Araştırma Makalesi
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Local Governance Lessons from Turkey’s System: Enhancing Local Governance in Afghanistan

Yıl 2021, , 493 - 510, 26.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.14782/marmarasbd.857008

Öz

Historically Turkey and Afghanistan have had strong centralist administrative systems that demonstrate relative institutional flaws at the local level. Afghanistan as a country that is emerging from decades of instabilities has adopted a new legal framework for its local administration under the 2004 Constitution. Likewise, Turkey’s local administrative system has applied various reforms under the 1982’s Constitution. Although both countries’ constitutions delegate a certain amount of authorities and responsibilities at the sub-national level, local administrations are subjected to strong administrative and financial tutelage of central governments in both countries. In Turkey, local elections matter relatively on the functionality of public institutions and local democracy, whereas in Afghanistan, major local authorities still representing central government, and people at the local level have no role in making public decisions. Since Turkey’s experience on modern state-building has had a significant influence on shaping the first constitution of Afghanistan, recent reformations, successful or failed, can be lessons for Afghanistan as a country that is in the process of state-building to empower its public institutions, bring peace and rehabilitate participatory governance. This paper aims to compare the evolution, structure, and function of the local government system in Turkey and Afghanistan to clarify the question of authority and autonomy level for local governance in both countries. The author in this research examines constitutional provisions, legislation, policies of both countries regarding the interrelationship of the central government and local unites to highlight the mechanism of people’s engagement with states and offers specific recommendations at the end of this paper.

