Araştırma Makalesi
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The Impact of Political Information Gathering Practices on the Perceived Threat about the Syrian Immigrants

Yıl 2021, , 417 - 439, 26.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.14782/marmarasbd.943974

Öz

In the case of individual attitudes towards immigrants’ integration in a host country, how concerning processes and actors are represented in the media is of utmost importance given its potential influence on host communities’ as well as external audiences’ perceptions about threats associated with refugees. This is because the frames and metaphors media use in the presentation of the immigrants contribute to the understanding of ordinary citizens regarding the political, economic, and social causes of immigration. In this study, we investigate the influence of media exposure on threat perceptions about Syrian refugees and a potential boundary condition moderating this relationship, i.e., where citizens reside. To test our theoretical expectations, we focus on the case of Turkey, a country that shares 500-mile-long border with Syria and hosts around more than 4 million Syrians who fled a violent civil war, and we use an original face-to-face survey of residents of Gaziantep, Istanbul, and Diyarbakir. As these cities vary by number/density of immigrants as well as relative resources available to citizens and immigrants, we examine whether local context influences the role media exposure plays in individuals’ perceived threat. Our findings based on the statistical analysis of the survey demonstrate that frequent use of mass media to acquire political news leads to higher threat perception about the immigrants, whereas frequent use of social media leads to lower levels of threat perceptions. Moreover, while mass vs. social media exposure differently influences threat perceptions about Syrian immigrants across the three cities examined, the observed effect of using mass media for getting political news is conditional on where the individual resides. Accordingly, the lower probability of direct contact with the immigrants increases the threat perception. In light of these findings, we acknowledge the need for a more detailed examination of both mass and social media sources in the acquisition of political news, as these sources have great impact in specifying how individuals’ threat perceptions are shaped.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Aalberg, T., Iyengar, S., ve Messing, S. (2012). Who is a ‘deserving’ immigrant? An experimental study of Norwegian attitudes. Scandinavian Political Studies, 35(2), 97-116. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9477.2011.00280.x.
  • 2. Allport, Gordon. 1954. The Nature of Prejudice. Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley
  • 3. Baker, P., Gabrielatos, C., Khosravinik, M., Krzyżanowski, M., McEnery, T., ve Wodak, R. (2008). A useful methodological synergy? Combining critical discourse analysis and corpus linguistics to examine discourses of refugees and asylum seekers in the UK press. Discourse ve Society, 19(3), 273–306. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926508088962.
  • 4. Blalock, H. M. (1967). Toward a theory of minority-group relations (Vol. 325). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  • 5. Blumer, H. (1958). Race prejudice as a sense of group position. Pacific sociological review, 1(1), 3-7. https://doi.org/10.2307/1388607.
  • 6. Bobo, L., ve Hutchings, V. L. (1996). Perceptions of racial group competition: Extending Blumer's theory of group position to a multiracial social context. American sociological review, 61(6), 951-972. https://doi.org/10.2307/2096302
  • 7. Bornstein, R. F. (1989). Exposure and affect: Overview and meta-analysis of research, 1968–1987. Psychological Bulletin, 106(2), 265. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.106.2.265
  • 8. Boyd, D. (2010). Social network sites as networked publics: Affordances, dynamics, and implications. Papacharissi Z (Der.), Networked Self (s. 39-58) içinde. New York: Routledge.
  • 9. Brader, T., Valentino, N. A., ve Suhay, E. (2008). What triggers public opposition to immigration? Anxiety, group cues, and immigration threat. American Journal of Political Science, 52(4), 959-978.
  • 10. Çağlar, I. ve Özkır, Y. (2014). Köşe yazılarında Suriyeli mülteciler. Disiplinlerarası Göç ve Göç Politikaları Sempozyumu, 539-572.
