Bölünmüş Bir Toplumda Köprüler Kurmak: Hindistan’da Hindutva ve Müslüman Çatışmaları

Yıl 2024, , 65 - 94, 30.06.2024

Mehmet Masatoğlu

https://doi.org/10.47425/marifetname.vi.1443553

Öz

Bu çalışma, Hindutva ve Hindistan'daki Müslüman azınlık arasındaki karmaşık dinamikleri, özellikle artan çatışmaya odaklanarak detaylı bir şekilde incelemektedir. Araştırma, siyasi, dini ve sosyolojik faktörlerin etkileşimiyle şekillenen bu karmaşık durumu ele almak için geniş bir akademik kaynak yelpazesinden yararlanmaktadır. Özellikle, Hindistan'da Müslüman azınlık üzerindeki ırk ayrımcılığı, milliyetçilik ve dışlayıcı politikaların etkileri incelenmektedir. Makale aynı zamanda Hinduizm'in siyasallaşması sürecini ve Hindu milliyetçiliğinin yükselişini incelemekte ve Müslüman azınlığın karşılaştığı sosyo-politik sorunları değerlendirmekte; kapsayıcılık, laiklik ve ilerleme için mücadele ederken çeşitliliği kucaklayan bir anlatının önemini vurgulamaktadır. Devletin dini gruplar arasında tercih yapmasının eleştirel bir analizi yapılarak dinler arası iletişimi teşvik etmek için stratejiler incelenmektedir. Çalışmanın temel hedefi, herkesin inançlarını özgürce yaşayabileceği bir toplum oluşturmaya dikkat çekmektir. Bu bağlamda, araştırma, sosyal adalet, eşitlik ve kapsayıcılık gibi kavramların günümüz Hindistan'ında ne kadar önemli olduğunu vurgulamakta ve bu konuda önemli bir tartışma başlatmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu çerçevede, sosyal ve siyasi değişimlerin yanı sıra medya ve politika alanlarında yapılacak dengeli adımların önemi üzerinde durulmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Dinler Tarihi, Dini Ayrımcılık, Hindu Milliyetçiliği, Hindutva-Müslüman Çatışması, Hindistan’daki Dini Azınlıklar, İslamofobi.

Building Bridges in a Divided Society: Addressing Hindutva and Muslim Conflicts in India

Öz

The purpose of this research is to perform a comprehensive investigation of the complex dynamics that exist between Hindutva and the Muslim minority in India, with a particular emphasis on the conflict that is becoming more intense. It investigates the complicated situation by delving into the myriad of political, religious, and sociological aspects that interact with one another and contribute to shaping it. This research investigates the purposeful aggravation of racial discrimination, nationalism, and exclusionary policies that have a disproportionate impact on the Muslim population in India, which is a minority population. The research draws from a wide variety of scholarly sources. As an additional benefit, it gives light on the politicization of Hinduism within the public sphere of India. Additionally, it explores the rise and spread of Hindu nationalism while simultaneously evaluating the corresponding socio-political issues that are encountered by the Muslim minority. This study highlights the urgent need for a narrative that fights for inclusion, secularism, and progressiveness while also embracing diversity. This is accomplished through an examination that encompasses historical Hindu-Muslim debates, media depictions, and government policies. In addition to this, it investigates the negative effects that arose as a result of Islamophobia, socio-spatial segregation, and state-driven oppression, particularly in light of current changes in Indian politics. Within the scope of this investigation, a critical analysis of the role that the state plays, particularly with regard to its preference for some religious groups over others, is an essential component. In addition, this research investigation examines a number of different strategies with the objective of reducing disputes between different groups and promoting interfaith communication, mutual respect, and peaceful coexistence. The main goal is to create a society that is welcoming to people of all religious backgrounds, one in which members of other faiths are able to freely practice their faith without fear of being discriminated against or punished. It is important to note that this research continually highlights the necessity of open and constructive conversation, policy changes, and balanced media portrayal in the process of revising the dominant narrative. The fundamental objective of this initiative is to foster a conversation that emphasizes the utmost significance of social justice, equality, and inclusion within the framework of the modern-day India.

