Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Determination of surface roughness parameters and shore - D hardness value in monkey pod wood

Yıl 2020, , 93 - 100, 28.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.33725/mamad.827211

Öz

Monkey pod (Pithecellobium saman (Jacq.) Benth.), one of the foreign species trees, has a hard and heavy structure and is used as flooring, mold making, turning, cabinet making, furniture, flooring, panel and facade coating. In this study, surface roughness parameters and shore - D hardness value were determined on the surfaces obtained by using sandpaper with different numbers (80, 100, 120, 150, 180 and 220) in monkey pod wood. The results of the obtained tests compared with some tree species. According to the results of the research, shore-D hardness value in monkey pod wood was determined as 71.70. In addition to this, it was determined that the results of the surface roughness parameters (Ra, Rz and Rq) decreased with the increase of the sanding number after the sanding processes. After sanding, the Ra parameter is 6.462 µm for sanding no 80, 5.473 µm for sanding no 100, 4.521 µm for sanding no 120, 3.761 µm for sanding no 150, 2.681 µm for sandpaper no. and 1.883 µm for sandpaper no. 220.

Kaynakça

  • Akçay, Ç., (2020). Determination of decay, larvae resistance, water uptake, color, and hardness properties of wood impregnated with honeybee wax, BioResources, 15(4): 8339-8354. DOI: 10.15376/biores.15.4.8339-8354.
  • ASTM D 2240, (2010). Standard test method for rubber property-durometer hardness, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, United States.
  • Ayata, Ü., (2020). Ayous odununun bazı teknolojik özelliklerinin belirlenmesi ve ısıl işlemden sonra renk ve parlaklık özellikleri, Mobilya ve Ahşap Malzeme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(1): 22-33. DOI: 10.33725/mamad.724596.
  • Ayata, Ü., ve Bal, B.C., (2019a). Maun (Swietenia mahagoni L.) odununda yüzey pürüzlülüğü üzerine zımparalama ve planyanın etkisi, Avrasya 4. Uluslararası Uygulamalı Bilimler Kongresi, 27-29 Eylül, Kiev, Ukrayna, 19-22.
  • Ayata, Ü., ve Bal, B.C., (2019b). Sapsız meşe (Quercus petreae L.) odununda statik sertlik tayini ve yüzey pürüzlülüğü parametreleri, ISPEC 2. Uluslararası Tarım Ve Kırsal Kalkınma Kongresi, 27-29 Eylül, Kiev, Ukrayna, 22-28.
  • Ayata, Ü., ve Bal, B.C., (2019c). Amerikan ceviz odununda yüzey pürüzlülüğü, janka sertlik değeri ve çivi tutma direncinin belirlenmesi, Çukurova 3. Uluslararası Yenilikçi Bilimsel Araştırmalar Kongresi, 3-6 Ekim, Adana, Türkiye, 440-448.
  • Ayata, Ü., ve Bal, B.C., (2019d). Kızılağaç odununda statik sertlik, yüzey pürüzlülüğü ve çivi tutma direncinin belirlenmesi, III. Uluslararası Akdeniz Orman ve Çevre Sempozyumu, 3-5 Ekim, Kahramanmaraş, Türkiye, 921-926.
  • Ayata, Ü., ve Bal, B.C., (2019e). Dibétou odununda yüzey pürüzlülüğü parametrelerinin araştırılması, Avrasya 5. Uluslararası Uygulamalı Bilimler Kongresi, 15-17 Kasım, Adana, Türkiye, 646-651.
  • Ayata, Ü., ve Bal, B.C., (2019f). Dabema (Piptadeniastrum africanum Brenan) odununda bazı yüzey özelliklerinin belirlenmesi, Ziraat, Orman ve Su Ürünleri Alanında Araştırma Makaleleri, Gece Kitaplığı Yayınevi, Ankara, Türkiye, Genel Yayın Yönetmeni: Atilla Atik, Editörler: İsmet Daşdemir, Hüseyin Atilla Atik, 16 Aralık 2019, 252-266. Matbaa Sertifika No: 42539, Yayıncı Sertifika No: 15476, ISBN: 978-625-7958-10-3.
