Öz

Covid-19'un dünyadaki insan yaşamının farklı bileşenleri üzerindeki olumsuz etkilerini anlama çabaları giderek artmaktadır. Balıkçılık ve su ürünleri yetiştiriciliği krizden en çok etkilenen sektörler arasındadır. Bu sektörler Türkiye ekonomisi için yüksek ihracat potansiyeline sahiptir. Bu nedenle bu çalışmada Covid-19'un Türkiye'nin su ürünleri ihracatı üzerindeki ilk etkileri değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmada kullanılan su ürünlerinin miktarına (kg) ve gümrük değerine (USD) ilişkin ihracat verileri 2019 ve 2020'nin ilk çeyreğine aittir. Fisher miktar endeksi ve fiyat endeksi, 2019-2020 yılları arasında ihraç edilen ürünlerin miktar ve gümrük değerlerinin ortalama olarak sırasıyla % 3,79 ve % 4,22 azaldığını göstermiştir. İhracat istatistiklerinin ayrıntılı analizi, ihraç edilen bazı ürünlerin ve ihraç edilen bazı ülkelerin Türkiye’nin su ürünleri ihracatının yönünü ve gücünü belirlediğini göstermiştir. Bu ürünler ağırlıklı olarak taze levrek, çipura, mavi yüzgeçli orkinos, sazan ve başlıca ülkeler ise Almanya, Hollanda, İspanya, İtalya, Rusya, Yunanistan ve Japonya olup, bu ürünlerin 2019'dan 2020'ye göre ihracatı % -7,89 (miktar) ve % -7,43 (gümrük değeri-$) azalmıştır. Bunların yanında Çin, Hong Kong ve ABD'ye ihraç edilen dondurulmuş deniz hıyarı sırasıyla % 56,07, % 24 ve % 5,5 oranında, dondurulmuş veya taze yengeç, karides, ıstakoz, dondurulmuş fileto (alabalık, çipura ve levrek) ve canlı balık (çipura ve levrek) ihracatı da sırasıyla % 31,08 ve % 48,55 oranında azalmıştır. Genel düşüşün aksine Güney Kore, Yunanistan ve Çin'e ihraç edilen taze, canlı ve dondurulmuş salyangoz, midye, ahtapot, kalamar, mürekkepbalığı 2020'de 2019' a göre % 58,59 oranında artmıştır. Ayrıca, ihraç edilen kurutulmuş, tuzlanmış veya salamura edilmiş balık ve tütsülenmiş balık (miktar olarak % 7,24), konserve su ürünleri (miktar olarak % 26,63) ve donmuş levrek, çipura ve ton balığı (miktar olarak% 7.56) artmıştır. Sonuç olarak, genelde, konserve, dondurulmuş ve tütsülenmiş balık olarak ihraç edilen ürünlerin talebinde bir artış olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ancak bu artışlar, henüz diğer ürünlerin taleplerindeki düşüşleri telafi etmemiştir. Bu kaotik durumda, Türk hükümeti öncelikle kısa dönemde balıkçılık ve su ürünleri yetiştiriciliği sektörlerine derhal fon sağlamalıdır. Risk yönetimi bağlamında, hükümet orta ve uzun vadede balıkçılık ve su ürünleri yetiştiriciliği sektörlerini korumak ve iyileştirmek amacıyla işleme endüstrileri için hem hacim hem de ürün çeşitliliğinde kapasitenin arttırılması ile ilgili olarak yeni düzenlemeler ve promosyonlar yapmalıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• COVID-19
• su ürünleri ihracatı
• Türkiye

The evaluation of the early impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the export of fishery commodities of Turkey

Öz

Increasing attempts have been directed to understand the negative impacts of COVID-19 on different components of human life across the World. Fisheries and aquaculture sectors which are important sectors with high potential for export in the Turkish economy were immediately hit by the crisis. In this study, therefore, the early impacts of the COVID-19 on the export of aquatic products of Turkey were evaluated by using export data on quantity (kg) and customs value (USD) of the aquatic products belong to the first quarter period of 2019 and 2020. Fisher quantity index and price index showed that the mean values of exported products in both quantity and customs were decreased by 3.79% and 4.22% from 2019 to 2020, respectively. Drill-down analysis of export statistics showed that fresh Sea bass, Sea bream, Bluefin tuna, Carp were main exported products and Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, Italy, Russia, Greece, and Japan were main exported countries that determined the way and strength of the Turkish export on aquatic products. Their exports from 2019 to 2020 were changed as -7.89% (in quantity) and -7.43% (in customs value-USD). Frozen sea cucumber exported to China, Hong Kong, and the USA was decreased by 56.07%, 24%, and 5.5%, respectively. The export of frozen or fresh crab, shrimp, lobster, frozen fillet (trout, sea bream and sea bass) and live fish (sea bream and sea bass) were also decreased by 31.08% and 48.55%, respectively. In contrast to the general decrease, the quantity of fresh, live, and frozen snails, mussels, octopus, squid and cuttlefish exported to South Korea, Greece, and China was increased by 58.59%. Also, the export of dried, salted, or pickled and smoked fish (7.24% in quantity), canned aquatic products (26.63% in quantity) and frozen sea bass, sea bream, and tuna fish (7.56% in quantity) were increased. In conclusion, it was clearly identified that, in general, the products exported as mostly canned, frozen, and smoked fish have experienced an increase in demand. However, these increases have not been compensated for the decreases in demand for other products, yet. In that chaotic situation, therefore, the Turkish government should immediately fund the fisheries and aquaculture sectors. In the context of risk management, the government also should make new arrangements and promotions for processing industries (enhancing the capacity both in volume and in product variety) to protect and improve fishing and aquaculture sectors in the mid and long term.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• COVID-19
• Fish export
• Turkey

Kaynakça

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