Some physical properties of composite materials produced from wood flour, MDF powder, walnut shell flour, Tetra Pak boxes, and PET bottle caps

Öz

The production and use of wood–plastic composite (WPC) materials for various purposes has increased rapidly in recent years. Scientific studies in this area have also increased. Wood flour has been used as filler in WPC production for many years. However, some scientific studies are investigating the use of waste materials as fillers in plastic composite materials. In this study, pine wood flour, walnut shell flour, MDF dust, and Tetra Pak box fibres were used as fillers in plastic composite materials, and the physical properties of the produced materials were compared. The filler was used at a ratio of 40% in all of the groups. The polymer was obtained from blue PET water bottle caps and handles. Composite sheets were produced by the flat pressing method. The density, moulding shrinkage, coefficient of thermal expansion, thickness swelling, water absorption, colour parameters, and glossiness properties were investigated. The highest density was obtained in the walnut shell flour-filled group, and the lowest was found in the control group without filler. The highest moulding shrinkage percentage was obtained in the control group, and the lowest was found in the group filled with pine wood flour. The highest water absorption and swelling percentages were found in the group filled with Tetra Pak box fibres.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Wood flour
• MDF dust
• walnut shell flour
• Tetra Pak®
• WPC

Odun unu, MDF tozu, ceviz kabuğu unu, Tetra Pak kutu ve atık pet şişe kapakları ile üretilen kompozit malzemelerin bazı fiziksel özellikleri

Öz

Odun plastik kompozit (OPK) malzemelerin üretimi ve farklı amaçlarla kullanımı son yıllarda hızla artmıştır. Bu konuda yapılan bilimsel çalışmalarda artış göstermiştir. OPK üretiminde odun unu dolgu maddesi olarak uzun yıllardan beri kullanılmaktadır. Ancak, bazı bilimsel çalışmalarda, plastik kompozit malzemelerde, dolgu maddesi olarak atık malzemelerin kullanımı araştırılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, çam odun unu, ceviz kabuğu unu, MDF tozu ile Tetra Pak kutu lifleri plastik kompozit malzemede dolgu maddesi olarak kullanılmış ve üretilen malzemenin fiziksel özellikleri karşılaştırmıştır. Dolgu maddesi tüm gruplarda %40 olarak kullanılmıştır. Polimer olarak mavi PET su şişesi kapakları ve kulpları kullanılmıştır. Kompozit plakalar düz presleme yöntemi ile üretilmiştir. Kompozitlerin; hacimsel yoğunluk, görünür yoğunluk, kalıplama daralması, doğrusal termal genleşme katsayısı, kalınlığına şişme, su alma, renk parametreleri ve parlaklık özellikleri belirlenmiştir. En yüksek yoğunluk değeri ceviz kabuğu unu dolgulu grupta en düşük ise dolgu maddesi kullanılmayan kontrol grubunda elde edilmiştir. En yüksek kalıplama daralması yüzdesi kontrol grubunda ve en düşük çam odun unu ile doldurulan grupta elde edilmiştir. Su alma ve kalınlığına şişme yüzdeleri en yüksek Tetra Pak kutu lifleri ile takviye edilen grupta elde edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Odun unu
• MDF tozu
• ceviz kabuğu unu
• Tetra Pak®
• OPK