  • Ayata, Ü., ve Bal, B.C., (2020). Tiama, limon ve malta eriği odunlarının zımparalanmasında zımpara tanecik büyüklüğünün yüzey pürüzlülüğüne etkisi, Ziraat, Orman ve Su Ürünleri Alanında Teori ve Araştırmalar, Gece Kitaplığı Yayınevi, Ankara, Türkiye, Genel Yayın Yönetmeni: Eda Altunel, Editör: Nigar Yarpuz Bozdoğan, 19 Eylül 2020, 65-81. ISBN: 978-625-7243-66-7.
  • Chu, D., Xue, L., Zhang, Y., Kang, L., and Mu, J., (2016). Surface characteristics of poplar wood with high-temperature heat treatment: Wettability and surface brittleness, BioResources, 11(3): 6948-6967. DOI: 10.15376/biores.11.3.6948-6967.
  • Devi, R.R., Ali, I., and Maji, T.K., (2003). Chemical modification of rubber wood with styrene in combination with a crosslinker: effect on dimensional stability and strength property, Bioresource Technology, 88: 185-188. DOI: 10.1016/S0960-8524(03)00003-8.
  • Devi, R.R., and Maji, T.K., (2012). Chemical modification of simul wood with styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer and organically modified nanoclay, Wood Science and Technology, 46: 299-315. DOI 10.1007/s00226-011-0406-2.
  • Dong, Y., Yan, Y., Zhang, S., Li, J., and Wang, J., (2015). Flammability and physical–mechanical properties assessment of wood treated with furfuryl alcohol and nano-SiO2, European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, 73: 457-464. DOI: 10.1007/s00107-015-0896-y.
  • Dos Santos, P.S.B., Erdocia, X., Gatto, D.A., and Labidi, J., (2016). Bio-oil from base-catalyzed depolymerization of organosolv lignin as an antifungal agent for wood, Wood Science and Technology, 50(3): 599-615. DOI: 10.1007/s00226-015-0795-8.
  • Francis, J.K., (2004). USDA Forest Service Research Forester (re-tired), Personal communication, July 2004.
  • Hansson, L., and Antti, A.L., (2006). The effect of drying method and temperature level on the hardness of wood, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 171(3): 467-470. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2005.08.007.
  • Hazarika, A., and Maji, T.K., (2013). Effect of different crosslinkers on properties of melamine formaldehyde-furfuryl alcohol copolymer/montmorillonite impregnated softwood (Ficus hispida), Polymer Engineering and Science, 53: 1394-1404. DOI: 10.1002/pen.23391.
  • ISO 16610-21, (2011). Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) - Filtration - Part 21: Linear Profile Filters: Gaussian Filters, Standard.
  • ISO 554, (1976), Standard Atmospheres for Conditioning and/or Testing - Specifications, International Organization for Standardization.
  • Janzen, D.H., (1982). Cenizero tree (Legumlnosae: Pithece/Iobium saman) delayed fruit development in Costa Rican deciduous forests, Journal of Botany. 69(8): 1269-1276.
  • Kabir, M., Iqbal, Z.M., and Shafiq, M., (2012). Traffic density, climatic conditions and seasonal growth of Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr. on different polluted roads of Karachi City, Pakistan Journal of Botany, 44(6): 1881-90.14.
  • Li, J., Zhang, A., Zhang, S., Gao, Q., Chen, H., Zhang, W., and Li, J., (2018). High-performance imitation precious wood from low-cost poplar wood via high-rate permeability of phenolic resins, Polymer Composites, 39(7): 2431-3440. DOI: 10.1002/pc.24226.
