Nijerya'nın Benin şehrindeki bir taşkın tutma gölünün su kalitesi ve plankton biyoçeşitliliği

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 89 - 102, 30.12.2025

Emeka Donald Anyanwu , Flora Ebaimoh Mukah , Precious Chizaram Okani , Amarachi Grace Stephen

https://doi.org/10.51756/marlife.1786428

Öz

Birçok şehir ve bölgede artan sel riski, sel kontrol sistemlerine sel tutma göllerinin dahil edilmesini zorunlu kılmıştır. İnsan yapımı su kütleleri önemli ekolojik faydalar sağlayabilir. Bir sel tutma gölünün su kalitesi ve plankton topluluğu, kuru ve ıslak mevsimlerde iki istasyon kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Toplam on su kalitesi değişkeni ile fitoplankton ve zooplankton çeşitliliği, standart analitik ve tanımlama teknikleri kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Gölün tür zenginliği ve trofik durumu da değerlendirilmiştir. Su sıcaklığı (24,00-28,00°C), pH (6,10-7,20), elektriksel iletkenlik (221,00-560,00 µS/cm), toplam çözünmüş katı madde (113,00 - 279,00 mg/L), bulanıklık (0,30-2,50 NTU), çözünmüş oksijen (1,80-3,80 mg/L), biyokimyasal oksijen ihtiyacı (1,50-4,40 mg/L), fosfat (0,04-0,09 mg/L) ve nitrat (0,08-0,29 mg/L) gibi su kalitesi parametrelerinin aralığı sunulmuştur. Çözünmüş oksijen ve biyokimyasal oksijen ihtiyacı değerleri limitlere uymamış, istasyon 2 ve kuru mevsimde ise daha yüksek değerler kaydedilmiştir. Toplam 50 fitoplankton türü (1696 birey) ve 35 zooplankton türü (980 birey) kaydedilmiştir. Fitoplankton için Shannon-Weiner ve çeşitlilik indeksi 3,484 ile 3,750 arasında, zooplankton için ise 3,056 ile 3,360 arasında değişmiştir. Margalef indeksi fitoplankton için 5,159 ile 7,314 arasında, zooplankton için ise 4,014 ile 5,541 arasında dalgalanmıştır. Eşitlik indeksi ise fitoplankton için 0,8296 ile 0,9057 arasında, zooplankton için ise 0,7815 ile 0,8224 arasında değişmiştir. Nygaard indeksleri Myxophycean (0,72), Chlorococcales (1,84), Diatoms (0,14), Euglenophycean (0,32) ve Compound Quotient (4,09) iken, Rotifera, Cladocera, Copepoda (RCC) indeksi %39,09 olmuştur. Bazı kirliliğe dayanıklı türlerin varlığı, gölün ötrofik duruma doğru eğilim gösterdiğinin bir göstergesiydi. Gölün genel durumu, tasarımı ve insan faaliyetlerinden kaynaklanıyor olabilir. Sonuç olarak, göl hala plankton ve balıkçılık gelişimini desteklemek için uygundur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Plankton , Taşkın Kontrolü , Çeşitlilik , Endeksler , Besleyici

Proje Numarası

Not Applicable

Water quality and plankton biodiversity of a flood retention lake in Benin City, Nigeria