Anahtar Kelimeler

History of Religions, Hindu Nationalism, Hindutva-Muslim Conflict, Religious Discrimination, Minorities in İndia, Islamophobia.

Kaynakça

• Ahmad, Zubair. ‘External Definition or Self-Assertion of Separateness: Understanding Muslim Identity in Post-Colonial India’. Social Change 50/4 (December 2020), 515–531. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049085720957511
• Alam, Sughra et al. ‘An Analysis of the Narrowing Space of Secularism in India and Its Ramifications in the Region’. Liberal Arts and Social Sciences International Journal (LASSIJ) 6/2 (31 December 2022), 122–143. https://doi.org/10.47264/idea.lassij/6.2.7
• Anand, Dibyesh. ‘Anxious Sexualities: Masculinity, Nationalism and Violence’. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations 9/2 (May 2007), 257–269. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-856x.2007.00282.x
• Arslan Bin Shahid, Lubna Sunawar. ‘Indian Politico-Religious Extremism and Kashmir: A Study Of Modi’s India’. Pakistan Journal of International Affairs 4/2 (2021). https://doi.org/10.52337/pjia.v4i2.167
• Bacchetta, Paola. ‘Sacred Space in Conflict in India: The Babri Masjid Affair’. Growth and Change 31/2 (January 2000), 255–284. https://doi.org/10.1111/0017-4815.00128
• Banaji, Shakuntala. ‘Orientalism, Modernity and Hindutva Fascism in India’. Javnost - The Public 25/4 (2 October 2018), 333–350. https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2018.1463349
• Bandyopadhyay, Ranjan. ‘Who Owns the Past? The Politics of Religious Heritage in Contemporary India’. Tourism Review 71/3 (15 August 2016), 234–243. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-09-2016-0035
• Benford, Robert D. - Hunt, Scott A. ‘Dramaturgy and Social Movements: The Social Construction and Communication of Power*’. Sociological Inquiry 62/1 (January 1992), 36–55. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682X.1992.tb00182.x
• Berenschot, Ward. ‘Patterned Pogroms: Patronage Networks as Infrastructure for Electoral Violence in India and Indonesia’. Journal of Peace Research 57/1 (January 2020), 171–184. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343319889678
• Britton, Joanne. ‘Muslim Men, Racialised Masculinities and Personal Life’. Sociology 53/1 (February 2019), 36–51. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038517749780
• Chantler, Khatidja et al. ‘Muslim Women and Gender Based Violence in India and the UK’. Critical Social Policy 39/2 (May 2019), 163–183. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261018318769814
• Chatterjee, Partha. ‘History and the Nationalization Of Hinduism’. Social Research 59/1 (1992), 111–149.
• Chaudhary, Divyanshu. ‘Indian Constitution Vis-À-Vis The Idea of Secularism: The Role of State in The Ongoing Trends’. Kathmandu School of Law Review, 100–111. https://doi.org/10.46985/kslr.v7i1.1204
• Corbridge, Stuart - Harriss, John. Reinventing India: Liberalization, Hindu Nationalism and Popular Democracy. Cambridge, UK : Malden, MA: Polity, 1st edition., 2000.
• Darby, Phillip. ‘Security, Spatiality, and Social Suffering’. Alternatives: Global, Local, Political 31/4 (October 2006), 453–473. https://doi.org/10.1177/030437540603100405
• De Leon, Cedric et al. ‘Political Articulation: Parties and the Constitution of Cleavages in the United States, India, and Turkey’. Sociological Theory 27/3 (September 2009), 193–219. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9558.2009.01345.x
• Entman, Robert M. Scandal and Silence: Media Responses to Presidential Misconduct. Cambridge, UK ; Malden, MA: Polity, 1st edition., 2012.
• Garalytė, Kristina. ‘Symbolic Boundaries and Moral Demands of Dalit Student Activism’. South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal 22 (15 December 2019). https://doi.org/10.4000/samaj.6511