  • Little, E.L., Jr., and Wadsworth, F.H., (1964). Common trees of Puerto Rico and the Virain Islands, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture - Handbook Washington, DC. 548.
  • Longwood, F., (1961). Puerto Rican woods: machining, seasoning and related characteristics, Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook Washington, DC, 98 p.
  • Longwood, F., (1962). Present and potential commercial timbers of the Caribbean, Agric. Handb. 207. Washington, DC: US. Department of Agriculture, 171 p.
  • Mattos, B.D., Cademartori, P.H.G., Missio, A.L., Gatto, D.A., and Magalhaes, W.L.E., (2015). Wood-polymer composites prepared by free radicalin situ polymerization of methacrylate monomersinto fast-growing pinewood, Wood Science and Technology, 49: 1281-1294. DOI: 10.1007/s00226-015-0761-5.
  • Muthuchelian, K., Meenakshi, V., and Nedunchezhian, N., (2003). Protective effect of triacontanol against acidic mists in Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merrill seedlings: Differential responses in growth, 14CO2 fixation, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase, and electron transport activities, Photosynthetic, 41(3): 335-341.
  • Anonim, (1979). Tropical legumes-resources for the future, Report of the Ad Hoc Panel of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC. 332 p.
  • Record, S., and Hess, R., (1943). Timbers of the new World, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 640 p.
  • Rock, J.F., (1920). Leguminous trees of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association Experiment Station, Honolulu, 234 p.
  • Satter, R.L., Guggino, S.E., Lonergan, T.A., and Galston, A.W., (1981). The effects of blue and far red light onrhythmic leaf let movements in Samanea (saman) and Albizzia (julibrissin), Plant Physiology, 67(5): 965-968.
  • Skolmen, R., (1974). Some woods of Hawaii properties and uses of 16 commercial species, Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-8. Berkeley, CA: US. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station; 30 p.
  • Skolmen, R., (1983). Raintree, saman, monkey-pod, Tropical Tree Note 2. American Pacific Forestry News, 1 p.
  • Staples, G.W., and Elevitch, C.R., (2006). Samanea saman (rain tree) ver. 2.1. in Elevitch CR (ed.). Special Profile for Pacific Island Agroforestry, Permanent Agricultural Resources (PAR), Holualoa, Hawaii.
  • Streets, H.F., (1962). Exotic forest trees in the British Commonwealth, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 765 p.
  • Şanıvar, N., ve Zorlu, İ., (1980), Ağaç işleri gereç bilgisi temel ders kitabı, Mesleki Ve Teknik Öğretim Kitapları, Milli Eğitim Basımevi, İstanbul, Etüd ve Programlama Dairesi Yayınları No: 43, 472 sayfa.
  • Webb, D.B., Wood, P.J., and Smith, J.A., (1980). A guide to species selection for tropical and sub-tropical plantations, Commonwealth Forestry Institute, Tropical Forestry Paper 15, Overseas Development Association, London, 342 p.
  • Wolcott, G.N., (1946) . A list of woods arranged according to their resistance to the attack of the West - Indian dry - wood termite Cryptotermes brevis. Caribbean Journal, 7(4): 329-334.
  • Yan, Y., Dong, Y., Li, J., Zhang, S., Xia, C., Shi, S.Q., and Cai, L., (2015). Enhancement of mechanical and thermal properties of poplar through the treatment of glyoxal-urea/nano-SiO2, Royal Society of Chemistry Advances, 5(67): 54148-54155. DOI: 10.1039/C5RA07294H.