Öz

Increased risk of flooding in many cities and regions has necessitated the inclusion of flood retention lakes in flood control systems. Man-made water bodies can provide significant ecological benefits. The water quality and plankton assemblage of a flood retention lake was assessed using two stations in dry and wet seasons. A total of ten water quality variables and phytoplankton and zooplankton diversity were examined using standard analytical and identification techniques. The lake’s richness and trophic status was also evaluated. The range of water quality parameters such as water temperature (24.00-28.00C), pH (6.10-7.20), electrical conductivity (221.00-560.00 µS/cm), total dissolved solids (113.00 - 279.00 mg/L), turbidity (0.30-2.50 NTU), dissolved oxygen (1.80-3.80 mg/L), biochemical oxygen demand (1.50-4.40 mg/L), phosphate (0.04-0.09 mg/L) and nitrate (0.08-0.29 mg/L) were presented. Dissolved oxygen and biochemical oxygen demand values did not conform to limits while station 2 and dry season had higher values. A total of 50 phytoplankton species comprising 1696 individuals and zooplankton with 35 species comprising 980 individuals were recorded. Shannon-Weiner and diversity index was varied from 3.484 to 3.750 for phytoplankton and from 3.056 to 3.360 for zooplankton. Margalef index fluctuated between 5.159 and 7.314 for phytoplankton and between 4.014 and 5.541 for zooplankton whereas Evenness index ranged from 0.8296 to 0.9057 for phytoplankton and from 0.7815 to 0.8224 for zooplankton. Nygaard indices were Myxophycean (0.72), Chlorococcales (1.84), Diatoms (0.14), Euglenophycean (0.32) and Compound Quotient (4.09) while Rotifera, Cladocera, Copepoda (RCC) index was 39.09%. The presence of some pollution tolerant species was an indication that the lake was tending towards eutrophic condition. The general condition of the lake could be due its design and anthropogenic activities. In conclusion, the lake is still suitable to support plankton and fishery development.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Plankton , Benin City , Diversity indices , Flood retention Lake , Trophic structure , Water quality

Etik Beyan

Not applicable. Ethical Statement has been uploaded.