Kaynakça

1. Altuntas, E., Narlioglu, N., and Alma, M., (2017), Investigation of the fire, thermal, and mechanical properties of zinc borate and synergic fire retardants on composites produced with PP-MDF wastes, BioResources, 12(4), 6971-6983. DOI: 10.15376/biores.12.4.6971-6983
2. ASTM D 570-98, (1998), Standard test method for water absorption of plastics, Philadelphia, PA., U
3. ASTM D 2244-3, (2007), Standard practice for calculation or color tolerances and color differences from instrumentally measured color coordinates, ASTM Standards, A.B.D., 1-13.
4. Aranda-García FJ, González-Pérez M M, Robledo-Ortíz JR, Sedano-de la Rosa C, Espinoza K, Ramírez-Arreola, D.E., (2020), Influence of processing time on physical and mechanical properties of composite boards made of recycled multilayer containers and HDPE, Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 22, 2020-2028, https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10163-020-01092-5
5. Ayrilmis, N., Kuzmin, A. M., Masri, T., Yagoub, M., Sedira, L., Pantyukhov, P., and Al-Farraj, S.A., (2025), Effects of reinforcement by both waste glass and barley straw on water resistance, mechanical, and thermal properties of polyethylene composite, BioResources, 20(3). 5967-5987, https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.20.3.5967-5987
6. Avella, M., Avolio, R., Bonadies, I., Carfagna, C., Errico, M.E., Gentile, G., (2009), Recycled multilayer cartons as cellulose source in HDPE‐based composites: compatibilization and structure‐properties relationships, Journal of applied polymer science, 114(5): 2978-2985. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.30913
7. Bal, B.C., (2022), Mechanical properties of wood-plastic composites produced with recycled polyethylene, used Tetra pak® boxes, and wood flour, BioResources, 17(4): 6569-6577. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.17.4.6569-6577
8. Bal, B.C., (2023), Some mechanical properties of WPCs with wood flour and walnut shell flour, Polímeros, 33 (2)1-8, https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-1428.20230005

