evaluation of posts treated with industrial wood preservatives, Forest Products Journal, 65(7-8), 307-313, DOI: 10.13073/FPJ-D-15-00002
- Liang, S. Q., Fu, F., (2007).Comparative study on three dynamic modulus of elasticity and static modulus of elasticity for Lodgepole pine lumber, Journal of Forestry Research, 18(4), 309-312, DOI: 10.1007/s11676-007-0062-4
- Liu, F., Xu, P., Zhang, H., Guan, C., Feng, D., Wang, X., (2019).Use of time-of-flight ultrasound to measure wave speed in poplar seedlings, Forests, 10(8), 682, DOI: 10.3390/f10080682
- Momohara, I., Sakai, H., Kubo, Y., (2021). Comparison of durability of treated wood using stake tests and survival analysis, Journal of Wood Science, 67, 63, DOI: 10.1186/s10086-021-01996-2
- Machado, J., Palma, P., Simões, S., (2009). Ultrasonic indirect method for evaluating clear wood strength and stiffness, in: Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Non-destructive Testing in Civil Engineering, Nantes, France, pp. 969-974.
- Nagarajappa, G.B., Nair, S., Srinivas, K., Rao, A.N.S., Pandey, K.K., (2020). Photostability of acetylated wood coated with nano zinc oxide, Maderas: Ciencia y Tecnologia, 22(3), 365-374,DOI: 10.4067/S0718-221X2020005000310
- Oberhofnerová, E., Arnetová, K., Holeček, T., Borůvka, V., Bomba, J., (2016). Determination of correlation between destructive and nondestructive test methods applied on modified wood exposed to natural weathering, BioResources, 11(2), 5155-5168, DOI: 10.15376/biores.11.2.5155-5168
- Petrillo, M., Sandak, J., Grossi, P., Sandak, A., (2019). Chemical and appearance changes of wood due to artificial weathering – Dose–response model, J. Near Infrared Spec., 27(1), 26-37, DOI: 10.1177/0967033518825364
- Popović J., Điporović-Momčilović M., (2012). Influence of chemical treatment on dimensional stability of narrow-leaved ash - part one: tangential swelling, Bull. Facul. Forestry, 106, 151-168, DOI: 10.2298/GSF1206151P
- Rowell, R.M., (2006). Chemical modification of wood: A short review, Wood Material Science and Engineering, 1(1), 29-33, DOI: 10.1080/17480270600670923
- Rowell, R.M., (2012). Handbook of wood chemistry and wood composites(2nd ed.), CRC Press, DOI: 10.1201/b12487
- Rowell, R.M., (2013). Acoustical properties of acetylated wood, Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 7, 834-841.
- Sandak, A., Földvári-Nagy, E., Poohphajai, F., Diaz, R.H., Gordobil, O., Sajinèiè, N., Ponnuchamy, V., Sandak, J., (2021). Hybrid approach for wood modification: Characterization and evaluation of weathering resistance of coatings on acetylated wood, Coatings, 11(6), 658, DOI: 10.3390/coatings11060658
- Sandberg, D., Kutnar, A., Karlsson, O., Jones, D., (2021). Wood modification technologies: principles, sustainability, and the need for innovation, CRC Press - Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton.
- Slabohm, M., Brischke, C., Militz, H., (2023). The durability of acetylated beech (Fagussylvatica L.) laminated veneer lumber (LVL) against wood-destroying basidiomycetes, European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, 81, 911-921, DOI: 10.1007/s00107-023-01962-3
- Teder, M., Pilt, K., Miljan, M., Lainurm, M., Kruuda, R., (2011). Overview of some non-destructive methods for in-situ assessment of structural timber, in: 3rd International Conference Civil Engineering, Latvia University of Agriculture, Latvia, pp. 137-143.