Destekleyen Kurum

Not Applicable

Proje Numarası

Not Applicable

Kaynakça

• AAA Paving, (2024). What are retention ponds and why do they matter? AAA Paving Company, Houston TX. Retrieved on September 19, 2025 from https://www.aaapaving.com/blog/what-are-retention-ponds-and-why-do-they-matter
• Abdulkarim, B., Ademola, T. B., Ismail, B. L., & Umar, L. (2021). Seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton diversity in relation to chlorophyll contents in Ajiwa Reservoir. Global Scientific and Academic Research Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 1(1), 08-14
• Adejuwon, E. O., Ogwueleka, T. C., Ogungbemi, E. O., Prabhu, R., Rendon-Nava, A., & Yates, K. (2025). Assessment of surface water quality using chemometric tools: A case study of Jabi Lake, Abuja, Nigeria. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil Engineering, 49, 829-852. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-024-01712-2
• Aduwo, A., & Adeniyi, I. (2019). The physico-chemical water quality of the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching and Research Farm Lake, O.A.U. Campus, Ile-Ife, Southwest, Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Protection, 10, 881-899. https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2019.107052
• Akoma, O. C., & Opute, F. I. (2011). Phytoplankton species from Imo River Estuary, Nigeria II: centric diatoms. Nigerian Journal of Botany, 24(2), 275-288.
• Alprol, A. E., Heneash, A. M. M., Soliman, A. M., Ashour, M., Alsanie, W. F., Gaber, A., & Mansour, A. T. (2021). Assessment of water quality, eutrophication, and zooplankton community in Lake Burullus, Egypt. Diversity, 13(6), 268. https://doi.org/10.3390/d13060268
• Amalia, M., Muchamad, B. N., Sutanti, M. P., Elma, S., & Helda, N. (2023). Measuring the use of Detention Basin as flood control system at Campus I Lambung Mangkurat University Banjarmasin, Indonesia. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1184, 012013. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1184/1/012013
• American Water Works Association (2017). Standard Methods for the Analysis of Water and Wastewater (23rd Ed).
• An, S. M., Cho, K., Kim, E. S., Ki, H., Choi, G., & Kang, N. S. (2023). Description and characterization of the Odontella aurita OAOSH22, a marine diatom rich in eicosapentaenoic acid and fucoxanthin, isolated from Osan Harbor, Korea. Marine Drugs, 21(11), 563. https://doi.org/10.3390/md21110563
• Antakil A., & Umaru U. (2025). Effects of anthropogenic activities on water quality and distribution of zooplankton in Kawo Dam, Kontagora, Niger State. International Journal of Environment and Pollution Research, 13(1), 34-47. https://doi.org/10.37745/ijepr.13/vol13n13447
• Anyanwu, E. D., Jonah, U. E., Adetunji, O. G., & Nwoke, O.B. (2023). An appraisal of the physicochemical parameters of Ikwu River, Umuahia, Abia State in South-Eastern, Nigeria for multiple uses. International Journal of Energy and Water Resources, 7, 221–228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42108021-00168-8
• Anyanwu, E. D., Okorie, M. C., & Odo, S. N. (2019). Macroinvertebrates as bioindicators of water quality of effluent-receiving Ossah River, Umuahia, Southeast Nigeria. Zanco Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 31(5), 9-17. https://doi.org/10.21271/zjpas
• Anyanwu, I. N., Ezema, C. A., Ebi, S., Nwajiuba, C. A., Nworie, O., & Anorue, C. O. (2021). Seasonal variation in water quality, plankton diversity and microbial load of tropical freshwater lakes in Nigeria. African Journal of Aquatic Science, 46(4), 414-427. https://doi.org/10.2989/16085914.2021.1931000
• Arab, S., Hamil, S., Rezzaz, M. A., Chaffai, A., & Arab, A. (2019). Seasonal variation of water quality and phytoplankton dynamics and diversity in the surface water of Boukourdane Lake. Algeria. Arabia Journal of Geosciences, 12(2), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-018-4164-4
• Arafat, M. Y, Bakhtiyar, Y., Mir, Z. A., & Tak H. I. (2021). Paradigm of Climate Change and its Influence on Zooplankton. Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia, 18(2), 423-438. https://doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2929
• Asibor, G., & Adeniyi, F. (2022). Phytoplankton flora of Asejire Reservoir, Southwest Nigeria. International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies, 9(3), 9-17. https://doi.org/10.22271/23940522.2022.v9.i3a.895
• Bashir, I., Lone, F. A., Bhat, R. A., Mir, S. A., Dar, Z. A., & Dar, S. A. (2020). Concerns and threats of contamination on aquatic ecosystems. Bioremediation and Biotechnology, 27, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35691-0_1
• Bhandarkar, S., & Bansod, S. (2025). The role of Rotifera as sentinel organism of trophic structure on freshwater ecosystems. International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, 12(2), 41-52. https://doi.org/10.26438/ijsrbs.v12i2.677