Kaynakça

  • Akbar, S., & Akbar, Z. (2011, March). Elections and Conflict in Afghanistan. Global Policy and Development. Retrieved from http://www.fes.de/GPol/en
  • Akilli, H., & Akilli, H. S. (2014). Decentralization and Recentralization of local Governments in Turkey. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 140, 682–686. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/
  • Ayobi, M., & Rahimi, H. (2018). A Study of Afghanistan’s Organization and Structure of Public Administration under the 2004 Constitution. Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit, 1–48. Retrieved from https://areu.org.af/publication/a-study-of-afghanistans-organization-and-structure-of-public-administration-under-the-2004-constitution/
  • Bulut, A. T., & Wasiq, A. Z. (2018). Understanding the Role of Political Parties in Afghanistan. Akademik Ortadoğu, 12(2), 141–152. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/39671996/UNDERSTANDING_THE_ROLE_OF_POLITICAL_PARTIES_IN_AFGHANISTAN Burhanzoi, A. (2020, February 29). A Decentralized Government Is Not the Answer to Afghanistan’s Problems. Retrieved August 27, 2020, from https://thediplomat.com/2020/02/a-decentralized-government-is-not-the-answer-to-afghanistans-problems/
  • Doğan, S. (2011). Turkey’s Presence and Importance in Afghanistan. Usak Year Book, 4, 367–370. https://doi.org/1065605/Turkeys_Presence_and_Importance_in_Afghanistan
  • Ennis, D. (2006, February 28). Analysis of the Electoral Legal Framework of Afghanistan. Retrieved August 4, 2020, from https://www.ifes.org/sites/default/files/analysis_legalframework.pdf
  • House of the People of Afghanistan (Wolesi Jirga). (2020). History of the National Assembly of Afghanistan. Retrieved June 28, 2020, from https://wj.parliament.af/english.aspx
  • International Foundation for Electoral Systems. (2019, March). Elections in Turkey 2019 Local Elections. IFES. Retrieved from https://www.ifes.org/sites/default/files/2019_ifes_turkey_local_elections_faqs_final.pdf
  • Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. (2018, July). Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Citizen-Centered Governance A Roadmap for Subnational Reform. Retrieved from https://idlg.gov.af/en/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/English-Book.pdf
  • Larson, A. (2009, March). Afghanistan’s New Democratic Parties: A Means to Organise Democratisation? Retrieved from http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/49c254a02.pdf
  • Larson, A. (2015, March). Political Parties in Afghanistan (SpeciAl RepoRt 362). United States Institute of Peace. Retrieved from https://www.usip.org/publications/2015/03/political-parties-afghanistan
  • Loyn, D. (2019). POLITICS WITHOUT PARTIES: AFGHANISTAN’S LONG ROAD TO DEMOCRACY. Asian Affairs, 50(1), 40–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/03068374.2019.1567101
  • National Defense Research Institute RAND, & Shurkin, M. (2011). Subnational Government in Afghanistan. RAND. Retrieved from https://www.rand.org/pubs/occasional_papers/OP318.html
  • National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI). (2011). Political Parties in Afghanistan A Review of the State of Political Parties After the 2009 and 2010 Elections. Retrieved from https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/SR362-Political-Parties-in-Afghanistan.pdf.
  • Nijat, A., Gosztonyi, K., Feda, B., & Koehler, J. (2016). Subnational Governance in Afghanistan I. The State of Affairs II. The Future of District and Village Representation. Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit and German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development, 11, 1–68. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306239959_Sub-
  • National_Governance_in_Afghanistan_The_State_of_Affairs_and_the_Future_of_District_and_Village_Representation Oktay, T. (2017). Metropolitan Governance in Turkey with Regard to Regionalism Approaches. The Journal of Knowledge Economy & Knowledge Management, XII, 63–77. Retrieved from http://www.beykon.org/dergi/2017/SPRING/2017XII.I.5.T.Oktay.pdf
  • Ra’ees, W. (2005). Presidential Election in Afghanistan: Democracy in the Making. INTELLECTUAL DISCOURSE, 13(1), 31–47. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277149462_Presidential_Election_in_Afghanistan_Democracy_in_the_Makig
  • Rasmussen, S. E. (2014, December 11). Kabul – the fifth fastest growing city in the world – is bursting at the seams. Retrieved November 1, 2020, from https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/dec/11/kabul-afghanistan-fifth -fastest-growing-city-world-rapid urbanisation#:%7E:text=Though%20exact%20data%20is%20impossible,around%206%20million%20people%20now.
  • Rep. of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (n.d.). Turkey-Afghanistan Bilateral Political Relations. Retrieved November 20, 2020, from http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkey_afghanistan-bilateral-political-relations.en.mfa
  • Reynolds, A., & Carey, J. (2012). FIXING AFGHANISTAN’S ELECTORAL SYSTEM. Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit, 24. Retrieved from https://areu.org.af/publication/1211/
  • Ruttig, T. (2019, August 26). Islamists, Leftists – and a Void in the Center. Retrieved from https://www.kas.de/en/web/afghanistan/single-title/-/content/islamists-leftists-and-a-void-in-the-center.
  • Şarbak, Z. (2017). Local Governments of Turkey (2nd ed.). Retrieved from https://www.tbb.gov.tr/online/kitaplar/turkiyede_yerel_yonetimler2eng/html5forpc.html?page=4&bbv=0&pcode=
  • Schmeidl, S. (2016). The contradictions of democracy in Afghanistan: elites, elections and ‘people’s rule’ post-2001. Conflict, Security & Development, 16(6), 575–594. https://doi.org/10.1080/14678802.2016.1248427
  • Teijgeler, R. ́. (2009, July). Afghan Political Parties: a short outline. Retrieved from http://www.cultureindevelopment.nl/file.php/135/Afghan%20Political%20Parties-a%20short%20outline%202009.pdf
  • UN HABITAT. (2016). Afghanistan the Impact stories. Retrieved December 16, 2020, from https://unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/download-manager-files/Afghanistan%20Impact%20Stories%20LowRes.pdf
  • Yakar, M. (n.d.). Types of Local Governments. Retrieved November 26, 2020, from https://www.tbb.gov.tr/en/local-authorities/types-of-local-governments/#:%7E:text=Turkey%20has%20three%20types%20of,provincial%20administrations%2C%20municipalities%20and%20villages.&text=Predating%20the%20Republic%20(proclaimed%20in,a%20law%20promulgated%20in%201914.
  • Yılmaz, S., & Güner, A. ̧. (2017). Impact of Recent Changes on Local Government Discretion and Accountability in Turkey. Marmara Journal of Economics, I, 229–250. https://doi.org/10.24954/mjecon.2017.12 کمیسیون مستقل انتخابات. ( 2020, August 4). Retrieved from http://www.iec.org.af/prs/

Türkiye Sisteminden Yerel Yönetim Dersleri: Afganistan'da Yerel Yönetimin Geliştirilmesi

Yıl 2021, , 493 - 510, 26.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.14782/marmarasbd.857008