- Wang, Y., Wang, T., Crocetti, R. Wålinder, M., (2024).Effect of moisture on the edgewise flexural properties of acetylated and unmodified birch plywood: a comparison of strength, stiffness and brittleness properties, European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, 82, 341-355, DOI: 10.1007/s00107-023-02014-6
- Wegst, U.G.K., (2006). Wood for sound, American Journal of Botany, 93(10), 1439-1448. DOI: 10.3732/ajb.93.10.1439
- Xin, Z., Ke, D., Zhang, H., Yu, Y., Liu, F., (2022). Non-destructive evaluating the density and mechanical properties of ancient timber members based on machine learning approach, Construction and Building Materials, 341, 127855, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022. 127855
- Xing, D., Li, Y., Pascal Kamdem, D., (2025). Improving the weathering properties of heat-treated wood by acetylation, Holzforschung, 79(2-3), 138-151, DOI: 10.1515/hf-2024-0098
- Yang, T., Mei, C., Ma, E., Cao, J., (2023).Effects of acetylation on moisture sorption of wood under cyclically changing conditions of relative humidity, European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, 81, 723-731, DOI: 10.1007/s00107-022-01903-6
- Yano, H., Kajita, H., Minato, K., (1997). Acoustic properties of chemically modified wood, Holzforschung,51(2), 143-148, DOI: 10.1515/hfsg.1997.51.2.143
- Yoshihara, H., (2012). Examination of the specimen configuration and analysis method in the flexural and longitudinal vibration tests of solid wood and wood-based materials, Forest Products Journal, 62(3), 191-200, DOI: 10.13073/0015-7473-62.3.191
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Ahşap Fiziği ve Mekaniği |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makalesi |
| Yazarlar | |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 15 Ekim 2025 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 23 Aralık 2025 |
| Erken Görünüm Tarihi | 25 Aralık 2025 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 25 Aralık 2025 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2025 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2 |
Amaç ve Kapsam
Mobilya ve Ahşap Malzeme Araştırmaları Dergisi (MAMAD), mobilya konusunu ön planda tutarak Dergi Park üzerinde yayın hayatına başlayan ilk akademik dergidir. Bu nedenle, bu alanda çalışma yapan araştırmacılara, mobilya ve ahşap malzeme ile ilgili olan tüm okuyuculara hizmet sunmayı amaçlamaktadır.
Açık erişim ve Uluslararası hakemli dergidir.
Mobilya ve Ahşap Malzeme Araştırmaları Dergisi; mobilya mekaniği, mobilya üst yüzey işlemleri, mobilya üretiminde kalite kontrol, mobilya ithalat ve ihracatı, bilgisayar destekli mobilya tasarımı, bilgisayar destekli mobilya üretimi konularında hazırlanan çalışmalara yer verecektir. Ayrıca, masif ahşap malzeme, ahşap esaslı kompozit malzemeler, odun plastik kompozit malzemeler, ahşap malzemenin işlenmesi, ahşap malzemenin güçlendirilmesi, ahşap malzemenin korunması, ahşap malzemenin modifikasyonu, ahşap malzemenin fiziksel, kimyasal, mekanik ve diğer teknolojik özelliklerini içeren araştırmalarda dergi kapsamındadır. Kâğıt ve kağıt hamuru üzerine yapılan çalışmalar derginin kapsamı dışındadır. Dergi, araştırma ve derleme türündeki olan makaleleri yayınlamaktadır. Diğer türlerde hazırlanan makaleleri kabul etmemektedir.
Yazım Kuralları
Makale,dergi ana sayfasından veya buradan indirilecek MAMAD şablon dosya 2025 'e göre hazırlanmalı ve copyright transfer form 2025 imzalanarak sisteme yüklenmelidir.
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28. Metin içerisinde ve çizelge içeriğindeki rakamlarda ondalık ayırıcı nokta olarak verilmelidir.
29. Kaynaklarda “and” ifadesi ve “ve” ifadesi kullanılmalıdır (Örnek: Babiak, M., and Kúdela, J. Bal B.C., ve Efe F.T.)
30. Kaynaklar listesinde, yazar isimleri nokta ve virgül ile (Bal B.C.,), yıl parantez içinde (1999). parantezden sonra “.” ifadesi ile, sayı numarasından sonra parantezi takiben virgül “2(3), 25-35” sayfa numaraları arası tire (-) ifadesi ile, her bir kaynak satırı arasında 6 nk boşluk ile yazılmalıdır. Dergi, kitap ve tez isimleri italik yazılmalıdır. Kaynak bildiri ise tamamı dik yazılmalıdır. Kaynak çalışmanın ilk harfi hariç küçük harf olarak verilmelidir. Dergi isimleri tam veya kıda adı verilebilir. Atıf yapılan makalenin varsa DOI numarası verilmelidir.