  • 11. Çirakoğlu, O. C., Demirutku, K., ve Karakaya, O. (2020). The Mediating Role of Perceived Threat in the Relationship between Casual Contact and Attitudes towards Syrian Refugees in Turkey. Journal of Refugee Studies. doi:10.1093/jrs/fez118.
  • 12. Clayton, K., Ferwerda, J., ve Horiuchi, Y. (2019) ‘Exposure to Immigration and Admission Preferences: Evidence from France’. Political Behavior, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-019-09550-z
  • 13. Dimitrova, D. V., Ozdora-Aksak, E., ve Connolly-Ahern, C. (2018). On the border of the Syrian refugee crisis: Views from two different cultural perspectives. American Behavioral Scientist, 62(4), 532-546. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764218756920
  • 14. Dixon, J. C., ve Rosenbaum, M. S. (2004). Nice to know you? Testing contact, cultural, and group threat theories of anti‐Black and anti‐Hispanic stereotypes. Social Science Quarterly, 85(2), 257-280.
  • 15. Doğanay, Ü., ve Keneş, H. Ç. (2016). Yazılı basında Suriyeli ‘mülteciler’: Ayrımcı söylemlerin rasyonel ve duygusal gerekçelerinin inşası. Mülkiye dergisi, 40(1), 143-184.
  • 16. Eberl, J. M., Meltzer, C. E., Heidenreich, T., Herrero, B., Theorin, N., Lind, F., ... ve Strömbäck, J. (2018). The European media discourse on immigration and its effects: A literature review. Annals of the International Communication Association, 42(3), 207-223. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2018.1497452
  • 17. Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of communication, 43(4), 51-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x
  • 18. Fox, J., Cruz, C., ve Lee, J. Y. (2015). Perpetuating online sexism offline: Anonymity, interactivity, and the effects of sexist hashtags on social media. Computers in Human Behavior, 52, 436-442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.06.024
  • 19. Gamson, W. A., ve Modigliani, A. (1989). Media discourse and public opinion on nuclear power: A constructionist approach. American journal of sociology, 95(1), 1-37.
  • 20. Göker, G., ve Keskin, S. (2015). Haber medyası ve mülteciler: Suriyeli mültecilerin Türk yazılı basınındaki temsili. İletişim Kuram ve Araştırma Dergisi, (41).
  • 21. Gölcü, A. (2018). Haber söyleminde ‘öteki’yi aramak: Suriyeli mülteciler örneği. Akdeniz Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi, 11-38. https://doi.org/10.31123/akil.437410
  • 22. Greussing, E., ve Boomgaarden, H. G. (2017). Shifting the refugee narrative? An automated frame analysis of Europe’s 2015 refugee crisis. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 43(11), 1749-1774. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1282813
  • 23. Haubert, J., ve Fussell, E. (2006). Explaining pro-immigrant sentiment in the US: Social class, cosmopolitanism, and perceptions of immigrants. International Migration Review, 40(3), 489-507.
  • 24. Hopkins, D. J. (2010). Politicized places: Explaining where and when immigrants provoke local opposition. American political science review, 40-60. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055409990360
  • 25. Ibrahim, Y., ve Howarth, A. (2018). Review of humanitarian refuge in the United Kingdom: Sanctuary, asylum, and the refugee crisis. Politics & Policy, 46(3), 348-391.
  • 26. Icduygu, A. (2015) ‘Syrian Refugees in Turkey: the Long Road Ahead’. Migration Policy Institute. Retrieved on July 22, 2019 from https://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/syrian-refugees-turkey-long-road-ahead
  • 27. Kim, Y. M. (2008). Where is my issue? The influence of news coverage and personal issue importance on subsequent information selection on the web. Journal of Broadcasting ve Electronic Media, 52(4), 600-621. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838150802437438
  • 28. Kirişci, K. (2014). Syrian refugees and Turkey's challenges: Going beyond hospitality. Washington, DC: Brookings.
  • 29. Koca Togral, B. (2016). Syrian Refugees in Turkey: from “guests” to “enemies”. New Perspectives on Turkey, 54, 55–75.
  • 30. McCombs, M. E. (1992). Explorers and surveyors: Expanding strategies for agenda-setting research. Journalism Quarterly, 69(4), 813-824. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769909206900402
  • 31. McLaren, L. M. (2003). Anti-immigrant Prejudice in Europe: Contact, Threat Perception, and Preferences for the Exclusion of Migrants. Social Forces, 81(3), 909–936.