• Bhat, R. A.,Singh, D. V., Qadri, H., Dar, G. H., Dervash, M. A., Bhat, S. A., Unal, B. T., Ozturk, M., Hakeem, K. R., & Yousaf, B. (2022). Vulnerability of municipal solid waste: An emerging threat to aquatic ecosystems. Chemosphere, 287(3), 132223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132223
• Brink, I. C., & Kamish, W. (2018). Associations between stormwater retention pond parameters and pollutant (suspended solids and metals) removal efficiencies. Water SA, 44(1), 45-53. https://doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v44i1.06
• Dang, P. D., Khoi, N. V., Nga, L. N., Thanh, D. N., & Hai, H. T. (2015). Identification Handbook of Freshwater Zooplankton of the Mekong River and its Tributaries. Mekong River Commission.
• Daramola, M. T., Eresanya, E. O., & Erhabor, S. C. (2017). Analysis of rainfall and temperature over climatic zones in Nigeria. Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International, 11(2), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.9734/JGEESI/2017/35304
• Davidova, R., & Doychev, D. (2025). The community structure of Testate amoebae (Amoebozoa, Rhizaria) and their relation to water pH in reservoirs in Northeastern Bulgaria. Journal of Wildlife and Biodiversity, 9(2), 258-273. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15512891
• Di Carvalho, J. A., & Wickham, S. A. (2020). Does spatiotemporal nutrient variation allow more species to coexist? Oecologia, 194, 695-707. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-020-04768-9
• Dong, A., Yu, X., Yin, Y., & Zhao, K. (2022). Seasonal variation characteristics and the factors affecting plankton community structure in the Yitong River, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(24), 17030. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192417030
• Dong, X., Qin, J. G., & Zhang, X. M. (2011). Fish adaptation to oxygen variations in aquaculture from hypoxia to hyperoxia. Journal of Fisheries and Aquaculture, 2(2), 23-28.
• Dorak, Z., Gaygusuz, Ö., Köker, L., Albay, M., & Akçaalan, R. (2025). Environmental factors affecting the spatio-temporal distribution of zooplankton functional groups in a deep alkaline lake. Hydrobiologia, 852, 2623-2643. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-024-05600-8
• Ekhator, O., Opute, F. I., & Akoma, O. C. (2014). A checklist of the phytoplankton flora of a Southern Nigerian Lotic Ecosystem. Current Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 6(1), 1-6.
• Enawgaw, Y., Wagaw, S., Wosnie, A., & Tessema, K. (2023). Zooplankton as ecosystem indicators and their effects on eutrophication in Lake Arekit (Ethiopia)-implication for freshwater habitat management. Journal of Freshwater Ecology, 38(1), 2287433. https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.2023.2287433
• Floyd, A. C., Oikpor, R., & Ekene, B. (2016). An assessment of climate change in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. FUTY Journal of the Environment, 10(1), 87-94.
• Geng, Y., Li, M., Yu, R., Sun, H., Zhang, L., Sun, L., Lv, C., & Xu, J. (2022). Response of planktonic diversity and stability to environmental drivers in a shallow eutrophic lake. Ecological Indicators, 144, 109560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.109560
• George, U. U., Mbong, E. O., & Ita, R. E. (2021). Spatio-temporal variation in phytoplankton distribution and abundance in a tropical freshwater body in Niger Delta, Nigeria. Nature and Science, 19(4), 18-26. https://doi.org/10.7537/marsnsj190421.04
• Giao, N. T., & Nhien, H. T. H. (2020). Phytoplankton-water quality relationship in water bodies in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Applied Environmental Research, 42(2), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.35762/AER.2020.42.2
• Goździejewska, A. M., & Kruk, M. (2022). Zooplankton network conditioned by turbidity gradient in small anthropogenic reservoirs. Scientific Reports, 12, 3938. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-08045-y
• Hammer, Ø., Harper, D. A. T., & Ryan, P. D. (2001). PAST (Version 4.03): Paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontoligica Electronica, 4(1), 9.
• Hao, X., Shi, X., Zhao, S., Yu, H., Kang, R., Han, Y., Sun, Y., & Wang, S. (2024). Impacts of temperature and nutrient dynamics on phytoplankton in a Lake: A case study of Wuliangsuhai Lake, China. Sustainability, 16, 11195. https://doi.org/10.3390/su162411195
• Janke, B. D., Finlay, J. C., Taguchi, V. J., & Gulliver, J. S. (2022). Hydrologic processes regulate nutrient retention in stormwater detention ponds. Science of the Total Environment, 823, 153722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153722