Öz

Tarihsel olarak Türkiye ve Afganistan, yerel düzeyde göreceli kurumsal kusurlar gösteren güçlü merkeziyetçi idari sistemlere sahip olmuştur. Afganistan, onlarca yıllık istikrarsızlıktan doğan bir ülke olarak, 2004 Anayasası kapsamında yerel yönetimi için yeni bir yasal çerçeve benimsemiştir. Aynı şekilde Türkiye'de yerel yönetim sistemi de 1982 Anayasası kapsamında çeşitli reformlar hayata geçirilmiştir. Her iki ülkenin anayasaları da belirli bir miktarda yetki ve sorumlulukları ulus altı düzeye devretse de yerel yönetimler her iki ülkede de merkezi devletlerin güçlü idari ve mali vesayetine tabidir. Türkiye'de yerel seçimler kamu kurumlarının işlevselliği ve yerel demokrasi açısından nispeten önemlidir. Afganistan'da ise merkezi devleti temsilcisi konumundaki yerel yönetim kurumları ve vatandaşların anayasanın onlara tanıdığı haklar çerçevesinde kamusal kararların alınmasında hiçbir rolleri yoktur. Türkiye'nin modern devlet inşası konusundaki deneyimi, Afganistan'ın ilk anayasasının şekillenmesinde önemli bir etkiye sahip olduğundan, başarılı veya başarısız sonuçları olan son reformlar, kamu kurumlarını ve katılımcı yönetişimi güçlendirmek için devlet kurma sürecinde olan Afganistan için önemli tecrübeler sunuyor. Bu makale, her iki ülkede de yerel yönetişim için yetki ve özerklik düzeyi sorununu açıklığa kavuşturmak için Türkiye ve Afganistan'daki yerel yönetim sisteminin evrimini, yapısını ve işlevini karşılaştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu araştırma, vatandaşların devletlerle etkileşim mekanizmasını vurgulamak için merkezi devletler ve yerel bileşenler arasındaki karşılıklı ilişkilere ilişkin anayasal hükümler, mevzuat ve politikaları incelemekte ve önerilerde bulunmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Akbar, S., & Akbar, Z. (2011, March). Elections and Conflict in Afghanistan. Global Policy and Development. Retrieved from http://www.fes.de/GPol/en
  • Akilli, H., & Akilli, H. S. (2014). Decentralization and Recentralization of local Governments in Turkey. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 140, 682–686. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/
  • Ayobi, M., & Rahimi, H. (2018). A Study of Afghanistan’s Organization and Structure of Public Administration under the 2004 Constitution. Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit, 1–48. Retrieved from https://areu.org.af/publication/a-study-of-afghanistans-organization-and-structure-of-public-administration-under-the-2004-constitution/
  • Bulut, A. T., & Wasiq, A. Z. (2018). Understanding the Role of Political Parties in Afghanistan. Akademik Ortadoğu, 12(2), 141–152. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/39671996/UNDERSTANDING_THE_ROLE_OF_POLITICAL_PARTIES_IN_AFGHANISTAN Burhanzoi, A. (2020, February 29). A Decentralized Government Is Not the Answer to Afghanistan’s Problems. Retrieved August 27, 2020, from https://thediplomat.com/2020/02/a-decentralized-government-is-not-the-answer-to-afghanistans-problems/
  • Doğan, S. (2011). Turkey’s Presence and Importance in Afghanistan. Usak Year Book, 4, 367–370. https://doi.org/1065605/Turkeys_Presence_and_Importance_in_Afghanistan
  • Ennis, D. (2006, February 28). Analysis of the Electoral Legal Framework of Afghanistan. Retrieved August 4, 2020, from https://www.ifes.org/sites/default/files/analysis_legalframework.pdf
  • House of the People of Afghanistan (Wolesi Jirga). (2020). History of the National Assembly of Afghanistan. Retrieved June 28, 2020, from https://wj.parliament.af/english.aspx
  • International Foundation for Electoral Systems. (2019, March). Elections in Turkey 2019 Local Elections. IFES. Retrieved from https://www.ifes.org/sites/default/files/2019_ifes_turkey_local_elections_faqs_final.pdf
  • Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. (2018, July). Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Citizen-Centered Governance A Roadmap for Subnational Reform. Retrieved from https://idlg.gov.af/en/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/English-Book.pdf
  • Larson, A. (2009, March). Afghanistan’s New Democratic Parties: A Means to Organise Democratisation? Retrieved from http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/49c254a02.pdf
  • Larson, A. (2015, March). Political Parties in Afghanistan (SpeciAl RepoRt 362). United States Institute of Peace. Retrieved from https://www.usip.org/publications/2015/03/political-parties-afghanistan
  • Loyn, D. (2019). POLITICS WITHOUT PARTIES: AFGHANISTAN’S LONG ROAD TO DEMOCRACY. Asian Affairs, 50(1), 40–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/03068374.2019.1567101