Monkey pod odununda yüzey pürüzlülüğü parametrelerinin ve shore - D sertlik değerinin belirlenmesi

Yıl 2020, , 93 - 100, 28.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.33725/mamad.827211

Öz

Yabancı tür ağaçlarından birisi olan monkey pod (Pithecellobium saman (Jacq.) Benth.), sert ve ağır bir yapıya sahip olup, ahşabı döşeme, kalıp yapımı, tornalama, dolap yapımı, mobilya, yer döşemesi, panel ve cephe kaplaması olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, monkey pod odununda farklı numaralara (80, 100, 120, 150, 180 ve 220) sahip zımparaların kullanılması ile elde edilen yüzeyler üzerinde yüzey pürüzlülüğü parametreleri ve shore - D sertlik değeri belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen testlere ait sonuçlar bazı ağaç türleri ile kıyaslanmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlara göre, monkey pod odununda shore - D sertlik değeri 71.70 olarak belirlenmiştir. Buna ek olarak, zımparalama işlemlerinden sonra zımpara numarasının artması ile yüzey pürüzlülüğü parametrelerine (Ra, Rz ve Rq) ait sonuçların azaldığı belirlenmiştir. Zımparalama işleminden sonra, Ra parametresi 80 no’lu zımpara için 6.462 µm, 100 no’lu zımpara için 5.473 µm, 120 no’lu zımpara için 4.521 µm, 150 no’lu zımpara için 3.761 µm, 180 no’lu zımpara için 2.681 µm ve 220 no’lu zımpara için 1.883 µm olarak elde edilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Akçay, Ç., (2020). Determination of decay, larvae resistance, water uptake, color, and hardness properties of wood impregnated with honeybee wax, BioResources, 15(4): 8339-8354. DOI: 10.15376/biores.15.4.8339-8354.
  • ASTM D 2240, (2010). Standard test method for rubber property-durometer hardness, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, United States.
  • Ayata, Ü., (2020). Ayous odununun bazı teknolojik özelliklerinin belirlenmesi ve ısıl işlemden sonra renk ve parlaklık özellikleri, Mobilya ve Ahşap Malzeme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(1): 22-33. DOI: 10.33725/mamad.724596.
  • Ayata, Ü., ve Bal, B.C., (2019a). Maun (Swietenia mahagoni L.) odununda yüzey pürüzlülüğü üzerine zımparalama ve planyanın etkisi, Avrasya 4. Uluslararası Uygulamalı Bilimler Kongresi, 27-29 Eylül, Kiev, Ukrayna, 19-22.
  • Ayata, Ü., ve Bal, B.C., (2019b). Sapsız meşe (Quercus petreae L.) odununda statik sertlik tayini ve yüzey pürüzlülüğü parametreleri, ISPEC 2. Uluslararası Tarım Ve Kırsal Kalkınma Kongresi, 27-29 Eylül, Kiev, Ukrayna, 22-28.
  • Ayata, Ü., ve Bal, B.C., (2019c). Amerikan ceviz odununda yüzey pürüzlülüğü, janka sertlik değeri ve çivi tutma direncinin belirlenmesi, Çukurova 3. Uluslararası Yenilikçi Bilimsel Araştırmalar Kongresi, 3-6 Ekim, Adana, Türkiye, 440-448.
  • Ayata, Ü., ve Bal, B.C., (2019d). Kızılağaç odununda statik sertlik, yüzey pürüzlülüğü ve çivi tutma direncinin belirlenmesi, III. Uluslararası Akdeniz Orman ve Çevre Sempozyumu, 3-5 Ekim, Kahramanmaraş, Türkiye, 921-926.
  • Ayata, Ü., ve Bal, B.C., (2019e). Dibétou odununda yüzey pürüzlülüğü parametrelerinin araştırılması, Avrasya 5. Uluslararası Uygulamalı Bilimler Kongresi, 15-17 Kasım, Adana, Türkiye, 646-651.
  • Ayata, Ü., ve Bal, B.C., (2019f). Dabema (Piptadeniastrum africanum Brenan) odununda bazı yüzey özelliklerinin belirlenmesi, Ziraat, Orman ve Su Ürünleri Alanında Araştırma Makaleleri, Gece Kitaplığı Yayınevi, Ankara, Türkiye, Genel Yayın Yönetmeni: Atilla Atik, Editörler: İsmet Daşdemir, Hüseyin Atilla Atik, 16 Aralık 2019, 252-266. Matbaa Sertifika No: 42539, Yayıncı Sertifika No: 15476, ISBN: 978-625-7958-10-3.