• Janse van Vuuren, S., Taylor, J., Gerber, A., & van Ginkel, C. (2006). Easy identification of the most common freshwater algae. A guide for the identification of microscopic algae in South African freshwaters. Retrieved on July 17, 2017 from https://www.dws.gov.za/iwqs/eutrophication/NEMP/ Janse_van_Vuuren_2006_Easy_identification_of_the_most_common_freshwater_algae.pdf
• Jeje, C. Y., & Fernando, C. H. (1986). A practical guide to the identification of Nigerian zooplankton. Kainji Lake Research Institute Press.
• Jia, J., Gao, Y., Zhou, F., Shi, K., Johnes, P. J., Dungait, J. A. Ma, M., & Lu, Y. (2020). Identifying the main drivers of change of phytoplankton community structure and gross primary productivity in a river-lake system. Journal of Hydrology, 583, 124633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.124633
• Kasco Marine (2025). Retention Ponds. Retrieved on September 19, 2025 from https://kascomarine.com/blog/retention-ponds
• Kitikidou, K., Milios, E., Stampoulidis, A., Pipinis, E., & Radoglou, K. (2024). Using biodiversity indices effectively: considerations for forest management. Ecologies, 5(1), 42-51. https://doi.org/10.3390/ecologies5010003
• Kozuharov, D., Stanachkova, M., Janev, P., & Stanachkov, S. (2013). Introduction of RCC Index for Stand Water Bodies. Comptes rendus de l'Académie bulgare des Sciences, 66(11), 1563-1570.
• Kumar, S. & Veerwal, B. (2024) Importance of plankton in aquatic ecosystem. In: Kajal, G., Ramandeep, K., Pooja, P., & Duhan, K. (eds) Futuristic Trends in Agriculture Engineering and Food Sciences (pp. 1-6). Selfypage Developers Pvt. Ltd.
• Li, Z., Gao, Y., Wang, S., Lu, Y., Sun, K., Jia, J., & Wang, J. (2021). Phytoplankton community response to nutrients along lake salinity and altitude gradients on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Ecological Indicators, 128, 107848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.107848
• Margalef, R. (1958). Information theory in ecology. General Systems, 3, 36-71.
• Mesquita, M. C., Prestes, A. C. C., Gomes, A. M., & Marinho, M. M., (2020). Direct effects of temperature on growth of different tropical phytoplankton species. Microbial Ecology, 79, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-019-01384-w
• Microsoft Corporation. (2010). Microsoft Excel. https://office.microsoft.com/excel
• NESREA (2011). Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria. Nigeria Environmental Standard and Regulatory Enforcement Agency.
• Nigerian Observer (2023). To mitigate flooding in GRA, Benin City, we have constructed 3 retention ponds for erosion control. Nigerian Observer. Retrieved on September 19, 2025 from https://nigerianobservernews.com/2023/04/to-mitigate-flooding-in-gra-benin-city-we-have-constructed-3-retention-ponds-for-erosion-control/
• Nunes, P., Roland, F., Amado, A. M., Resende, N. S., & Cardoso, S. J. (2022). Responses of Phytoplanktonic Chlorophyll-a Composition to Inorganic Turbidity Caused by Mine Tailings. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 9, 605838. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2021.605838
• Nygaard, G. (1949). Hydrobiological studies on some Danish ponds and lakes II. The quotient hypothesis and some new or little known phytoplankton organisms. Ejnar Munksgaard.
• Olsen, M. L., Olsen, K., & Jensen, P. E. (2024). Consumer acceptance of microalgae as a novel food-Where are we now? And how to get further. Physiologia Plantarum, 176(3), e14337. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.14337
• Omoboye, H. Y., Aduwo, A. I., Adewole, H., & Adeniyi, I. F. (2022). Water quality and planktonic community of Owalla Reservoir, Osun State, Southwest Nigeria. Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia, 34, e11. https://doi.org/10.1590/S2179-975X1820
• Pandya, M., Radadia, B. B., Vyas, A., & Vyas, M. A. (2024). Correlation analysis of physicochemical parameters and zooplankton found in Dholi Dhaja Dam, Surendranagar, Gujarat. Journal of Advanced Zoology, 45(1), 300-306.
• Phan, N-T., Duong, Q. H., Tran-Nguyen, Q. A., & Trinh-Dang, M. (2021). The Species Diversity of Tropical Freshwater Rotifers (Rotifera: Monogononta) in Relation to Environmental Factors. Water, 13, 1156. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13091156
• Phinyo, K., Pekkoh, J., & Peerapornpisal, Y. (2017). Distribution and ecological habitat of Scenedesmus and related genera in some freshwater resources of Northern and North-Eastern Thailand. Biodiversitas, 18, 1092-1099. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d180329
• Pielou, E. C. (1975). Ecological diversity. A Wiley Interscience Publication, John Wiley and Sons, New York, London, Sydney, Toronto.
• Pooja, M. (2021). Assessment of water quality of Segwal dam using Nygaard's phytoplankton quotient. Bioscience Discovery, 12(2), 73-77.
• Qu, J., & Peng, J., (2025). Significance and Enlightenment of Implementing Water Ecological Assessment. Water and Ecology, 1(10), 100002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wateco.2025.100002