  • 32. Narlı, N., Özaşçılar, M., ve Turkan Ipek, I. Z. (2020). Turkish Daily press framing and representation of Syrian women refugees and gender-based problems: Implications for social integration. Journal of Immigrant ve Refugee Studies, 18(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/15562948.2018.1557311.
  • 33. Onay-Coker, D. (2019). The representation of Syrian refugees in Turkey: a critical discourse analysis of three newspapers. Continuum, 33(3), 369-385. https://doi.org/10.1080/10304312.2019.1587740.
  • 34. Öztürk, N., ve Ayvaz, S. (2018). Sentiment analysis on Twitter: A text mining approach to the Syrian refugee crisis. Telematics and Informatics, 35(1), 136-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2017.10.006.
  • 35. Pidgeon, N., Kasperson, R. E., & Slovic, P. (Eds.). (2003). The social amplification of risk. Cambridge University Press.
  • 36. Pinkleton, B. E., Austin, E. W., ve Fortman, K. K. (1998). Relationships of media use and political disaffection to political efficacy and voting behavior. Journal of Broadcasting ve Electronic Media, 42(1), 34-49. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838159809364433.
  • 37. Refugees and Asylum Seekers in Turkey. (n.d.). UNHCR-Turkey. Retrieved from https://www.unhcr.org/tr/en/refugees-and-asylum-seekers-in-turkey
  • 38. Rojo, L. M., ve Van Dijk, T. A. (1997). “There was a Problem, and it was Solved!”: Legitimating the Expulsion of Illegal Migrants in Spanish Parliamentary Discourse. Discourse ve Society, 8(4), 523-566.
  • 39. Rosa, E. A. (2003). The logical structure of the social amplification of risk framework (SARF): Metatheoretical foundation and policy implications. N. K. Pidgeon, R.E. ve Slovic, P. (Der.), The social amplification of risk (s. 47-79) içinde. Cambridge University Press.
  • 40. Schlueter, E., Meuleman, B., ve Davidov, E. (2013). Immigrant integration policies and perceived group threat: A multilevel study of 27 Western and Eastern European countries. Social science research, 42(3), 670-682. 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2012.12.001.
  • 41. Shanahan, E. A., McBeth, M. K., Hathaway, P. L., ve Arnell, R. J. (2008). Conduit or contributor? The role of media in policy change theory. Policy Sciences, 41(2), 115-138.
  • 42. Shoemaker, P. J., ve Vos, T. (2009). Gatekeeping theory. Routledge.
  • 43. Sides, J., ve Citrin, J. (2007). European opinion about immigration: The role of identities, interests and information. British journal of political science, 477-504.
  • 44. Slovic, P. E. (2000). The perception of risk. London: Earthscan publications.
  • 45. Soroka, S., ve McAdams, S. (2015). News, politics, and negativity. Political Communication, 32(1), 1-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2075941
  • 46. Strabac, Z. (2011). It is the eyes and not the size that matter: The real and the perceived size of immigrant populations and anti-immigrant prejudice in Western Europe. European Societies, 13(4), 559-582. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2010.550631.
  • 47. Sunata, U., ve Yıldız, E. (2018). Representation of Syrian refugees in the Turkish media. Journal of Applied Journalism ve Media Studies, 7(1), 129-151. 10.1386/ajms.7.1.129_1
  • 48. Tewksbury, D., ve Rittenberg, J. (2012). News on the Internet: Information and Citizenship in the 21st Century. Oxford University Press.
  • 49. Thorson, K., ve Wells, C. (2016). Curated flows: A framework for mapping media exposure in the digital age. Communication Theory, 26(3), 309-328.https://doi.org/10.1111/comt.12087.
  • 50. Van Klingeren, M., Boomgaarden, H. G., Vliegenthart, R., ve De Vreese, C. H. (2015). Real world is not enough: The media as an additional source of negative attitudes toward immigration, comparing Denmark and the Netherlands. European Sociological Review, 31(3), 268-283. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcu089.
  • 51. Vergeer, M., Lubbers, M., ve Scheepers, P. (2000). Exposure to newspapers and attitudes toward ethnic minorities: A longitudinal analysis. Howard Journal of Communications, 11(2), 127-143. https://doi.org/10.1080/106461700246661.
  • 52. Yaylacı, F. G., ve Karakuş, M. (2015). Perceptions and newspaper coverage of Syrian refugees in Turkey. Migration Letters, 12(3), 238-250. https://doi.org/10.33182/ml.v12i3.277.
  • 53. Zajonc, R. B. (1980). Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences. American psychologist, 35(2), 151. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.35.2.151.

