2008 Sonrası Dönemde BM ve AB’nin Çok Taraflı Kalkınma İşbirliğindeki Rolünün Karşılaştırmalı Analizi

Öz

İkinci Dünya Savaşı’nın ardından çok taraflı kalkınma çabalarında hem kurumsallaşma hem de miktar artışı yönünden önemli bir dönüşüm olmuştur. Ancak, tarih boyunca uluslararası örgütler tarafından sağlanan çok taraflı yardımların niteliksel gelişimi sorgulanmıştır. Özellikle, 2008 finansal krizi sonrasında, neo-liberal kalkınma normları bir taraftan demokrasi ve çok taraflılığa olan inancın azalması, diğer taraftan Güney ülkelerin yükselen alternatif kalkınma işbirliği modelleri gibi meydan okumalarla karşı karşıya kalmıştır. Bu bağlamda, bu çalışmada iki temel uluslararası örgüt olan BM ve AB’nin 2008 sonrası dönemde çok taraflı kalkınma çabaları karşılaştırmalı perspektifte analiz edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu amaçla çalışmada 2011-2017 yılları arasında OECD’nin resmi kalkınma yardımı istatistikleri kullanılarak BM ve AB’nin kalkınma yardımlarında dikkate değer bir değişim olup olmadığı değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma, BM sisteminin 2000’lerde kalkınma işbirliği yardımlarında temel aktör olarak devam ettiğini göstermiştir. AB çok taraflı kalkınma işbirliği sisteminde hala en büyük doğrudan yardım sağlayan donör iken, BM’nin sektör/proje ve program bazlı kalkınma yardımlarında artış gözlenmiştir. Ancak, değişen dünya düzenindeki neoliberal krizler, özellikle kalkınma işbirliği sisteminin “kurala dayalı” uygulamasında ve “normatif ” aktörlüğün sürdürülebilirliğinde uluslararası örgütlerin rollerini etkilemektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• kalkınma işbirliği
• Çok Taraflılık
• BM
• AB
• Neoliberalizmin Krizleri

A Comparative Analysis of the Role of the UN and EU in Multilateral Development Cooperation in the post-2008 Era

Öz

There has been tremendous evolution in terms of both the institutionalization as well as the quantitative increase in multilateral development efforts since the end of the Second World War. Yet, the real qualitative progress of multilateral aid channeled through international organizations (IOs) has always been contested throughout history. Especially after 2008 financial crisis, neoliberal norms of development have been challenged by decreasing fate on democracy, multilateralism as well as competitive alternative models of development cooperation among developing countries of the Global South. In this context, this paper attempts to comparatively examine the policies of two main constitutive IOs, the UN and the EU in multilateral development efforts in the post-2008 era. To this aim, the paper will scrutinize official development aid statistics data from OECD between 2011-2017 in order to assess whether there has been a significant change in their aid efforts. The paper concludes that UN system has continued to be the main actor in the development cooperation funding in 2000s. While the EU still maintains the status of biggest core (direct/non-restricted) donor, the UN increasingly becomes a non-core (sector, program and region-driven) donor of the multilateral development system. Yet, crises of neoliberalism in the changing world order have an impact on the role of these IOs in terms of the implementation of a “rule-based” development cooperation system as well the sustainability of their “normative” actorness.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• development cooperation
• multilateralism
• UN
• EU
• Crises of Neoliberalism

Kaynakça

1. Bartels, L. (2007), “The Trade and Development Policy of the European Union”, European Journal of International Law 18, no. 4, 715–756, at 718–719.
2. Beringer, S. L., Maier, S. & M. Thiel (Eds.) (2019). EU Development Policies: Between Norms and Geopolitics. Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
3. Broberg, M. (2011). “What is the Direction for the EU’s Development Cooperation after Lisbon? A Legal Examination”, European Foreign Affairs Review, 16 (4), 539-557.
4. Busan Partnership Document (2011), Busan Partnership For Effective Development Cooperation, 4th High Level Forum on aid Effectiveness, Busan, Republic of Korea, 29 Nov.-1 Dec. 2011.
5. Carbone, M. (2007), The European Union and International Development: The Politics of Foreign Aid, London and New York: Routledge.
6. Carbone, M. (2008). Mission Impossible: the European Union and Policy Coherence for Development. European Integration, 30:3, 323-342.
7. Holland, M. (2002), The European Union and the Third World, 1st edn, Houndmills: Palgrave.
8. EEAS (European External Action Service). 2016. Human Rights and Democracy. http://eeas.europa.eu/human_rights/about/index_en.htm. (Accessed 16 May 2019).