• Haque, M. Mohibul - Khan, Abdullah. ‘Mapping Islamophobia: The Indian Media Environment’. Islamophobia Studies Journal 8/1 (2023). https://doi.org/10.13169/islastudj.8.1.0083
• Haynes, Jeffrey. ‘Introductory Thoughts about Peace, Politics and Religion’. Religions 11/5 (13 May 2020), 242. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11050242
• Herman, Edward S. - Chomsky, Noam. Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media. New York: Pantheon, 2002.
• Iyengar, Shanto - Kinder, Donald R. News That Matters: Television and American Opinion, Updated Edition. Chicago,: University of Chicago Press, 2010.
• Jaffrelot, Christophe. The Hindu Nationalist Movement in India. New York: Columbia University Press, 1995. Khan, M. A. Muqtedar - Lutful, Rifat Binte. ‘Emerging Hindu Rashtra and Its Impact on Indian Muslims’. Religions 12/9 (27 August 2021), 693. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12090693
• Kinnvall, Catarina - Svensson, Ted. ‘Hindu Nationalism, Diaspora Politics and Nation-Building in India’. Australian Journal of International Affairs 64/3 (June 2010), 274–292. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357711003736451
• Köhrsen, Jens. ‘How Religious Is the Public Sphere? A Critical Stance on the Debate about Public Religion and Post-Secularity’. Acta Sociologica 55/3 (September 2012), 273–288. https://doi.org/10.1177/0001699312445809
• Krugman, Paul R. The Age of Diminished Expectations, Third Edition: U.S. Economic Policy in the 1990s. Cambridge, Mass.: Mit Pr, 1997.
• Kurien, P. A. ‘Multiculturalism and “American” Religion: The Case of Hindu Indian Americans’. Social Forces 85/2 (1 December 2006), 723–741. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2007.0015
• Kutlutürk, Cemil. Hint Düşüncesinde İslam Algısı. İstanbul: Dergah Yayınları, 2019.
• Lambert-Hurley, Siobhan. ‘“Human or Not, Everyone Has Their Own Habits and Tastes”: Food, Identity and Difference in Muslim South Asia’. Global Food History 9/2 (4 May 2023), 194–216. https://doi.org/10.1080/20549547.2023.2196924
• Mahmudabad, Ali Khan. ‘Indian Muslims and the Anti-CAA Protests: From Marginalization Towards Exclusion’. South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal 24/25 (14 December 2020). https://doi.org/10.4000/samaj.6701
• Malji, Andrea. ‘Gendered Islamophobia: The Nature of Hindu and Buddhist Nationalism in India and Sri Lanka’. Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism 21/2 (September 2021), 172–193. https://doi.org/10.1111/sena.12350
• Mistry, Malika B. ‘Muslims in India: A Demographic and Socio-Economic Profile’. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 25/3 (December 2005), 399–422. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602000500408468
• Nagarwal, Narender. ‘The Citizenship Amendment Act 2019: An Insight through Constitutional and Secularism Perspective’. Journal of Asian and African Studies 57/8 (December 2022), 1562–1576. https://doi.org/10.1177/00219096211058883
• Nandan, Aniket. ‘Revival of Hindu Nationalism: Interplay of Religion and Caste in 21st Century’s India’. Athens Journal of Social Sciences 5/4 (30 September 2018), 441–454. https://doi.org/10.30958/ajss.5-4-5
• Narayanan, Yamini. ‘Animating Caste: Visceral Geographies of Pigs, Caste, and Violent Nationalisms in Chennai City’. Urban Geography 44/10 (26 November 2023), 2185–2205. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2021.1890954
• Ohlan, Ramphul. ‘Economic Violence among Women of Economically Backward Muslim Minority Community: The Case of Rural North India’. Future Business Journal 7/1 (December 2021), 28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-021-00074-9
• Parameswaran, Radhika. ‘Global Media Events in India: Contests over Beauty, Gender and Nation’. Journalism & Communication Monographs 3/2 (June 2001), 52–105. https://doi.org/10.1177/152263790100300202