Siyasi Haber Alma Pratiklerinin Suriyeli Göçmenlerle İlgili Tehdit Algıları Üzerindeki Etkileri

Yıl 2021, , 417 - 439, 26.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.14782/marmarasbd.943974

Öz

Mültecilerin ev sahibi topluluklardaki entegrasyonuna yönelik bireysel tutumlar söz konusu olduğunda, ilgili süreç ve aktörlerin medyada nasıl temsil edildiği hem ev sahibi toplulukların hem de dış kitlelerin mültecilerle ilgili tehditlere dair algısı üzerindeki potansiyel etkisi nedeniyle büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada, medya kullanımının Suriyeli mülteciler ile ilgili tehdit algıları üzerindeki etkisini ve bu ilişkiye aracılık eden potansiyel bir sınır koşulunu, yani vatandaşların ikamet yerini inceliyoruz. Teorik beklentilerimizi test etmek için, Suriye ile 804 kilometre uzunluğunda bir sınırı paylaşan ve şiddetli bir iç savaştan kaçmış yaklaşık 4 milyondan fazla Suriyeliye ev sahipliği yapan Türkiye örneğine odaklanıyor ve Gaziantep, İstanbul ve Diyarbakır sakinleriyle yapılan orijinal bir yüz yüze anketten faydalanıyoruz. Bu şehirler hem mültecilerin sayısı/yoğunluğu, hem de vatandaşların ve mültecilerin kullanabildiği ilgili kaynaklar açısından değişiklik gösterdiğinden, medya kullanımının bireylerin algıladığı tehditte oynadığı rolün yerel bağlamdan etkilenip etkilenmediğini inceliyoruz. Bulgularımız, kitlesel medya ile sosyal medya kullanımının, incelenen üç şehirde Suriyeli mültecilerle ilgili tehdit algılarını farklı şekilde etkilediğini, bununla birlikte, siyasi haber almak için kitlesel medya kullanımının gözlemlenen etkisinin kişinin ikamet ettiği yere bağlı olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Aalberg, T., Iyengar, S., ve Messing, S. (2012). Who is a ‘deserving’ immigrant? An experimental study of Norwegian attitudes. Scandinavian Political Studies, 35(2), 97-116. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9477.2011.00280.x.
  • 2. Allport, Gordon. 1954. The Nature of Prejudice. Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley
  • 3. Baker, P., Gabrielatos, C., Khosravinik, M., Krzyżanowski, M., McEnery, T., ve Wodak, R. (2008). A useful methodological synergy? Combining critical discourse analysis and corpus linguistics to examine discourses of refugees and asylum seekers in the UK press. Discourse ve Society, 19(3), 273–306. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926508088962.
  • 4. Blalock, H. M. (1967). Toward a theory of minority-group relations (Vol. 325). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  • 5. Blumer, H. (1958). Race prejudice as a sense of group position. Pacific sociological review, 1(1), 3-7. https://doi.org/10.2307/1388607.
  • 6. Bobo, L., ve Hutchings, V. L. (1996). Perceptions of racial group competition: Extending Blumer's theory of group position to a multiracial social context. American sociological review, 61(6), 951-972. https://doi.org/10.2307/2096302
  • 7. Bornstein, R. F. (1989). Exposure and affect: Overview and meta-analysis of research, 1968–1987. Psychological Bulletin, 106(2), 265. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.106.2.265
  • 8. Boyd, D. (2010). Social network sites as networked publics: Affordances, dynamics, and implications. Papacharissi Z (Der.), Networked Self (s. 39-58) içinde. New York: Routledge.
  • 9. Brader, T., Valentino, N. A., ve Suhay, E. (2008). What triggers public opposition to immigration? Anxiety, group cues, and immigration threat. American Journal of Political Science, 52(4), 959-978.
  • 10. Çağlar, I. ve Özkır, Y. (2014). Köşe yazılarında Suriyeli mülteciler. Disiplinlerarası Göç ve Göç Politikaları Sempozyumu, 539-572.
  • 11. Çirakoğlu, O. C., Demirutku, K., ve Karakaya, O. (2020). The Mediating Role of Perceived Threat in the Relationship between Casual Contact and Attitudes towards Syrian Refugees in Turkey. Journal of Refugee Studies. doi:10.1093/jrs/fez118.
  • 12. Clayton, K., Ferwerda, J., ve Horiuchi, Y. (2019) ‘Exposure to Immigration and Admission Preferences: Evidence from France’. Political Behavior, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-019-09550-z
  • 13. Dimitrova, D. V., Ozdora-Aksak, E., ve Connolly-Ahern, C. (2018). On the border of the Syrian refugee crisis: Views from two different cultural perspectives. American Behavioral Scientist, 62(4), 532-546. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764218756920