  • National Defense Research Institute RAND, & Shurkin, M. (2011). Subnational Government in Afghanistan. RAND. Retrieved from https://www.rand.org/pubs/occasional_papers/OP318.html
  • National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI). (2011). Political Parties in Afghanistan A Review of the State of Political Parties After the 2009 and 2010 Elections. Retrieved from https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/SR362-Political-Parties-in-Afghanistan.pdf.
  • Nijat, A., Gosztonyi, K., Feda, B., & Koehler, J. (2016). Subnational Governance in Afghanistan I. The State of Affairs II. The Future of District and Village Representation. Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit and German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development, 11, 1–68. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306239959_Sub-
  • National_Governance_in_Afghanistan_The_State_of_Affairs_and_the_Future_of_District_and_Village_Representation Oktay, T. (2017). Metropolitan Governance in Turkey with Regard to Regionalism Approaches. The Journal of Knowledge Economy & Knowledge Management, XII, 63–77. Retrieved from http://www.beykon.org/dergi/2017/SPRING/2017XII.I.5.T.Oktay.pdf
  • Ra’ees, W. (2005). Presidential Election in Afghanistan: Democracy in the Making. INTELLECTUAL DISCOURSE, 13(1), 31–47. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277149462_Presidential_Election_in_Afghanistan_Democracy_in_the_Makig
  • Rasmussen, S. E. (2014, December 11). Kabul – the fifth fastest growing city in the world – is bursting at the seams. Retrieved November 1, 2020, from https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/dec/11/kabul-afghanistan-fifth -fastest-growing-city-world-rapid urbanisation#:%7E:text=Though%20exact%20data%20is%20impossible,around%206%20million%20people%20now.
  • Rep. of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (n.d.). Turkey-Afghanistan Bilateral Political Relations. Retrieved November 20, 2020, from http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkey_afghanistan-bilateral-political-relations.en.mfa
  • Reynolds, A., & Carey, J. (2012). FIXING AFGHANISTAN’S ELECTORAL SYSTEM. Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit, 24. Retrieved from https://areu.org.af/publication/1211/
  • Ruttig, T. (2019, August 26). Islamists, Leftists – and a Void in the Center. Retrieved from https://www.kas.de/en/web/afghanistan/single-title/-/content/islamists-leftists-and-a-void-in-the-center.
  • Şarbak, Z. (2017). Local Governments of Turkey (2nd ed.). Retrieved from https://www.tbb.gov.tr/online/kitaplar/turkiyede_yerel_yonetimler2eng/html5forpc.html?page=4&bbv=0&pcode=
  • Schmeidl, S. (2016). The contradictions of democracy in Afghanistan: elites, elections and ‘people’s rule’ post-2001. Conflict, Security & Development, 16(6), 575–594. https://doi.org/10.1080/14678802.2016.1248427
  • Teijgeler, R. ́. (2009, July). Afghan Political Parties: a short outline. Retrieved from http://www.cultureindevelopment.nl/file.php/135/Afghan%20Political%20Parties-a%20short%20outline%202009.pdf
  • UN HABITAT. (2016). Afghanistan the Impact stories. Retrieved December 16, 2020, from https://unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/download-manager-files/Afghanistan%20Impact%20Stories%20LowRes.pdf
  • Yakar, M. (n.d.). Types of Local Governments. Retrieved November 26, 2020, from https://www.tbb.gov.tr/en/local-authorities/types-of-local-governments/#:%7E:text=Turkey%20has%20three%20types%20of,provincial%20administrations%2C%20municipalities%20and%20villages.&text=Predating%20the%20Republic%20(proclaimed%20in,a%20law%20promulgated%20in%201914.
  • Yılmaz, S., & Güner, A. ̧. (2017). Impact of Recent Changes on Local Government Discretion and Accountability in Turkey. Marmara Journal of Economics, I, 229–250. https://doi.org/10.24954/mjecon.2017.12 کمیسیون مستقل انتخابات. ( 2020, August 4). Retrieved from http://www.iec.org.af/prs/
Toplam 27 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Kamu Yönetimi
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Mustafa Saqib 0000-0002-7239-2061

Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Eylül 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021

Kaynak Göster

APA Saqib, M. (2021). Local Governance Lessons from Turkey’s System: Enhancing Local Governance in Afghanistan. Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi, 9(2), 493-510. https://doi.org/10.14782/marmarasbd.857008