  • Ayata, Ü., ve Bal, B.C., (2020). Tiama, limon ve malta eriği odunlarının zımparalanmasında zımpara tanecik büyüklüğünün yüzey pürüzlülüğüne etkisi, Ziraat, Orman ve Su Ürünleri Alanında Teori ve Araştırmalar, Gece Kitaplığı Yayınevi, Ankara, Türkiye, Genel Yayın Yönetmeni: Eda Altunel, Editör: Nigar Yarpuz Bozdoğan, 19 Eylül 2020, 65-81. ISBN: 978-625-7243-66-7.
  • Chu, D., Xue, L., Zhang, Y., Kang, L., and Mu, J., (2016). Surface characteristics of poplar wood with high-temperature heat treatment: Wettability and surface brittleness, BioResources, 11(3): 6948-6967. DOI: 10.15376/biores.11.3.6948-6967.
  • Devi, R.R., Ali, I., and Maji, T.K., (2003). Chemical modification of rubber wood with styrene in combination with a crosslinker: effect on dimensional stability and strength property, Bioresource Technology, 88: 185-188. DOI: 10.1016/S0960-8524(03)00003-8.
  • Devi, R.R., and Maji, T.K., (2012). Chemical modification of simul wood with styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer and organically modified nanoclay, Wood Science and Technology, 46: 299-315. DOI 10.1007/s00226-011-0406-2.
  • Dong, Y., Yan, Y., Zhang, S., Li, J., and Wang, J., (2015). Flammability and physical–mechanical properties assessment of wood treated with furfuryl alcohol and nano-SiO2, European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, 73: 457-464. DOI: 10.1007/s00107-015-0896-y.
  • Dos Santos, P.S.B., Erdocia, X., Gatto, D.A., and Labidi, J., (2016). Bio-oil from base-catalyzed depolymerization of organosolv lignin as an antifungal agent for wood, Wood Science and Technology, 50(3): 599-615. DOI: 10.1007/s00226-015-0795-8.
  • Francis, J.K., (2004). USDA Forest Service Research Forester (re-tired), Personal communication, July 2004.
  • Hansson, L., and Antti, A.L., (2006). The effect of drying method and temperature level on the hardness of wood, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 171(3): 467-470. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2005.08.007.
  • Hazarika, A., and Maji, T.K., (2013). Effect of different crosslinkers on properties of melamine formaldehyde-furfuryl alcohol copolymer/montmorillonite impregnated softwood (Ficus hispida), Polymer Engineering and Science, 53: 1394-1404. DOI: 10.1002/pen.23391.
  • ISO 16610-21, (2011). Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) - Filtration - Part 21: Linear Profile Filters: Gaussian Filters, Standard.
  • ISO 554, (1976), Standard Atmospheres for Conditioning and/or Testing - Specifications, International Organization for Standardization.
  • Janzen, D.H., (1982). Cenizero tree (Legumlnosae: Pithece/Iobium saman) delayed fruit development in Costa Rican deciduous forests, Journal of Botany. 69(8): 1269-1276.
  • Kabir, M., Iqbal, Z.M., and Shafiq, M., (2012). Traffic density, climatic conditions and seasonal growth of Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr. on different polluted roads of Karachi City, Pakistan Journal of Botany, 44(6): 1881-90.14.
  • Li, J., Zhang, A., Zhang, S., Gao, Q., Chen, H., Zhang, W., and Li, J., (2018). High-performance imitation precious wood from low-cost poplar wood via high-rate permeability of phenolic resins, Polymer Composites, 39(7): 2431-3440. DOI: 10.1002/pc.24226.
  • Little, E.L., Jr., and Wadsworth, F.H., (1964). Common trees of Puerto Rico and the Virain Islands, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture - Handbook Washington, DC. 548.
  • Longwood, F., (1961). Puerto Rican woods: machining, seasoning and related characteristics, Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook Washington, DC, 98 p.
  • Longwood, F., (1962). Present and potential commercial timbers of the Caribbean, Agric. Handb. 207. Washington, DC: US. Department of Agriculture, 171 p.
