Öz
Bu çalışma, emeğin hane temelli üretimden ücret temelli endüstriyel sistemlere tarihsel evrimini araştırmakta ve modern ekonomilerde işin tanımının nasıl değiştiğini incelemektedir. Ekonomik perspektiften bakıldığında iş, piyasalarda arz ve talebe göre alınıp satılan bir mal veya hizmet olarak algılanmaktadır. Ücretli emeği vurgulayan geleneksel çalışma tanımları, ücretsiz bakım ve ev işlerinin yeterince takdir edilmediğini vurgulayan feminist bakış açıları tarafından sorgulanmaktadır. Kadınların sosyal konumları ve ekonomik güçlenmeleri, toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliğini destekleyen bu değersizleştirme nedeniyle kısıtlanmaktadır. Bu araştırma, İstanbul ve İzmir'de kadınların istihdamını ve işgücüne katılımını incelemek için nüfus sayımı tekniği ve kasıtlı örnekleme yöntemini kullanmaktadır. Sonuçlar, kadınların ücretli ve ücretsiz emeğinin aile geçmişi, eğitim ve mesleki ayrışma gibi sosyal, kültürel ve ekonomik faktörlerden etkilendiğini göstermektedir. Bu faktörler aynı zamanda cinsiyete dayalı emek dinamiklerini de ortaya koymaktadır. Çalışma, emeğin yalnızca ücretli istihdamın ötesinde daha geniş bir faaliyet yelpazesini ve toplumsal faydaları içerecek şekilde yeniden tanımlanması gerektiği sonucuna varmaktadır. Değişen küresel ekonomiler bağlamında toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliğini ve kadınların ekonomik olarak güçlendirilmesini ilerletmek için, işgücü tanımları ve düzenlemelerindeki toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizlikleri ele alınmalıdır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- BHATIA, Rajesh (2002), “Measuring Gender Disparity Using Time Use Statistics”, Economic and Political Weekly, S.37(33), ss.3464-3469.
- BLAUNER, Bob (1964), Alienation and Freedom, University of Chicago Press, Chicago (US).
- BOURDIEU, Pierre (2016), “The Forms of Capital”, Sociology of Education: A Critical Reader (Ed. Alan R. Sadovnik, Ryan W. Coughlan), Routledge Publisher, New York (US), ss.83-95.
- CHERNEW, Michael E., CUTLER, David M. and SHAH, Shivani A. (2021), “Reducing Health Care Spending: What Tools Can States Leverage?”, Commonwealth Fund, August 18 - 2021, https://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/fund-reports/2021/aug/reducing-health-care-spending-what-tools-can-states-leverage (Date of Access: 03.08.2023).
- GOLDTHROPE, John H., LOCKWOOD, David, BEDHOFIR, Frank and PLATT, Jennifer (1968), The Affluent Work: Industrial Attitude and Behaviour, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (UK).
- GORZ, Andre (1965), “Work and Consumption”, Towards Socialism (Ed. Perry Anderson, Robin Blackburn), Collins Press, London (UK).
- HORCHSCHILD, Arlie Russell and MACHUNG, Anne (2003), The Second Shift, Penguin Publisher, New York (US).
- HUPPATZ, Kate (2012), Gender Capital at Work, Palgrave Publisher, London (UK).
- KIRBY, Mark (1999), Stratification and Difference, MacMillan Press, London (UK).
- MARX, Karl (1964), The Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts, International Publishers, New York.
- MILLS, Wright C. (1951), White Collar: The American Middle Classes, Oxford University Press, New York.
- OAKLEY, Ann (1974), Housewife, Allen Lane Press, London (UK).
- OECD (2021), Government at a Glance 2021, OECD Publishing, Paris.
- OECD (2022), “First Lessons from Government Evaluations of COVID-19 Responses: A Synthesis”, Tackling COVID-19: Contributing to a Global Effort, OECD Publishing, Paris.
- SMITH, Vicki (2013), Sociology of Work: An Encyclopedia, Sage Publication, New Delhi.
- STEWART, Andrew, PRANDY, Kenneth and BLACKBURN, Martin (1980), Social Stratification and Occupation, The MacMillan Press, London (UK).