9. Bal, B. C., Altuntaş, E., and Narlıoğlu, N., (2023), Some selected properties of composite material produced from plastic furniture waste and wood flour, Furniture and Wooden Material Research Journal, 6(2), 233-244. https://doi.org/10.33725/mamad.1384214
10. Bal, B. C., and Narlıoğlu, N., (2024), Physical and mechanical properties of composites produced from recycled polypropylene and cardboard-polyethylene-aluminium mixture. Tribology and Materials, 3(4), 163-171. https://doi.org/10.46793/tribomat.2024.018
11. Bal, B. C., and Narlıoğlu, N., (2025), Effect of waste glass reinforcements particle size on some properties of HDPE-based composites, Tribology and Materials, 4(1), 29-37 https://doi.org/10.46793/tribomat.2025.001
12. Başboğa, İ. H., (2023), Polypropylene-based composites reinforced with waste tropic wood flours: determination of accelerated weathering resistance, tribological, and thermal properties, BioResources, 18(4), 7251-7294, https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.18.4.7251-7294
13. Berger, M. J., and Stark, N.M., (1997), Investigations of species effects in an injection-molding-grade, wood-filled polypropylene, In The fourth international conference on woodfiber-plastic composites (pp. 19-25).
14. Çavus, V., (2020), Selected properties of mahogany wood flour filled polypropylene composites: the effect of maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (MAPP), BioResources, 15(2), 2227-2236, https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.2.2227-2236
15. Chavooshi, A., and Madhoushi, M., (2013), Mechanical and physical properties of aluminum dust/MDF dust/polypropylene composites, Construction and Building Materials, 44, 214-220, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.02.079
16. Chavooshi, A., Madhoushi, M., Shakeri, A., and Khazaeian, A., (2014), A comparative study on the effects of material blending method on the physico‐mechanical properties of WPCs made from MDF dust, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 131(15), DOI: 10.1002/app.40513
17. Dobrzyńska-Mizera, M., Knitter, M., and Barczewski, M., (2019), Walnut shells as a filler for polymeric materials, Drewno, 62(203), 153-168, https://doi.org/10.12841/wood.1644-3985.D12.02
18. Ebadi M, Farsi M, Narchin P, and Madhoushi M., (2016), The effect of beverage storage packets (Tetra Pak™) waste on mechanical properties of wood–plastic composites, Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 29(12), 1601-1610, https://doi.org/10.1177/ 0892705715618745
19. Ebadi, M., Farsi, M., Narchin, P., (2017), Some of the physical and mechanical properties of composites made from Tetra Pak™/LDPE. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 31(8), 1054-1065. https://doi.org/10.1177/0892705717734597
20. Fligier, A.W., Polok-Rubiniec, M., and Chmielnicki, B., (2021), Polypropylene-matrix polymer composites with natural filler, Archives of Metallurgy and Materials, 66 (1), 313-319, https://doi.org/10.24425/amm.2021.134789
21. Hamouda, T., Hassanin, A.H., Saba, N., Demirelli, M., Kilic, A., Candan, Z., Jawaid, M., (2019), Evaluation of mechanical and physical properties of hybrid composites from food packaging and textiles wastes, Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 27, 489-497, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-019-01369-3
22. Hejna, A., Barczewski, M., Kosmela, P., Mysiukiewicz, O., and Kuzmin, A., (2021), Coffee silverskin as a multifunctional waste filler for high-density polyethylene green composites. Journal of Composites Science, 5(2), 44, https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs5020044
23. Hosseinihashemi, S.K., and Arwinfar, F., (2023), Effect of fungal infection on physico-mechanical resistance of WPC made from thermally treated wood/PP, Furniture and Wooden Material Research Journal, 6(1), 90-103, https://doi.org/10.33725/ mamad.1300208
24. Khina, A.G., Bulkatov, D. P., Storozhuk, I. P., and Sokolov, A. P., (2025), Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion of Polymers and Polymer Composites: A Comprehensive Review, Polymers, 17(23), 3097. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17233097
25. Kuzmin, A.M., Ayrilmis, N., Özdemir, F., and Kanat, G., (2023), Effect of content and particle size of used beverage carton pieces on the properties of HDPE composites, BioResources, 18(2), 2815-2825, https://doi.org/10.15376/biores. 18.2.2815-2825
26. Lange, D.R., (1999). Fundamentals of Colourimetry - Application Report No. 10e. DR Lange: New York, NY, USA.
27. Matuana, L. M., and Stark, N. M., (2015), The use of wood fibers as reinforcements in composites, Biofiber Reinforcements in Composite Materials, Woodhead Publishing, Swaston, UK, pp. 648-688.
28. Medved, S., Tomec, D. K., Balzano, A., and Merela, M., (2020), Alien wood species as a resource for wood-plastic composites, Applied sciences, 11(1), 44, https://doi.org/10.3390/app11010044
29. Mohareb, A.S., Hassanin, A.H., Candelier, K., Thévenon, M.F., and Candan, Z., (2017), Developing biocomposites panels from food packaging and textiles wastes: physical and biological performance, Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 25, 126-135, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-016-0791-6
30. Mohseni Tabar, M., Tabarsa, T., Mashkour, M., and Khazaeian, A., (2015), Using silicon dioxide (SiO2) nano-powder as reinforcement for walnut shell flour/HDPE composite materials, Journal of the Indian Academy of Wood Science, 12(1), 15-21, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13196-015-0139-1
31. Ndiaye, D., Matuana, L. M., Morlat‐Therias, S., Vidal, L., Tidjani, A., and Gardette, J. L., (2011), Thermal and mechanical properties of polypropylene/wood‐flour composites, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 119(6), 3321-3328, https://doi.org/10.1002/app.32985
32. Özmen, N., Çetin, N. S., Narlıoğlu, N., Çavuş, V., and Altuntaş, E., (2014), Utilisation of MDF waste for wood plastic composites production, Turkish Journal of Forestry, 15, 65-71, https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.64025
33. Salasinska, K., and Ryszkowska, J., (2017), Physico-mechanical properties and dimensional stability of natural fibre composites fabricated from polyethylene waste and walnut shells. Conference paper ECCM-15th. ECCM15 - 15th European conference on composite materials, Venice, Italy, 24-28 June 2012
34. Stark, N. M., and Berger, M. J., (1997), Effect of particle size on properties of wood-flour reinforced polypropylene composites, In Proceedings of the fourth international conference on woodfibre–plastic composites (pp. 12-14).
35. Stark, N. M., and Matuana, L. M., (2004), Surface chemistry and mechanical property changes of wood‐flour/high‐density‐polyethylene composites after accelerated weathering, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 94(6), 2263-2273, https://doi.org/10.1002/app.20996
36. URL 1 (2026), Wood-plastic composites (WPCs), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood-plastic_composite, (Last Access: 05.05.2026)
37. Yazıcıoğlu O., and Borat, O., (2018), İmalat Yöntemleri, Seçkin Yayınevi, Ankara.
38. Zahedi, M., Pirayesh, H., Khanjanzadeh, H., and Tabar, M. M., (2013), Organo-modified montmorillonite reinforced walnut shell/polypropylene composites, Materials & Design, 51(2013), 803-809, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.05.007
39. Zhang, Q., Li, Y., Cai, H., Lin, X., Yi, W., and Zhang, J., (2019), Properties comparison of high density polyethylene composites filled with three kinds of shell fibers, Results in Physics, 12, 1542-1546, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2018.09.054