K vitamini ve sucul canlılara etkisi

Öz

Kanın pıhtılaşmasında ve kemik mineralizasyonunda hayati öneme sahip olduğu bilinen K vitamini, yağda çözünebilen vitaminler grubunda olup, doğal olarak K1 (fillokinon) ve K2 (Menakinon) veya sentetik olarak K3 vitamini (menadion) formundadır. Günümüzde hızla artan besin ihtiyacının karşılanmasında balık yetiştiriciliğindeki üretim artışı, hayvan yemlerinde sentetik K3 vitaminin kullanılması yaygınlaştırmıştır. Bu derleme çalışmasında K vitaminin biyo-kimyası ve sucul canlılardaki önemi vurgulanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• K vitamini
• Sucul canlılar
• Fillokinon
• Menakinon
• Menadion

The effect of vitamin K on aquatic animals

Öz

K vitamin is essential for blood clotting and bone mineralization. It is in the group of fat-soluble vitamins and is naturally in the form of K1 (phylloquinone) and K2 (Menaquinone) or synthetically as vitamin K3 (menadione). Nowadays, in order to meet the rapidly increasing nutrient needs, the increase in production of fish farming has increased the use of synthetic vitamin K3 in animal feed. In this review, biochemistry of vitamin K and its importance in aquatic organisms are emphasized.                                                                                           

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Vitamin K
• Aquatic organisms
• Phylloquinone
• Menaquinone
• Menadione

Kaynakça

1. Anguis, V. & Cañavate, J. P. (2005). Spawning of captive Senegal sole (Solea senegalensis) under a naturally fluctuating temperature regime. Aquaculture, 243(1-4): 133-145.
2. AminiPour, H., Sis, N. M., Razlighi, S. N., Salamat Azar, M., Babazadeh, M. H. & Maddah, M. T. (2011). Effects of vitamin K on ruminant animal: A review. Journal of American Science, 7(9): 135-140.
3. Boskey, A., Gadaleta, S. & Gundberg, C. (1998). Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopic analysis of bones of osteocalcindeficient mice provides insight into the function of osteocalcin. Bone, 23(3): 187-196.
4. Boglione, C., Gavaia, P., Koumoundouros, G., Gisbert, E., Moren, M., Fontagne, S. & Witten, P. E. (2013a). Skeletal anomalies in reared European fishlarvae and juveniles. Part 1: normal and anomalous skeletogenic processes. Reviews in Aquaculture, 5: 99-120.
5. Boglione, C., Gisbert, E., Gavaia, P., Witten, P. E., Moren, M., Fontagne, S. & Koumoundouros, G. (2013b). Skeletal anomalies in reared European fish larvae and juveniles. Part 2: main typologies; occurrences and causative factors. Reviews in Aquaculture, 5: 121-167.
6. Booth, S. L. & Suttie, J. W. (1998). Dietary intake and adequacy of vitamin K. Journal of Nutrition, 128(5): 785-788.
7. Collins, M. D. & Jones, D. (1981). Distribution of isoprenoid quinone structural types in bacteria and their taxonomic implication. Microbiology Reviews, 45(2): 316-354.
8. Dinis, M. T., Ribeiro, L., Soares, F. & Sarasquete, C. (1999). A review on the cultivation potential of Solea senegalensis in Spain and in Portugal. Aquaculture, 176(1-2): 27-38.