31. Metin ve çizelgeler içindeki rakamların ayıracı nokta olmalıdır. (12.23 doğru, 12,23 yanlış)
Örnek kaynak gösterimi:
Bal, B. C., (2012). Genç odun ve olgun odunun lif morfolojisindeki farklılıklar üzerine bir araştırma, Düzce Üniversitesi Ormancılık Dergisi, 8(2), 29-35, DOI:....
Çavuş, V., ve Ayata, Ü., (2018). Manolya ağacı, akçaağaç ve tespih ağacı odunlarında vida tutma direnci üzerine bir araştırma. MAMAD, 1(2), 94-102, DOI:.... 10.33725/mamad.496615.
Bal, B.C., ve Kaba, O., (2019). Kahramanmaraş ilindeki ahşap oyma atölyelerinin üretim miktarları üzerine bir araştırma. III. International Mediterranean Forest and Environment Symposium (IMFES2019), 3-5.Ekim.2019, Bildiriler kitabı S:520-524, Kahramanmaraş/ Türkiye.
Omatça, İ., (2006). Ahşabın, oyuncak üretiminde kullanımı ve önemi, Dumlupınar Üniversitesi, Simav Teknik Eğitim Fakültesi, Mobilya ve Dekorasyon Eğitimi Bölümü, Lisans tezi.
ASTM 1761, (2012). Standart test methods for mechanical fasteners in wood,. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Philadelphia.
Bal, B.C., and Bektaş, İ., (2012). The physical properties of heartwood and sapwood of Eucalyptus grandis, ProLigno, 8 (4), 35-43.
Bal, B.C., ve Altuntaş, E., (2013). Masif ağaç malzeme ve tabakalı kaplama kerestenin vida tutma direnci üzerine karşılaştırmalı bir çalışma, Düzce University journal of forestry, 9(2),14-22.
Bozkurt, Y., Göker, Y., ve Erdin, N., (1993). Emprenye tekniği, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Orman Fakültesi Yayınları, No 425, İstanbul,1993.
Çolak, S., Aydın, İ., ve Çolakoǧlu, G., (2003). Okaliptüs (E. camaldulensis) ağacının farklı yüksekliklerinden alınan tomruklardan üretilmiş kontrplakların bazı mekanik özellikleri, Doğu Akdeniz Ormancılık Araştırma Dergisi, 9, 95–111.
Çolak, G., (2024). Ahşap-plastik kompozitlerin endüstriyel üretim sürecine ilişkin yaşam döngüsü çevresel sürdürülebilirlik analizi, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bilecik, Türkiye.
DeCristoforo, R.J., (1988). The complete book of stationary power tool techniques. Sterling Publishing Co., Inc. Two Park Avenue, New York, N. Y. 388p
Gaff, M., Vokaty, V., Babiak, M., and Bal. B.C., (2016). Coefficient of wood bendability as a function of selected factors, Construction and Building Materials, 126 (2016), 630-640, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.09.085
Rammer, D. R., (2010). Fastenings,wood handbook: wood as an engineering material, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-190, Madison, WI (ss. 1–2).
TS 2478, (1976). Odunun statik eğilmede elastiklik modülünün tayini. türk standartları enstitüsü, Ankara.
URL-1, (2020). George III period satinwood work table, 1stDIBS, http://www.onlinegalleries.com/art-and-antiques (last access: 19.02.2020)
Yıldırım, M. N, Karaman, A., and Akınay, A., (2016). Finite element method application of wooden furniture, International conference on research in education science, 19 - 22 Mayıs 2016, ss.1258-1270, Muğla/Türkiye,
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strive to meet the needs of readers and authors.
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I am a senior researcher at Department of Wood Industry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA Pahang Branch.