  • 14. Dixon, J. C., ve Rosenbaum, M. S. (2004). Nice to know you? Testing contact, cultural, and group threat theories of anti‐Black and anti‐Hispanic stereotypes. Social Science Quarterly, 85(2), 257-280.
  • 15. Doğanay, Ü., ve Keneş, H. Ç. (2016). Yazılı basında Suriyeli ‘mülteciler’: Ayrımcı söylemlerin rasyonel ve duygusal gerekçelerinin inşası. Mülkiye dergisi, 40(1), 143-184.
  • 16. Eberl, J. M., Meltzer, C. E., Heidenreich, T., Herrero, B., Theorin, N., Lind, F., ... ve Strömbäck, J. (2018). The European media discourse on immigration and its effects: A literature review. Annals of the International Communication Association, 42(3), 207-223. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2018.1497452
  • 17. Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of communication, 43(4), 51-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x
  • 18. Fox, J., Cruz, C., ve Lee, J. Y. (2015). Perpetuating online sexism offline: Anonymity, interactivity, and the effects of sexist hashtags on social media. Computers in Human Behavior, 52, 436-442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.06.024
  • 19. Gamson, W. A., ve Modigliani, A. (1989). Media discourse and public opinion on nuclear power: A constructionist approach. American journal of sociology, 95(1), 1-37.
  • 20. Göker, G., ve Keskin, S. (2015). Haber medyası ve mülteciler: Suriyeli mültecilerin Türk yazılı basınındaki temsili. İletişim Kuram ve Araştırma Dergisi, (41).
  • 21. Gölcü, A. (2018). Haber söyleminde ‘öteki’yi aramak: Suriyeli mülteciler örneği. Akdeniz Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi, 11-38. https://doi.org/10.31123/akil.437410
  • 22. Greussing, E., ve Boomgaarden, H. G. (2017). Shifting the refugee narrative? An automated frame analysis of Europe’s 2015 refugee crisis. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 43(11), 1749-1774. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1282813
  • 23. Haubert, J., ve Fussell, E. (2006). Explaining pro-immigrant sentiment in the US: Social class, cosmopolitanism, and perceptions of immigrants. International Migration Review, 40(3), 489-507.
  • 24. Hopkins, D. J. (2010). Politicized places: Explaining where and when immigrants provoke local opposition. American political science review, 40-60. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055409990360
  • 25. Ibrahim, Y., ve Howarth, A. (2018). Review of humanitarian refuge in the United Kingdom: Sanctuary, asylum, and the refugee crisis. Politics & Policy, 46(3), 348-391.
  • 26. Icduygu, A. (2015) ‘Syrian Refugees in Turkey: the Long Road Ahead’. Migration Policy Institute. Retrieved on July 22, 2019 from https://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/syrian-refugees-turkey-long-road-ahead
  • 27. Kim, Y. M. (2008). Where is my issue? The influence of news coverage and personal issue importance on subsequent information selection on the web. Journal of Broadcasting ve Electronic Media, 52(4), 600-621. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838150802437438
  • 28. Kirişci, K. (2014). Syrian refugees and Turkey's challenges: Going beyond hospitality. Washington, DC: Brookings.
  • 29. Koca Togral, B. (2016). Syrian Refugees in Turkey: from “guests” to “enemies”. New Perspectives on Turkey, 54, 55–75.
  • 30. McCombs, M. E. (1992). Explorers and surveyors: Expanding strategies for agenda-setting research. Journalism Quarterly, 69(4), 813-824. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769909206900402
  • 31. McLaren, L. M. (2003). Anti-immigrant Prejudice in Europe: Contact, Threat Perception, and Preferences for the Exclusion of Migrants. Social Forces, 81(3), 909–936.
  • 32. Narlı, N., Özaşçılar, M., ve Turkan Ipek, I. Z. (2020). Turkish Daily press framing and representation of Syrian women refugees and gender-based problems: Implications for social integration. Journal of Immigrant ve Refugee Studies, 18(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/15562948.2018.1557311.
  • 33. Onay-Coker, D. (2019). The representation of Syrian refugees in Turkey: a critical discourse analysis of three newspapers. Continuum, 33(3), 369-385. https://doi.org/10.1080/10304312.2019.1587740.
  • 34. Öztürk, N., ve Ayvaz, S. (2018). Sentiment analysis on Twitter: A text mining approach to the Syrian refugee crisis. Telematics and Informatics, 35(1), 136-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2017.10.006.
