Visegrád Dörtlüsü'nde Popülist Radikal Sağ: Ayrışan Stratejiler, Yakınlaşan Gündemler

Öz

Vişegrad Dörtlüsü (V4) olarak adlandırılan Polonya, Macaristan, Çekya ve Slovakya'da popülist radikal sağ (PRR) partilerin yükselişi Orta Avrupa siyasetini yeniden şekillendirmiştir. Farklı ulusal stratejilere rağmen bu partiler liberal demokrasi, Avrupa entegrasyonu ve çok kültürlülüğe karşı ortak bir gündemi paylaşmaktadır. Bu makale bu partilerin gelişimini, ideolojik değişimlerini ve siyasi etkilerini incelemektedir. Karşılaştırmalı niteliksel bir analiz kullanan bu çalışma, PRR partilerinin tarihsel anlatıları, milliyetçiliği ve Avrupa şüpheciliğini nasıl manipüle ettiğini araştırmak için parti manifestolarından, seçim verilerinden ve söylem analizinden yararlanmaktadır. Macaristan'da Fiatal Demokraták Szövetsége-Magyar Polgári Szövetség (Fidesz) ve Polonya'da Prawo i Sprawiedliwość (PiS) illiberal yönetişimi kurumsallaştırırken, Çekya ve Slovakya'daki PRR hareketleri parçalı ancak etkili olmaya devam etmektedir. 2015 göç krizi ve AB koşulluluk mekanizmaları bu hareketlerin radikalleşmesini ve ana akımlaşmasını hızlandırmıştır. Bulgular, PRR partilerinin ana akım muhafazakârlarla işbirliği yaparak ve ulusal kimlikleri yeniden şekillendirerek başarılı olduklarını ve demokratik gerilemeyi teşvik ettiklerini ortaya koymaktadır. Farklı bağlamlarda faaliyet göstermelerine rağmen, ortak ideolojik özleri ve yönetişim taktikleri Avrupa liberalizmine karşı birleşik bir meydan okuma sunmaktadır. Bu makale, PRR'nin bölgesel ve uluslarüstü siyaseti yeniden şekillendirmedeki rolünü vurgulayarak illiberalizm, popülizm ve AB ilişkileri tartışmalarına katkıda bulunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Popülizm
• Radikal Sağ
• Vişegrad Dörtlüsü
• Milliyetçilik
• Demokratik Gerileme

Populist Radical Right in the Visegrád Four: Diverging Strategies, Converging Agendas

Öz

The rise of populist radical right-wing (PRR) parties in the Visegrád Four (V4), Poland, Hungary, Czechia and Slovakia, has reshaped Central European politics. Despite divergent national strategies, these parties share a converging agenda opposing liberal democracy, European integration, and multiculturalism. This article examines their evolution, ideological shifts, and political impact. Using a comparative qualitative analysis, this study draws on party manifestos, electoral data, and discourse analysis to explore how PRR parties manipulate historical narratives, nationalism, and Euroscepticism. While Fiatal Demokraták Szövetsége–Magyar Polgári Szövetség (Fidesz) in Hungary and Prawo i Sprawiedliwość (PiS) in Poland have institutionalized illiberal governance, PRR movements in Czechia and Slovakia remain fragmented but influential. The 2015 migration crisis and EU conditionality mechanisms accelerated their radicalization and mainstreaming. Findings reveal that PRR parties succeed by co-opting mainstream conservatives and reframing national identities, fostering democratic backsliding. Though they operate in distinct contexts, their shared ideological core and governance tactics present a unified challenge to European liberalism. This article contributes to debates on illiberalism, populism, and EU relations, highlighting the PRR’s role in reshaping regional and supranational politics.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Populism
• Radical Right
• Visegrad Four
• Nationalism
• Democratic Backsliding

Kaynakça

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