9. Ersoy, E. & Bayşu, N. (1986). Biyokimya Ders Kitabı, Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi, Yayın No: 408, Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi Ankara, 989 s.
10. El Asmar, M. S., Naoum, J. J. & Arbid, E. J. (2014). Vitamin K dependent proteins and the role of vitamin K2 in the modulation of vascular calcification: a review. Oman Medical Journal, 29(3):172-177.
11. Fernández, I., Pimentel, M. S., Ortiz-Delgado, J. B., Hontoria, F., Sarasquete, C., Estévez, A., Zambonino-Infante, J. L. & Gisbert, E. (2009). Effect ofdietary vitamin A on Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) skeletogenesis and larval quality. Aquaculture, 295(3-4): 250-265.
12. Fernández, I. & Gisbert, E. (2010). Senegalese sole bone tissue originated from chondral ossification is more sensitive than dermal bone to highvitamin A content in enriched Artemia. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 26(2): 344-349.
13. Fernández, I. & Gisbert, E. (2011). The effect of vitamin A on flatfish development and skeletogenesis: A review. Aquaculture, 315(1-2): 34-48.
14. Gavaia, P. J., Dinis, M. T. & Cancela, M. L. (2002). Osteological development and abnormalities of the vertebral column and caudal skeleton in larval and juvenile stages of hatcheryreared Senegal sole (Solea senegalensis). Aquaculture, 211(1-4): 305-323.
15. Gouillou-Coustans, M. F., Bergot, P. & Kaushik, S. J. (1998). Dietary ascorbic acid needs of Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) larvae. Aquaculture, 161(1-4): 453-461.
16. Gültepe, N. (1999). Searching the cure methods of patojinity and infection of bacterium Pseudomonas elongata on the carpfish (Cyprinus carpio L.), Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Çanakkale, 68 s.
17. Halver, J. E. (1972). Fish Nutrition. New York, Academic Press Inc. 823 p.
18. Halver, J. E. (1989). The Vitamins. In: Halver, J.E. (Ed.), Fish Nutrition. San Diego, USA, Academic Press. p. 32-111.
19. Halver, J. E. & Hardy, R. W. (2002). Fish Nutrition. Third Edit., New York, Academic Press. 824 p.
20. Hoşsu, B., Korkut, A. Y. & Fırat, A. (2008). Balık Besleme ve Yem Teknolojisi I. Ege Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Fakültesi, Yayın No: 50, İzmir, 276 s.
21. Ikeda, Y., Komura, M., Watanave, M., Minami, C., Koike, H., Itoh, S., Koshino, Y. & Satoh K. (2008). Photosystem I complexes associated with fucoxanthin- chlorophyll-binding proteins from a marine centric diatom, Chaetoceros gracilis. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, (1777)4: 351-361.
22. Imsland, A., Foss, A. & Conceição, L. (2003). A review of the culture potential of Solea solea and S. senegalensis. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 13: 379-407.
23. Kaya, S. (2007). [Vitamins]. Veteriner Farmakoloji. 2. Cilt, 4. Baskı. Ankara: Medisa Yayınevi;p. 231, 66. Kanazawa, A., Teshima, S. I. & Sakamoto, M. (1985). Effects of dietary lipids, fatty acids, and phospholipids on growth and survival of prawn (Penaeus japonicus) larvae. Aquaculture, 50(12), 39-49.
24. Kaushik, S. J., Gouillou-Coustans, M. F. & Cho, C. Y. (1998). Application of the recommendations on vitamin requirements of finfish by NRC (1993) to salmonids and sea bass using practical and purified diets. Aquaculture, 161: 463-474.
25. Knapen, M. H., Jie, K. G., Hamulyak, K. & Vermeer, C. (1993). Vitamin K-induced changes in markers for osteoblastic activity and urinary calcium loss. Calcified Tissue International, 5539: 81-85.
26. Koivu-Tikkanen, T. (2001). Determination of phylloquinone and menaquinones in foods by HPLC.
27. Korkut, Y. A., Hoşsu, B. & Gültepe, N. (2002). Balıklarda beslenmeye bağlı hastalıklar. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 19(3-4): 555- 564.
28. Krossøy, C., Waagbø, R. & Ørnsrud, R. (2011). Vitamin K in fish nutrition. Aquaculture Nutrition, 17(6): 585-594.
29. Kitamura, S., Suwa, T., Ohara, S. & Nakagawa, K. (1967). Studies on vitamin requirements of rainbow trout II. The deficiency symptoms of fourteen kinds of vitamins. Bulletin of the Japanese Society for the Science of Fish, 33: 1120-1125.
30. Lambert, W. E. & De Leenher, A. P. (1992). Vitamin K. In: Modern Chromatographic Analysis of Vitamins, 2nd ed (De Leenher, A.P., Lamberts, W. E. & Nelis, H. J. eds), Marcel Dekker Inc, New York, USA p. 214-251.
31. Lall, S. P. & Lewis-McCrea, L. M. (2007). Role of nutrients in skeletal metabolism and pathology in fish-an overview. Aquaculture, 267: 3-19.
32. Lefebvre-Legendre, L., Rappaport, F., Finazzi, G., Ceol, M., Grivet, C., Hopfgartner, G. & Rochaix, J. D. (2007). Loss of phylloquinone in Chlamydomonas affects plastoquinone pool size and photosystem II synthesis. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 282(18): 13250-13263.