- VOLTI, Rudi (2012), An Introduction to the Sociology of Work and Occupations, Sage Publisher, California (US).
- WEBER, Max (1958), The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, Charles Scribner’s Sons Publisher, New York (US).
- WOLKOWITZ, Carol (2006), Bodies at Work, SAGE Publications, London (UK).
Öz
The study explores the historical evolution of labour from household-based manufacturing to wage-based industrial systems, examining how the definition of work has changed in modern economies. From an economic perspective, work is perceived as a good or service that is traded in markets based on supply and demand. Traditional definitions of work, which emphasize wage labour, are challenged by feminist viewpoints, which emphasize the underappreciation of unpaid care and domestic work. Women's social standing and economic empowerment are restricted by this devaluation, which upholds gender inequality. To look into women's employment and labour participation in Istanbul and Izmir, Turkey, the research uses a census technique and deliberate sampling. The results show that women's paid and unpaid labour is influenced by social, cultural, and economic factors such as family history, education, and occupational segregation. These factors also reveal gendered labour dynamics. The study concludes that labour must be redefined to encompass not only paid employment but also a wider range of activities and societal benefits. To advance gender equality and women's economic empowerment in the context of changing global economies, gender inequalities in labour definitions and regulations must be addressed.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- BHATIA, Rajesh (2002), “Measuring Gender Disparity Using Time Use Statistics”, Economic and Political Weekly, S.37(33), ss.3464-3469.
- BLAUNER, Bob (1964), Alienation and Freedom, University of Chicago Press, Chicago (US).
- BOURDIEU, Pierre (2016), “The Forms of Capital”, Sociology of Education: A Critical Reader (Ed. Alan R. Sadovnik, Ryan W. Coughlan), Routledge Publisher, New York (US), ss.83-95.
- CHERNEW, Michael E., CUTLER, David M. and SHAH, Shivani A. (2021), “Reducing Health Care Spending: What Tools Can States Leverage?”, Commonwealth Fund, August 18 - 2021, https://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/fund-reports/2021/aug/reducing-health-care-spending-what-tools-can-states-leverage (Date of Access: 03.08.2023).
- GOLDTHROPE, John H., LOCKWOOD, David, BEDHOFIR, Frank and PLATT, Jennifer (1968), The Affluent Work: Industrial Attitude and Behaviour, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (UK).
- GORZ, Andre (1965), “Work and Consumption”, Towards Socialism (Ed. Perry Anderson, Robin Blackburn), Collins Press, London (UK).
- HORCHSCHILD, Arlie Russell and MACHUNG, Anne (2003), The Second Shift, Penguin Publisher, New York (US).
- HUPPATZ, Kate (2012), Gender Capital at Work, Palgrave Publisher, London (UK).
- KIRBY, Mark (1999), Stratification and Difference, MacMillan Press, London (UK).
- MARX, Karl (1964), The Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts, International Publishers, New York.
- MILLS, Wright C. (1951), White Collar: The American Middle Classes, Oxford University Press, New York.
- OAKLEY, Ann (1974), Housewife, Allen Lane Press, London (UK).
- OECD (2021), Government at a Glance 2021, OECD Publishing, Paris.
- OECD (2022), “First Lessons from Government Evaluations of COVID-19 Responses: A Synthesis”, Tackling COVID-19: Contributing to a Global Effort, OECD Publishing, Paris.
- SMITH, Vicki (2013), Sociology of Work: An Encyclopedia, Sage Publication, New Delhi.
- STEWART, Andrew, PRANDY, Kenneth and BLACKBURN, Martin (1980), Social Stratification and Occupation, The MacMillan Press, London (UK).
- VOLTI, Rudi (2012), An Introduction to the Sociology of Work and Occupations, Sage Publisher, California (US).
- WEBER, Max (1958), The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, Charles Scribner’s Sons Publisher, New York (US).
- WOLKOWITZ, Carol (2006), Bodies at Work, SAGE Publications, London (UK).
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Makro İktisat (Diğer) |
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 10 Eylül 2024 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 1 Mayıs 2024 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 8 Ağustos 2024 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2024 |