  • Mattos, B.D., Cademartori, P.H.G., Missio, A.L., Gatto, D.A., and Magalhaes, W.L.E., (2015). Wood-polymer composites prepared by free radicalin situ polymerization of methacrylate monomersinto fast-growing pinewood, Wood Science and Technology, 49: 1281-1294. DOI: 10.1007/s00226-015-0761-5.
  • Muthuchelian, K., Meenakshi, V., and Nedunchezhian, N., (2003). Protective effect of triacontanol against acidic mists in Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merrill seedlings: Differential responses in growth, 14CO2 fixation, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase, and electron transport activities, Photosynthetic, 41(3): 335-341.
  • Anonim, (1979). Tropical legumes-resources for the future, Report of the Ad Hoc Panel of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC. 332 p.
  • Record, S., and Hess, R., (1943). Timbers of the new World, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 640 p.
  • Rock, J.F., (1920). Leguminous trees of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association Experiment Station, Honolulu, 234 p.
  • Satter, R.L., Guggino, S.E., Lonergan, T.A., and Galston, A.W., (1981). The effects of blue and far red light onrhythmic leaf let movements in Samanea (saman) and Albizzia (julibrissin), Plant Physiology, 67(5): 965-968.
  • Skolmen, R., (1974). Some woods of Hawaii properties and uses of 16 commercial species, Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-8. Berkeley, CA: US. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station; 30 p.
  • Skolmen, R., (1983). Raintree, saman, monkey-pod, Tropical Tree Note 2. American Pacific Forestry News, 1 p.
  • Staples, G.W., and Elevitch, C.R., (2006). Samanea saman (rain tree) ver. 2.1. in Elevitch CR (ed.). Special Profile for Pacific Island Agroforestry, Permanent Agricultural Resources (PAR), Holualoa, Hawaii.
  • Streets, H.F., (1962). Exotic forest trees in the British Commonwealth, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 765 p.
  • Şanıvar, N., ve Zorlu, İ., (1980), Ağaç işleri gereç bilgisi temel ders kitabı, Mesleki Ve Teknik Öğretim Kitapları, Milli Eğitim Basımevi, İstanbul, Etüd ve Programlama Dairesi Yayınları No: 43, 472 sayfa.
  • Webb, D.B., Wood, P.J., and Smith, J.A., (1980). A guide to species selection for tropical and sub-tropical plantations, Commonwealth Forestry Institute, Tropical Forestry Paper 15, Overseas Development Association, London, 342 p.
  • Wolcott, G.N., (1946) . A list of woods arranged according to their resistance to the attack of the West - Indian dry - wood termite Cryptotermes brevis. Caribbean Journal, 7(4): 329-334.
  • Yan, Y., Dong, Y., Li, J., Zhang, S., Xia, C., Shi, S.Q., and Cai, L., (2015). Enhancement of mechanical and thermal properties of poplar through the treatment of glyoxal-urea/nano-SiO2, Royal Society of Chemistry Advances, 5(67): 54148-54155. DOI: 10.1039/C5RA07294H.
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Kereste, Hamur ve Kağıt
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Osman Çamlıbel 0000-0002-8766-1316

Ümit Ayata 0000-0002-6787-7822

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Aralık 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 18 Kasım 2020
Kabul Tarihi 2 Aralık 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020

Kaynak Göster

APA Çamlıbel, O., & Ayata, Ü. (2020). Monkey pod odununda yüzey pürüzlülüğü parametrelerinin ve shore - D sertlik değerinin belirlenmesi. Mobilya Ve Ahşap Malzeme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(2), 93-100. https://doi.org/10.33725/mamad.827211

Uluslararası Dergidir

32217    18332 18333   3221918334 18335   18336   18339   18434   32216 32218  32220 32221 download download    

32275   32308  32309 


32332  32384  32385 32400