  • 35. Pidgeon, N., Kasperson, R. E., & Slovic, P. (Eds.). (2003). The social amplification of risk. Cambridge University Press.
  • 36. Pinkleton, B. E., Austin, E. W., ve Fortman, K. K. (1998). Relationships of media use and political disaffection to political efficacy and voting behavior. Journal of Broadcasting ve Electronic Media, 42(1), 34-49. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838159809364433.
  • 37. Refugees and Asylum Seekers in Turkey. (n.d.). UNHCR-Turkey. Retrieved from https://www.unhcr.org/tr/en/refugees-and-asylum-seekers-in-turkey
  • 38. Rojo, L. M., ve Van Dijk, T. A. (1997). “There was a Problem, and it was Solved!”: Legitimating the Expulsion of Illegal Migrants in Spanish Parliamentary Discourse. Discourse ve Society, 8(4), 523-566.
  • 39. Rosa, E. A. (2003). The logical structure of the social amplification of risk framework (SARF): Metatheoretical foundation and policy implications. N. K. Pidgeon, R.E. ve Slovic, P. (Der.), The social amplification of risk (s. 47-79) içinde. Cambridge University Press.
  • 40. Schlueter, E., Meuleman, B., ve Davidov, E. (2013). Immigrant integration policies and perceived group threat: A multilevel study of 27 Western and Eastern European countries. Social science research, 42(3), 670-682. 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2012.12.001.
  • 41. Shanahan, E. A., McBeth, M. K., Hathaway, P. L., ve Arnell, R. J. (2008). Conduit or contributor? The role of media in policy change theory. Policy Sciences, 41(2), 115-138.
  • 42. Shoemaker, P. J., ve Vos, T. (2009). Gatekeeping theory. Routledge.
  • 43. Sides, J., ve Citrin, J. (2007). European opinion about immigration: The role of identities, interests and information. British journal of political science, 477-504.
  • 44. Slovic, P. E. (2000). The perception of risk. London: Earthscan publications.
  • 45. Soroka, S., ve McAdams, S. (2015). News, politics, and negativity. Political Communication, 32(1), 1-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2075941
  • 46. Strabac, Z. (2011). It is the eyes and not the size that matter: The real and the perceived size of immigrant populations and anti-immigrant prejudice in Western Europe. European Societies, 13(4), 559-582. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2010.550631.
  • 47. Sunata, U., ve Yıldız, E. (2018). Representation of Syrian refugees in the Turkish media. Journal of Applied Journalism ve Media Studies, 7(1), 129-151. 10.1386/ajms.7.1.129_1
  • 48. Tewksbury, D., ve Rittenberg, J. (2012). News on the Internet: Information and Citizenship in the 21st Century. Oxford University Press.
  • 49. Thorson, K., ve Wells, C. (2016). Curated flows: A framework for mapping media exposure in the digital age. Communication Theory, 26(3), 309-328.https://doi.org/10.1111/comt.12087.
  • 50. Van Klingeren, M., Boomgaarden, H. G., Vliegenthart, R., ve De Vreese, C. H. (2015). Real world is not enough: The media as an additional source of negative attitudes toward immigration, comparing Denmark and the Netherlands. European Sociological Review, 31(3), 268-283. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcu089.
  • 51. Vergeer, M., Lubbers, M., ve Scheepers, P. (2000). Exposure to newspapers and attitudes toward ethnic minorities: A longitudinal analysis. Howard Journal of Communications, 11(2), 127-143. https://doi.org/10.1080/106461700246661.
  • 52. Yaylacı, F. G., ve Karakuş, M. (2015). Perceptions and newspaper coverage of Syrian refugees in Turkey. Migration Letters, 12(3), 238-250. https://doi.org/10.33182/ml.v12i3.277.
  • 53. Zajonc, R. B. (1980). Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences. American psychologist, 35(2), 151. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.35.2.151.
Toplam 53 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Uluslararası İlişkiler
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Aysenur Dal 0000-0003-2868-0282

Efe Tokdemir 0000-0002-9579-1292

Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Eylül 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021

Kaynak Göster

APA Dal, A., & Tokdemir, E. (2021). Siyasi Haber Alma Pratiklerinin Suriyeli Göçmenlerle İlgili Tehdit Algıları Üzerindeki Etkileri. Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi, 9(2), 417-439. https://doi.org/10.14782/marmarasbd.943974