9. European Commission (2016), 2015 Annual Report on the EU’s Development and External Assistance Policies and Their Implementation in 2014. Brussels.
10. European Commission (2016), EU Communication on the Agenda for Change, https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/policies/european-development-policy/agenda-change_en. (Accessed 16 May 2019).
11. European Union (1992), Maastricht Treaty, Agreement on Social Policy Concluded between the Member States of the European Community with the Exception of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, from World Wide Web: URL http://europa.eu.int/en/record/mt/protocol.html (Accessed 16 May 2019)
12. European Union (2007), Treaty of Lisbon, Amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty Establishing the European Community (2007/C 306/1) http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/688a7a98-3110-4ffe-a6b3-8972d8445325.0007.01/DOC_19 (Accessed 15 August 2019)
13. European Parliament (2013), The European Year for Development. Europe in the World. Briefing, January 29.
14. Fues T. Li Dongyan, Martina Vatterodt, “The role of the United Nations in the global development architecture: Steps towards greater coherence” Paper presented to the Annual Meeting 2007 of the Academic Council on the United Nations System (ACUNS), June 6-8, 2007, New York City (available at https://www.die-gdi.de/uploads/media/Download_the_full_text__74_kb__01.pdf)
15. Furness, M. and Ganzle, S. (2016), “The European Union’s Development Policy: A Balancing Act between ‘A More Comprehensive Approach’ and Creeping Securitization”, in Brown, Stephen-Gravingholt, J. Eds., The Securitization of Foreign Aid, Basingtoke: Palgrave, Macmillan, 138-162.
16. Haan, Arjan de (2009), How the Aid Industry Works: An Introduction to International Development, US: Kumarian Press.Herrero Cangas, A. and Knoll, A. (2016), the EU Trust fund for Africa: A New EU Instrument to Accelerate Peace and Prosperity?”, GREAT Insights Magazine, 5 (1): (avaibale at https://ecdpm.org/great-insights/prosperity-for-peace/eu-trust-fund-africa/) (accessed June 30, 2020)
17. Jolly R., Louis E., Dharam G., and Frédéric L. (ed.) (2004), UN Contributions to Development Thinking and Practice, United Nations Intellectual History Series, Indiana University Press. Keukeleire, S. and Raube, K. (2013), “The Security-Development Nexus and Securitization in the EU’s Policies towards Developing Countries”, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 26 (3): 556-572.
18. Kharas, H. (2007), “Trends and Issues in Development Aid”, Wolfensohn Center for Development. (Available at: https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/11_development_aid_kharas.pdf) (Accesses March 15, 2020)
19. Manners, I. (2002), “Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms?”, Journal of Common Market Studies 40 (2): 235–258.

20. Niemann, A. and Bretherton, C. (2013), “EU External Policy at the Crossroads: The Challenge of Actorness and Effectiveness”, International Relations 27 (3): 261–275.

21. Noor-Abdi, H. (1997), The Lome ́ IV Convention, The Legal and Socio- Economic Aspects of African, Caribbean and Pacific States (ACP) and European Community (EC) Cooperation, Stockholm: Stockholm University, 33–36.
22. Odén, B. (2010), “Review Essay: Olav Stokke ‘The UN and Development: From Aid to Cooperation”, Forum for Development Studies, 37 (2): 269–279.
23. OECD (2010) Multilateral Aid, 2010 (available at https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/9789264046993-6-en.pdf?expires=1591739810&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=0B4D15EA0594D1F893CEF61676080C9F
24. OECD (2017), Development Aid Rises Again in 2016. Paris, April 11. OECD (2013), Enabling Effective Development, Multilateral Aid Report, The Development Assistance Committee, OECD Publishing, Paris.
25. OECD (2015), Multilateral Aid 2015; Better Partnerships for a Post-2015 World, OECD Publishing, Paris.
26. OECD (2018), Multilateral Development Finance: Towards a New Pact on Multilateralism to Achieve the 2030 Agenda Together, OECD Publishing, Paris.
27. OECD (2019) Development Cooperation Profiles (available at https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/5e331623-en/index.html?itemId=/content/component/5e331623-en&_csp_=b14d4f60505d057b456dd1730d8fcea3&itemIGO=oecd&itemContentType=chapter) (Accesed May 25, 2020)