• Parhan, Muhamad et al. ‘Responding to Islamophobia by Internalizing the Value of Islam Rahmatan Lil Alamin through Using the Media’. Islam Realitas: Journal of Islamic and Social Studies 6/2 (31 December 2020), 139. https://doi.org/10.30983/islam_realitas.v6i2.3695
• Patel, Ismail Adam. ‘Islamophobia in India: The Orientalist Reformulation of Tipu Sultan— The Tiger of Mysore’. Islamophobia Studies Journal 7/1 (16 June 2022). https://doi.org/10.13169/islastudj.7.1.0082
• Raghuvanshy, Garima. ‘On the Explanatory Adequacy of the Hindutva-as-Brahmanical Model’. Oñati Socio-Legal Series 13/1 (1 February 2023), 127–155. https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1334
• Rao, Sharanya - Mason, Chandra D. ‘Minority Stress and Well-Being under Anti-Sodomy Legislation in India.’ Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity 5/4 (December 2018), 432–444. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000291
• Rasheed, Akif. ‘Role of Hindutva Ideology in Escalation of Extremism in India: A Comparative Analysis of Congress and BJP Govt. (2009-2019)’. Pakistan Languages and Humanities Review 6/II (30 June 2022). https://doi.org/10.47205/plhr.2022(6-II)83
• Reddy, Deepa S. ‘Hindutva: Formative Assertions’. Religion Compass 5/8 (August 2011), 439–451. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-8171.2011.00290.x
• Saleem, Muniba et al. ‘Perceived Discrimination and Intergroup Behaviors: The Role of Muslim and American Identity Integration’. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 49/4 (May 2018), 602–617. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022118763113
• Sathish, C. ‘Representation of Minorities in Panchayati Raj Institutions in Rural Tamil Nadu: The Influence of Caste, Class, Religion and Gender’. Sociological Bulletin 68/3 (December 2019), 357–378. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038022919876417
• Savarkar, Vinayak Damodar. Hindutva - Who Is a Hindu. New Delhi: Hindi Sahitya Sadan, 2012.
• Shrivastwa, Bimal Kishore. ‘Exploitation of Minority Community in Nasrin’s Lajja: Marxist Perspective’. Pakistan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 10/3 (30 September 2022). https://doi.org/10.52131/pjhss.2022.1003.0261 Sikander, Zainab. ‘Islamophobia in Indian Media’. Islamophobia Studies Journal 6/2 (2021). https://doi.org/10.13169/islastudj.6.2.0120
• Sircar, Neelanjan. ‘Religion-as-Ethnicity and the Emerging Hindu Vote in India’. Studies in Indian Politics 10/1 (June 2022), 79–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/23210230221082824
• Stockmans, Jep - Büscher, Karen. ‘A Spatial Reading of Urban Political-Religious Conflict: Contested Urban Landscapes in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia’. The Journal of Modern African Studies 55/1 (March 2017), 79–104. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X1600077X
• Talbot, Ian - Singh, Gurharpal. The Partition of India. Cambridge University Press, 2009.
• Ülker, Osman. ‘Politics, Society and Violence: The Role of the Indian Police in the 2002 Gujarat Riots’. Journal of Eurasian Inquiries / Avrasya İncelemeleri Dergisi 10/1 (31 March 2021). https://doi.org/10.26650/jes.2021.007
• Vaishnav, Milan. ‘Religious Nationalism and India’s Future’. The BJP in Power: Indian Democracy and Religious Nationalism. Washington, D.C: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2019. https://carnegieendowment.org/files/BJP_In_Power_final.pdf
• Varshney, Ashutosh. Ethnic Conflict and Civic Life: Hindus and Muslims in India. New Haven: Yale University Press, Second edition., 2003.
• Ziegfeld, Adam. ‘Alliance Politics Amid the BJP’s Rise: More Continuity than Change in 2019’. Studies in Indian Politics 7/2 (December 2019), 191–205. https://doi.org/10.1177/2321023019874894 ‘Sachar Committee Report’. Ministry of Minority Affairs, 2006. https://www.minorityaffairs.gov.in/show_content.php?lang=1&level=0&ls_id=14&lid=14