33. Lee, N., Sowa, H. & Hinoi, E. (2007). Endocrine regulation of energy metabolism by the skeleton. Cell, 130: 456-469.
34. Luo, G., Ducy, P. & Mckee, M. D. (1997). Spontaneous calcification of arteries and cartilage in mice lacking matrix Gla protein. Nature, 386: 78-81.
35. Manfioletti, G., Brancolini, C., Avanzi, G. & Schneider, C. (1993). The protein encoded by a growth arrest-specific gene (gas6) is a new member of the vitamin K-dependent proteins related to protein S, a negative coregulator in the blood coagulation cascade. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 13: 4976-4985.
36. Mimuro, M., Tsuchiya, T., Inoue, H., Sakuragi, Y., Itoh, Y., Gotoh, T., Miyashita, H., Bryant, D. A. & Bayashi, M. K. (2005). The secondary electron acceptor of photosystem I in Gloeobacter violaceus PCC 7421 is menaquinone-4 that is synthesized by a unique but unknown pathway. FEBS Letters, 579: 3493-3496.
37. Naeye, R. L. (1956). Plasma thromboplastin component: influence of coumarin compounds and vitamin K on its activity in serum. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 91(1): 101-104.
38. NRC, (1993). Nutrient Requirements of Fish, National Academy Press, Washington D. C., USA, 114 p.
39. Oostende, C., Widhalm, J. R. & Basset, G. J. (2008). Detection and quantification of vitamin (K1) quinol in leaf tissues. Phytochemistry, 69(13): 2457-2462.
40. Okechi, J. K. (2004). Profitability assessment: A case study of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) farming in the Lake Victoria basin, Master’s thesis. The United Nations Univeristy Kenya.
41. Olson, R. (1999). Vitamin K. In: Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 9th edn (Shils, M., Olson, J., Shike, M. & Ross, A. eds), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Maryland, USA. p. 363-380.
42. van Oostende, C., Widhalm, J. R. & Basset, G. J. (2008). Detection and quantification of vitamin K1 quinol in leaf tissues. Phytochemistry, 69(13): 2457-2462.
43. Poston, H. A. (1964). Effect of dietary vitamin K and sulfaguanidine on blood coagulation time, microhematocrit, and growth of immature brook trout. The Progressive Fish-Culturist, 26(2): 59-64.
44. Plaza, S. M. & Lamson, D. W. (2005). Vitamin K2 in bone metabolism and osteoporosis. Alternative Medicine Review, 10(1): 24-35. Price, P. A. (1988). Role of vitamin-K-dependent proteins in bone metabolism. Annual Review of Nutrition, 8(1): 565-583.
45. Roy, P. K. & Lall, S. P. (2007). Vitamin K deficiency inhibits mineralization and enhances deformity in vertebrae of haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus L.). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 148(2): 174-183.
46. Shiau, S. Y. & Lin, Y. H. (2006). Vitamin requirements of tilapia–A Review. In: Avances en Nutricion Acuicola VIII (Proceedings of the VIII Simposium Internacional deNutricio 'n Acuı 'cola, Monterrey, 15 November–17November, 2006) (eds L.E. Cruz-Suarez, D. Ricque-Marie and M. Tapia-Salazaret al.). Universidad Autonoma de Nueva Leon, Monterrey, Mexico, p.129-138.
47. Shiau, S. Y. & Liu, J. S. (1994a). Quantifying the vitamin K requirement of juvenile marine shrimp (Penaeus monodon) with menadione. The Journal of Nutrition, 124(2): 277-282.
48. Shiau, S. Y. & Liu, J. S. (1994b). Estimation of the dietary vitamin K requirement of juvenile Penaeus chinensis using menadione. Aquaculture, 126(1-2): 129-135.
49. Tacon, A. G. J. (1992). Nutritional fish pathology. Morphological signs of nutrient deficiency and toxicity in farmed fish. FAO Fish Technical Paper No. 330. FAO, Rome, Italy.
50. Taveekijakarn, P., Miyazaki, T., Matsumoto, M. & Arai, S. (1996). Studies on vitamin K deficiency in amago salmon, Oncorhynchus rhodurus (Jordan & McGregor). Journal of Fish Diseases, 19(3), 209-214.
51. Udagawa, M. & Murai, T. (2001). Content of phylloquinone and menaquinone in the tissues of mummichog Fundulus heteroclitus fed diets containing different forms of vitamin K. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, 47(2): 91-95.
52. Vermeer, C., Knapen, M. H. & Schurgers, L. J. (1998). Vitamin K and metabolic bone disease. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 51(6): 424-426.
53. Waagbø, R. (2008). Reducing production related diseases in farmed fish. In: Improving farmed fish quality and safety. Woodhead Publishing, p. 363-398.
54. Yoshida, E., Nakamura, A. & Watanabe, T. (2003). Reversed-phase HPLC determination of chlorophyll-a and naphthoquinones in photosystem I of red algae: existence of two menaquinone-4 molecules in photosystem I of Cyanidium caldarium. Analytical Sciences, 19(7): 1001- 1005.