• Saputra, E. H., Damiri, N., Imanudin, M. S., & Ngudiantoro, N. (2025). Spatial analysis of flood vulnerability and retention ponds. Journal La Lifesci, 6(1), 81-92. https://doi.org/10.37899/journallalifesci.v6i1.2022
• Seetha, V., & Chandran, M. (2020). Comparative analysis of the physicochemical parameters of selected pond water samples in and around Vellore District, India. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 9(4), 1373-1382. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.904.163
• Shannon, C. E. (1948). A mathematical theory of communication. The Bell System Technical Journal, 27, 379-423. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x
• ST-Gelais, N. F., Lapierre, J.-F., Siron, R., & Maranger, R. (2020). Evaluating Trophic Status as a Proxy of Aquatic Ecosystem Service Provisioning on the Basis of Guidelines. BioScience, 70(12), 1120-1126. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biaa099
• Strong, W. L. (2016). Biased richness and evenness relationships within Shannon-Wiener index values. Ecological Indicators, 67, 703-713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.03.043
• Suleiman, U. F., Ibrahim, S., Isyaku, H. I., Nabila, T. I., Amir, A., Nadede, A. S., & Bello, L. (2021). Effects of Environmental Parameters on Plankton Assemblage in Ajiwa Reservoir, Katsina State, Nigeria. FUDMA Journal of Sciences, 5(1), 118-125. https://doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2021-0501-684
• Tavşanoglu, U. N., Maleki, R., & Akbulut, N. E. (2015). Effects of salinity on the zooplankton community structure in two maar lakes and one freshwater lake in the Konya closed basin, Turkey. Ekoloji, 24(94), 25-32. https://doi.org/10.5053/ekoloji.2015.944
• Ugada, U., & Momoh, Y. (2022). Open Defecation and Eutrophication in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. International Journal of Novel Research in Engineering and Science, 9(1), 31-45. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6962658
• USEPA (2025). pH. Causal Analysis/Diagnosis Decision Information System (CADDIS). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved on September 19, 2025 from https://www.epa.gov/caddis/ph#
• Vermaat, J. E., Matzinger, A., Trajanovska, S., Talevska, M., & Schneider, S. C. (2020). Nutrient retention by the littoral vegetation of a large lake: can Lake Ohrid cope with current and future loading? Limnology and Oceanography, 65(10), 2390-2402. https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.11460
• Wallace, T. A., Ganf, G. G., & Brookes, J. D. (2016). Sediment oxygen demand in a constructed lake in south-eastern Australia. Journal of Environmental Management, 181, 449-454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.07.008
• Waya, R. K., Limbu, S. M., Ngupula, G. W., Mwita, C. J., & Mgaya, Y. D. (2014). Spatial patterns of zooplankton distribution and abundance in relation to phytoplankton, fish catch and some water quality parameters at Shirati Bay, Lake Victoria-Tanzania. Tanzania Journal of Science, 40, 20-32.
• Wu, T., Zhu, G., Zhu, M., Xu, H., Zhang, Y., & Qin, B. (2020). Use of conductivity to indicate long-term changes in pollution processes in Lake Taihu, a large shallow lake. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(17), 21376-21385. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08590-x
• Yulianti, E., & Prasetyo, E. (2024). Optimization of retention pond in flood control efforts in Pekanbaru (Urban Flood System Improvement Project). International Journal of Social Science, 3(5), 561-580. https://doi.org/0.53625/ijss.v3i5.7425
• Yusuf, Z. H. (2020). Phytoplankton as bioindicators of water quality in Nasarawa reservoir, Katsina State Nigeria. Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia, 32, e4. https://doi.org/10.1590/S2179-975X3319
• Zerveas, S., Mente, M. S., Tsakiri, D., & Kotzabasis, K. (2021). Microalgal photosynthesis induces alkalization of aquatic environment as a result of H+ uptake independently from CO2 concentration-new perspectives for environmental application. Journal of Environmental Management, 289, 112546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112546
• Zheng, B. H., Tian, Z. Q., Zhang, L. & Zheng, F. D. (2007). The characteristics of the hydrobios’ distribution and the analysis of water quality along the west shore of Taihu Lake. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 27, 4214-4223.
• Zhikharev, V., Vodeneeva, E., Kudrin, I., Gavrilko, D., Startseva, N., Kulizin, P., Erina, O., Tereshina, M., Okhapkin, A., & Shurganova, G. (2023). The species structure of plankton communities as a response to changes in the trophic gradient of the mouth areas of large tributaries to a Lowland Reservoir. Water, 15(1), 74. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15010074